铝溶体中原位生成TiB_2与LaB_6的生长机制及控制
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摘要
本文以TiB2和LaB6两种典型硼化物为研究对象,研究其在铝熔体中的反应合成热力学条件及三维形貌演变生长机制,实现对两种粒子的生长控制和结构改性,为研发高效生核剂和金属基复合材料打下基础。借助高倍视频显微镜(HSVM)、电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、透射电镜(TEM)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)等分析测试手段,本文主要取得了以下研究结果：
(1)铝熔体中TiB2取向堆垛生长机制的研究
本文系统研究了TiB2粒子三维形貌与合成路径的相关性,发现氟盐法制备的Al-Ti-B合金中,TiB：粒子大多为规则的六角板片状形貌；随反应温度的升高,TiB2粒子转变为层叠的宝塔和枝晶状形貌,这是由熔体中[B]和[Ti]直接反应导致的；由A182和[Ti]在铝熔体中反应合成的TiB2粒子为密实型聚集团。
热力学分析表明,TiB2的{1011}和{1010}晶面生长属于非小平面生长,{0001}晶面生长为小平面生长。因此,相对于{0001}晶面,Ti和B原子更容易堆积在{1011}和{1010}晶面上；晶体结构分析表明,TiB2倾向于形成表面自由能低的六角板片形貌,Ti和B原子优先沿(1011)方向化合堆垛,而(1010>和(0001)方向的生长速度较慢,使TiB2粒子经历了“球形→多面体→六角板片”的形貌演变过程。反应温度升高使初生TiB2纳米晶表面能显著增大,它们之间会以平行连生、二维生核以及定向附生三种方式进行堆垛长大,最终形成层叠的宝塔和枝晶状形貌。
(2)TiB2的结构改性及相关合金的研制
向熔体中加入微量C元素后,Al-Ti-B-C中间合金中出现了大量掺C的TiB2粒子。由于表面掺杂形成能较高,C原子优先在TiB2表层堆积,使其表层结构无序化,从而减弱了粒子的取向堆垛倾向,改善了其在中间合金中的分布状态,提高了中间合金的细化能力。
利用Al3BC制备Al-Ti-B-C中间合金时,可以使TiB2与TiC粒子同时生成,有利于实现C对TiB2的掺杂和改性,改善粒子的分布状态,提高其形核能力。研究发现,Al-Ti-B-C中间合金对工业纯铝、Al-6Mg及A356合金的晶粒细化效果均优于Al-Ti-B;经1%的Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C细化后的Al-6Mg合金中,a-Al的平均晶粒尺寸约为25gm,其宏观硬度和显微硬度均得到大幅度提高；经0.2%的Al-3Ti-1B-0.2C细化后,A356合金中α-Al平均晶粒尺寸约为167gm,且60min内无衰退,合金的拉伸和屈服强度分别提高了5.9%和11.7%,延伸率提高了124.4%。
在A390合金熔体中原位合成了3%的TiB2粒子,研究发现,TiB2粒子主要分布于初晶硅的内部及周围；通过edge-to-edge模型分析发现,TiB2与Si满足良好的位向关系：<112>Si/？<1010>TiB2,{111}Si/{0001}TiB2,使其在初晶硅的析出过程中被液固界面前沿卷入并包裹；与基体合金相比,该复合材料在300℃下的拉伸强度和延伸率分别提高了8.8%和33.3%,室温耐磨性也明显提高。
(3)铝合金中LaB6的控制合成及其强化行为研究
本文利用铝熔体反应法原位合成了LaB6颗粒,研究发现Al-3LaB6合金中LaB6粒子呈立方体形貌,弥散地分布在铝基体中；LaB6晶体经历了“球形晶→八角晶→骰子晶→立方晶”的演变过程,其最终形貌取决于自身晶体结构和外部生长环境。
从晶体结构分析,LaB6趋向于形成立方体的平衡晶体形貌,{111}和{110}外露晶面会逐渐减小,最终形成立方体的顶角和棱边,{100}外露晶面因生长缓慢而保留下来。然而,在合金熔体环境中,由于传热和传质等因素的影响,<111>晶向和<100>晶向的相对生长速度会发生改变,使LaB6转变为多面体(切角或切棱的立方体)。当熔体中反应物浓度较高(6%)时,LaB6晶核表面的凸起会在成分过冷的作用下向溶质富集区快速延伸,从而形成顶角和侧棱上长满须状枝晶的LaB6立方晶(须状LaB6立方晶)；随反应物浓度的进一步提高(9%),熔体中出现了十字锥状的LaB6枝晶。
利用Turnbull-Vonnegut公式计算了LaB6与Al的晶格错配度,研究发现LaB6可以作为α-Al的潜在形核衬底。同时还研究了LaB6对A390合金的强化作用,向A390合金中加入3%的LaB6后,基体合金的硬度和耐磨性明显提高；与多面体和立方体LaB6相比,高比表面积的须状LaB6立方晶因结合面大,对提高A390合金高温拉伸强度和降低其线膨胀系数的贡献更大。
In this work, the reaction thermodynamics, three-dimensional morphology evolution and growth mechanism of TiB2and LaB6in Al melts were studied. Based on the results, the growth control and structural modification of these two borides were carried out. This work is conducive to develop a high-efficiency grain refiner and metal matrix composite. By using the high scope video microscope (HSVM), electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) etc., the following research results are obtained.
