基于空间外部性的小城镇发展动力机制及其在湖南的实证检验
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摘要
在空间外部性视角下,小城镇发展由两方面共同决定：一是整个经济系统的城镇化进程,二是小城镇对空间外部性的反应能力。前者反映了经济系统空间外部性的辐射强度,后者反映了小城镇对空间外部性的吸收程度。空间外部性可以细分为生产空间外部性、需求空间外部性以及政府空间外部性。在城镇化中后期,它们分别通过知识溢机制、消费力扩散机制以及基础设施延伸机制,缓解了小城镇发展过程中技术水平低下、门槛需求不足和公共财力有限等瓶颈。
基于2001-2011年湖南省县域小城镇发展数据,运用空间计量方法分别对以上三个动力机制进行了实证检验。结论表明：在控制资本投入、市场化水平和劳动力投入等内部动力的条件下,大中小城市与小城镇之间存在着显著的知识溢出效应,其对小城镇工业产出水平提升的贡献率比所有控制变量都要大,显著地推动了小城镇的工业产业的发展；在控制人口总数、人均GDP和规模化经营水平等内部动力的条件下,大中小城市与小城镇之间存在着显著的消费力扩散效应,其对小城镇商业服务业能力增强的贡献率显著为正,显著地推动了小城镇的商业服务业的发展；在控制财政支出能力、人口总数和人均GDP等内部动力的条件下,大中小城市与小城镇之间存在着显著的空间关联效应,其对小城镇公共服务业供给改善的贡献率显著为正,显著地推动了小城镇的公共基础设施的发展。
虽然空间外部性视角下小城镇发展的动力是外生的,但是恰当的对策可以增强小城镇对空间外部性的吸收能力、加快小城镇与大中小城市形成协调发展。可以分三种情况：好的区位与交通条件可以增强小城镇对知识溢出的吸收能力,发达的交通网络可以提升小城镇对消费力扩散的吸纳能力,好的行政关系网络可以提升小城镇对基础设施延伸的吸收能力。
Dynamic of the small towns development can be divided into two kind including internal motivation and external motivation, however, the current literatures mainly discuss the internal dynamic. The Characteristic of these studies is able to give a good explaination to the rise and fall of small towns, but difficult to produce effective and feasible countermeasures. In fact, the small towns and big cities are parallel existing in space dimension, and presenting strong resource competition relationship between them. Therefore, to establish a dynamic mechanism of small town development based on spatial externalities has both theoretical value and practical significance.
In the perspective of spatial externality, the development of small towns is decided by two aspects:one is the urbanization process of the whole economic system; two is the small town of reaction ability of spatial externality. The former reflects the radiation intensity of economic system of spatial externality, which reflects the extent of absorption of small towns spatial externality. From the time dimension, the small town has a negative spatial externalities to the evolution of positive spatial externalities, so the development of small towns in accordance with Logistic curve trajectory. Further, spatial externalities can be subdivided into spatial externalities, demand for the production of spatial externality and government spatial externalities. In the economic system of urbanization in the late, they respectively through the knowledge overflow mechanism, diffusion mechanism and infrastructure spending power extension mechanism, alleviate the technical level of the development of small towns, the lack of demand and low threshold public limited financial resources bottleneck, this is the development of small towns spatial externalities from the perspective of the" three-dimensional" dynamic mechanism.
Based on the data of county-level small towns in Hunan Province between2001and2011, ultilizing the spatial econometric methods to test the above three dynamic mechanism. Conclusions includes:(I) in the control of capital investment, the level of the market and the labor input and other internal factors, knowledge spillover effect exists between the large and small city and small town, to improve the level of small town industrial output contribution rate than all the control variables are large, significantly promote the development of small cities and towns industry industry;(II) in the control population, per capita GDP and scale management level of internal factors, between large and small city and small town there is a significant consumer force diffusion effect, the small towns of commerce service industry to enhance the ability of the contribution rate is significantly positive, significant to promote the development of small town business services industry;(III) in the internal factors to control expenditure, population and per capita GDP conditions, there is effect of spatial correlation between the large and small city and small town, small town of public service supply to improve the contribution rate is significantly positive, significant to promote the development of public infrastructure in small towns.