(1) The orientated stacking mechanism of TiB2in Al melts
The correlation between particle morphology and reaction path of synthesizing of TiB2was systematically studied. It is found that TiB2particles mainly exhibit a hexagonal platelet-like morphology in the Al-Ti-B alloy prepared by "fluoride salt" method, which evolves into hierarchical tower-like or dendritic morphologies with the increase of reaction temperature, due to the reaction of [B] and [Ti]. However, TiB2particles obtained through the reaction of AlB2and [Ti] tend to agglomerate severely with each other.
According to the derived thermodynamic data, TiB2is typically faceted on{0001} planes while non-faceted on{1011} and{1010} planes, indicating that it's easier for solute atoms to deposit on{1011} and{1010} planes than on{0001} planes. As a result, TiB2tends to form its equilibrium morphology (hexagonal platelet) with the minimized total surface free energy. As{0001} planes have the highest growth rate and the preferential growth directions are along<0001>, TiB2particles undergo the following morphology evolution process:sphere→polyhedron→hexagonal platelet. With the increase of the reaction temperature, primary TiB2nanocrystals become unstable, and will grow up based on three models:parallel intergrowth, two dimensional nucleation and directional intergrowth.
(2) The structural modification of TiB2and its applications
Al-Ti-B-C master alloy with a uniform microstructure was prepared by Al melt reaction method in this study. It is found that TiB2particles in the alloy are energetically favorable with doping trace amount of C. Furthermore, the doping of C on the surface of TiB2is much more preferential. As a result, the orientated stacking tendency of TiB2particles is weakened and their distribution is improved.
The TiB2and TiC formed simultaneously when the Al-Ti-B-C master alloy was prepared using Al3BC, which promotes the doping as well as the modification of TiB2by C. Al-Ti-B-C mater alloy shows a much better grain refining performance on Al-6Mg and A356alloys than that of Al-Ti-B. By the addition of1.0%Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C master alloy, the average grain size of α-Al in Al-6Mg alloy is refined to about25μm. Both macrohardness and microhardness of the alloy are improved obviously after grain refinement. By the addition of0.2%Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C master alloy, the average grain size of a-Al in A356alloy is around167μm. Moreover, the effect does not fade within60min. The tensile and yield strengths of A356alloy are increased by5.9%and11.7%, respectively, while the elongation is increased by124.4%.
Besides, TiB2particles were in-situ synthesized in A390melt and TiB2/A390composite was thus prepared. TiB2particles distribute in and around the primary Si in the composite. From the edge-to-edge model, it is found that there exists a good lattice matching coherence between TiB2and Si. Specifically, the matching planes and directions are as follows,<112>Si/<1010>TiB2,{111}Si/{0001}TiB2. Compared with the A390alloy, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at300℃of the composite are increased by8.8%and33.3%, respectively, and the hardness and wear resistance are also improved a lot.
(3) The in-situ synthesis and strengthening behavior of LaB6in Al alloy
LaB6particles were in-situ synthesized by Al melt reaction method and Al-3LaB6alloy was prepared. LaB6particles exhibit a cubic morphology and distribute uniformly in the alloy. The morphology evolution undergoes the following process: sphere→octa-armed crystal→dice-like crystal→perfect cube. The final morphology of LaB6is decided both by its crystal structure and the external growth condition.
LaB6tends to form its equilibrium morphology (cube) with the minimized total surface free energy. As {111} planes have the highest growth rate and the preferential growth directions are along<111>, perfect cubic LaB6is terminated by {100} surfaces, whereas {111} and {110} planes are concealed to corners and edges, respectively. However, growth condition variations will change the relative growth rates along<111> and<100> directions during solidification, which leads to polyhedral morphologies of LaB6. In addition, by increasing the relative content of the reactants (6%), the heaves on the surface of LaB6crystal nucleus extend rapidly to the solute concentration area. Then LaB6cube with whisker-like dendrites was obtained. Furthermore, LaB6develops to pyramidal dendrite with the further increase of the reactant content (9%).
According to Turnbull-Vonnegut equation, the calculated misfit between (200) planes of LaB6and Al is only2.64%. Crystal lattice correspondence indicates that LaB6can act as the nucleation core of a-Al. By the addition of3%LaB6, the hardness and wear resistance of A390alloy are obviously improved. Besides, compared with polyhedral and cubic LaB6, the whisker-like cube shows a much better performance on the improvement of the high temperature tensile strength as well as the reduction of the linear expansion coefficient of A390alloy.
(1)铝熔体中TiB2取向堆垛生长机制的研究
本文系统研究了TiB2粒子三维形貌与合成路径的相关性,发现氟盐法制备的Al-Ti-B合金中,TiB：粒子大多为规则的六角板片状形貌；随反应温度的升高,TiB2粒子转变为层叠的宝塔和枝晶状形貌,这是由熔体中[B]和[Ti]直接反应导致的；由A182和[Ti]在铝熔体中反应合成的TiB2粒子为密实型聚集团。
热力学分析表明,TiB2的{1011}和{1010}晶面生长属于非小平面生长,{0001}晶面生长为小平面生长。因此,相对于{0001}晶面,Ti和B原子更容易堆积在{1011}和{1010}晶面上；晶体结构分析表明,TiB2倾向于形成表面自由能低的六角板片形貌,Ti和B原子优先沿(1011)方向化合堆垛,而(1010>和(0001)方向的生长速度较慢,使TiB2粒子经历了“球形→多面体→六角板片”的形貌演变过程。反应温度升高使初生TiB2纳米晶表面能显著增大,它们之间会以平行连生、二维生核以及定向附生三种方式进行堆垛长大,最终形成层叠的宝塔和枝晶状形貌。
(2)TiB2的结构改性及相关合金的研制
向熔体中加入微量C元素后,Al-Ti-B-C中间合金中出现了大量掺C的TiB2粒子。由于表面掺杂形成能较高,C原子优先在TiB2表层堆积,使其表层结构无序化,从而减弱了粒子的取向堆垛倾向,改善了其在中间合金中的分布状态,提高了中间合金的细化能力。
利用Al3BC制备Al-Ti-B-C中间合金时,可以使TiB2与TiC粒子同时生成,有利于实现C对TiB2的掺杂和改性,改善粒子的分布状态,提高其形核能力。研究发现,Al-Ti-B-C中间合金对工业纯铝、Al-6Mg及A356合金的晶粒细化效果均优于Al-Ti-B;经1%的Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C细化后的Al-6Mg合金中,a-Al的平均晶粒尺寸约为25gm,其宏观硬度和显微硬度均得到大幅度提高；经0.2%的Al-3Ti-1B-0.2C细化后,A356合金中α-Al平均晶粒尺寸约为167gm,且60min内无衰退,合金的拉伸和屈服强度分别提高了5.9%和11.7%,延伸率提高了124.4%。
在A390合金熔体中原位合成了3%的TiB2粒子,研究发现,TiB2粒子主要分布于初晶硅的内部及周围；通过edge-to-edge模型分析发现,TiB2与Si满足良好的位向关系：<112>Si/？<1010>TiB2,{111}Si/{0001}TiB2,使其在初晶硅的析出过程中被液固界面前沿卷入并包裹；与基体合金相比,该复合材料在300℃下的拉伸强度和延伸率分别提高了8.8%和33.3%,室温耐磨性也明显提高。
(3)铝合金中LaB6的控制合成及其强化行为研究
本文利用铝熔体反应法原位合成了LaB6颗粒,研究发现Al-3LaB6合金中LaB6粒子呈立方体形貌,弥散地分布在铝基体中；LaB6晶体经历了“球形晶→八角晶→骰子晶→立方晶”的演变过程,其最终形貌取决于自身晶体结构和外部生长环境。
从晶体结构分析,LaB6趋向于形成立方体的平衡晶体形貌,{111}和{110}外露晶面会逐渐减小,最终形成立方体的顶角和棱边,{100}外露晶面因生长缓慢而保留下来。然而,在合金熔体环境中,由于传热和传质等因素的影响,<111>晶向和<100>晶向的相对生长速度会发生改变,使LaB6转变为多面体(切角或切棱的立方体)。当熔体中反应物浓度较高(6%)时,LaB6晶核表面的凸起会在成分过冷的作用下向溶质富集区快速延伸,从而形成顶角和侧棱上长满须状枝晶的LaB6立方晶(须状LaB6立方晶)；随反应物浓度的进一步提高(9%),熔体中出现了十字锥状的LaB6枝晶。
利用Turnbull-Vonnegut公式计算了LaB6与Al的晶格错配度,研究发现LaB6可以作为α-Al的潜在形核衬底。同时还研究了LaB6对A390合金的强化作用,向A390合金中加入3%的LaB6后,基体合金的硬度和耐磨性明显提高；与多面体和立方体LaB6相比,高比表面积的须状LaB6立方晶因结合面大,对提高A390合金高温拉伸强度和降低其线膨胀系数的贡献更大。
In this work, the reaction thermodynamics, three-dimensional morphology evolution and growth mechanism of TiB2and LaB6in Al melts were studied. Based on the results, the growth control and structural modification of these two borides were carried out. This work is conducive to develop a high-efficiency grain refiner and metal matrix composite. By using the high scope video microscope (HSVM), electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) etc., the following research results are obtained.