Although spatial externalities from the perspective of power in the development of small towns is exogenous, but the appropriate countermeasures can enhance the small town of absorptive capacity of spatial externality, and speed up the formation of the coordinated development of small towns and large and medium-sized city. Can be divided into three types:location and traffic conditions can improve the absorb ability of small cities and towns on knowledge spillover, developed traffic network can enhance the small town of consumer force diffusion absorptive capacity, network administrative relationship can improve the absorption capacity of small towns infrastructure extension.
基于2001-2011年湖南省县域小城镇发展数据,运用空间计量方法分别对以上三个动力机制进行了实证检验。结论表明：在控制资本投入、市场化水平和劳动力投入等内部动力的条件下,大中小城市与小城镇之间存在着显著的知识溢出效应,其对小城镇工业产出水平提升的贡献率比所有控制变量都要大,显著地推动了小城镇的工业产业的发展；在控制人口总数、人均GDP和规模化经营水平等内部动力的条件下,大中小城市与小城镇之间存在着显著的消费力扩散效应,其对小城镇商业服务业能力增强的贡献率显著为正,显著地推动了小城镇的商业服务业的发展；在控制财政支出能力、人口总数和人均GDP等内部动力的条件下,大中小城市与小城镇之间存在着显著的空间关联效应,其对小城镇公共服务业供给改善的贡献率显著为正,显著地推动了小城镇的公共基础设施的发展。
虽然空间外部性视角下小城镇发展的动力是外生的,但是恰当的对策可以增强小城镇对空间外部性的吸收能力、加快小城镇与大中小城市形成协调发展。可以分三种情况：好的区位与交通条件可以增强小城镇对知识溢出的吸收能力,发达的交通网络可以提升小城镇对消费力扩散的吸纳能力,好的行政关系网络可以提升小城镇对基础设施延伸的吸收能力。
Dynamic of the small towns development can be divided into two kind including internal motivation and external motivation, however, the current literatures mainly discuss the internal dynamic. The Characteristic of these studies is able to give a good explaination to the rise and fall of small towns, but difficult to produce effective and feasible countermeasures. In fact, the small towns and big cities are parallel existing in space dimension, and presenting strong resource competition relationship between them. Therefore, to establish a dynamic mechanism of small town development based on spatial externalities has both theoretical value and practical significance.
In the perspective of spatial externality, the development of small towns is decided by two aspects:one is the urbanization process of the whole economic system; two is the small town of reaction ability of spatial externality. The former reflects the radiation intensity of economic system of spatial externality, which reflects the extent of absorption of small towns spatial externality. From the time dimension, the small town has a negative spatial externalities to the evolution of positive spatial externalities, so the development of small towns in accordance with Logistic curve trajectory. Further, spatial externalities can be subdivided into spatial externalities, demand for the production of spatial externality and government spatial externalities. In the economic system of urbanization in the late, they respectively through the knowledge overflow mechanism, diffusion mechanism and infrastructure spending power extension mechanism, alleviate the technical level of the development of small towns, the lack of demand and low threshold public limited financial resources bottleneck, this is the development of small towns spatial externalities from the perspective of the" three-dimensional" dynamic mechanism.
Based on the data of county-level small towns in Hunan Province between2001and2011, ultilizing the spatial econometric methods to test the above three dynamic mechanism. Conclusions includes:(I) in the control of capital investment, the level of the market and the labor input and other internal factors, knowledge spillover effect exists between the large and small city and small town, to improve the level of small town industrial output contribution rate than all the control variables are large, significantly promote the development of small cities and towns industry industry;(II) in the control population, per capita GDP and scale management level of internal factors, between large and small city and small town there is a significant consumer force diffusion effect, the small towns of commerce service industry to enhance the ability of the contribution rate is significantly positive, significant to promote the development of small town business services industry;(III) in the internal factors to control expenditure, population and per capita GDP conditions, there is effect of spatial correlation between the large and small city and small town, small town of public service supply to improve the contribution rate is significantly positive, significant to promote the development of public infrastructure in small towns.
Although spatial externalities from the perspective of power in the development of small towns is exogenous, but the appropriate countermeasures can enhance the small town of absorptive capacity of spatial externality, and speed up the formation of the coordinated development of small towns and large and medium-sized city. Can be divided into three types:location and traffic conditions can improve the absorb ability of small cities and towns on knowledge spillover, developed traffic network can enhance the small town of consumer force diffusion absorptive capacity, network administrative relationship can improve the absorption capacity of small towns infrastructure extension.
引文
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