(1) The orientated stacking mechanism of TiB2in Al melts
The correlation between particle morphology and reaction path of synthesizing of TiB2was systematically studied. It is found that TiB2particles mainly exhibit a hexagonal platelet-like morphology in the Al-Ti-B alloy prepared by "fluoride salt" method, which evolves into hierarchical tower-like or dendritic morphologies with the increase of reaction temperature, due to the reaction of [B] and [Ti]. However, TiB2particles obtained through the reaction of AlB2and [Ti] tend to agglomerate severely with each other.
According to the derived thermodynamic data, TiB2is typically faceted on{0001} planes while non-faceted on{1011} and{1010} planes, indicating that it's easier for solute atoms to deposit on{1011} and{1010} planes than on{0001} planes. As a result, TiB2tends to form its equilibrium morphology (hexagonal platelet) with the minimized total surface free energy. As{0001} planes have the highest growth rate and the preferential growth directions are along<0001>, TiB2particles undergo the following morphology evolution process:sphere→polyhedron→hexagonal platelet. With the increase of the reaction temperature, primary TiB2nanocrystals become unstable, and will grow up based on three models:parallel intergrowth, two dimensional nucleation and directional intergrowth.
(2) The structural modification of TiB2and its applications
Al-Ti-B-C master alloy with a uniform microstructure was prepared by Al melt reaction method in this study. It is found that TiB2particles in the alloy are energetically favorable with doping trace amount of C. Furthermore, the doping of C on the surface of TiB2is much more preferential. As a result, the orientated stacking tendency of TiB2particles is weakened and their distribution is improved.
The TiB2and TiC formed simultaneously when the Al-Ti-B-C master alloy was prepared using Al3BC, which promotes the doping as well as the modification of TiB2by C. Al-Ti-B-C mater alloy shows a much better grain refining performance on Al-6Mg and A356alloys than that of Al-Ti-B. By the addition of1.0%Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C master alloy, the average grain size of α-Al in Al-6Mg alloy is refined to about25μm. Both macrohardness and microhardness of the alloy are improved obviously after grain refinement. By the addition of0.2%Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C master alloy, the average grain size of a-Al in A356alloy is around167μm. Moreover, the effect does not fade within60min. The tensile and yield strengths of A356alloy are increased by5.9%and11.7%, respectively, while the elongation is increased by124.4%.
Besides, TiB2particles were in-situ synthesized in A390melt and TiB2/A390composite was thus prepared. TiB2particles distribute in and around the primary Si in the composite. From the edge-to-edge model, it is found that there exists a good lattice matching coherence between TiB2and Si. Specifically, the matching planes and directions are as follows,<112>Si/<1010>TiB2,{111}Si/{0001}TiB2. Compared with the A390alloy, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at300℃of the composite are increased by8.8%and33.3%, respectively, and the hardness and wear resistance are also improved a lot.
(3) The in-situ synthesis and strengthening behavior of LaB6in Al alloy
LaB6particles were in-situ synthesized by Al melt reaction method and Al-3LaB6alloy was prepared. LaB6particles exhibit a cubic morphology and distribute uniformly in the alloy. The morphology evolution undergoes the following process: sphere→octa-armed crystal→dice-like crystal→perfect cube. The final morphology of LaB6is decided both by its crystal structure and the external growth condition.
LaB6tends to form its equilibrium morphology (cube) with the minimized total surface free energy. As {111} planes have the highest growth rate and the preferential growth directions are along<111>, perfect cubic LaB6is terminated by {100} surfaces, whereas {111} and {110} planes are concealed to corners and edges, respectively. However, growth condition variations will change the relative growth rates along<111> and<100> directions during solidification, which leads to polyhedral morphologies of LaB6. In addition, by increasing the relative content of the reactants (6%), the heaves on the surface of LaB6crystal nucleus extend rapidly to the solute concentration area. Then LaB6cube with whisker-like dendrites was obtained. Furthermore, LaB6develops to pyramidal dendrite with the further increase of the reactant content (9%).
According to Turnbull-Vonnegut equation, the calculated misfit between (200) planes of LaB6and Al is only2.64%. Crystal lattice correspondence indicates that LaB6can act as the nucleation core of a-Al. By the addition of3%LaB6, the hardness and wear resistance of A390alloy are obviously improved. Besides, compared with polyhedral and cubic LaB6, the whisker-like cube shows a much better performance on the improvement of the high temperature tensile strength as well as the reduction of the linear expansion coefficient of A390alloy.
引文
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