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弗洛伊德理论的自我矛盾及其影响下的文学创作
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摘要
本论文试图从弗洛伊德理论体系的内在建构和方法论上观照其对文学创作的影响,考察该理论在体系建构时的预设出发点和内在逻辑,并结合理论的时代和学术背景,探讨其内在矛盾如何产生,其深层结构又是如何在后继者的理论和创作中被选择、采纳和言说。
     本论文以弗洛伊德理论的两点自我矛盾为研究中心。其一是本体论结构的悖论。在体系构架上,弗洛伊德理论力图构建一个自足的诠释系统,在内容上超越了理性思维传统,而在结构上沿袭了逻各斯中心主义的思想体系:力比多作为精神活动的根本能量,成为类本体论结构的原点,是不可撼动的先验概念;而爱欲本能与破坏本能、快乐原则与现实原则、本我与超我等等对立概念复活了柏拉图式的二元对立。其二是无意识理论的悖论。弗洛伊德假设无意识是潜伏的构念,具备一套与意识系统不同的原始语法,但在实践中,无意识必然通过意识而呈现,并通过语言和精神分析医师的诠释而反作用于意识。因此,事实上,无意识的语法已经预设于精神分析的理论框架中。
     这些矛盾在弗洛伊德理论的后继者的写作中得到了传承。本文探讨了理论的上述自我矛盾影响下的两个重要理论流派,其对弗洛伊德主义的态度和立场看似截然对立,但都继承了弗洛伊德理论内在矛盾的结构和逻辑。在本体论悖论的影响研究方面,本论文以当代法国女权主义的领军人物埃莱娜·西苏为例。西苏反对弗洛伊德理论的父权中心,要求以母性的力量与之相抗衡,却落入了弗洛伊德主义理论结构的窠臼:女权主义的言说自产生之刻,就不得不伴随着权力的角斗,对现有秩序的解构并非真正超越性别对立,而是将颠覆作为一种必须要背负的神圣使命,这样的绝对否定将走向另一种不自由的二元对立,导致其女权主义理论和书写之间,存在一种无法从内部加以调和的矛盾。女权主义对弗洛伊德学说的争议,从内容上是对弗洛伊德主义的反叛,但在理论建构上却成为其忠实的继承者,在精神分析的模型中,将颠覆等同于语词的替换或反义书写,而缺乏从根本上颠覆的力量。
     在无意识悖论对文学创作的影响方面,本论文以安德烈·布勒东为例。作为直接受弗洛伊德理论而产生的超现实主义流派的领军人物,布勒东要求反叛传统、否定中心、推翻逻辑,将写作的重心转移到真实的当下体验。但是,超现实主义者又将预设了一个先验的理论出发点,使反叛本身不再是自由选择的结果,而是先在的必要条件。超现实主义者从弗洛伊德无意识理论中看到了精神自由的现实化可能,但是,当自由成为标签化的必然选择,自由本身便不复存在。
     二十世纪的历史回荡着对传统的反抗、叛逆和颠覆的声音,今日对弗洛伊德理论的态度亦是褒贬参半。然而,抨击其心理学神话的破产并不能抹杀这一理论对二十世纪思想史的重大贡献;而赞同其内容上的独创性和颠覆性价值时,也值得注意,弗洛伊德理论对二十世纪文学及文论的影响更多体现在体系建构和方法论上。因此,本论文研究弗洛伊德理论的自我矛盾与其影响下的文学创作,以资观照一种理论在承继关系中的流变,一种话语体系得以在何种程度上被摹仿、转写、变形、支离和颠覆。
The main theme of this dissertation is to study Freud theory's influence on literary writings from the view of its immanent structure and methodology. The study focuses on the predefined starting point and logic in the theory, as well as investigates how its deep structure got selected, taken and spoken in the followers' theories based on the historical and academic background.
     This dissertation mainly studies two aspects of Freud theory's self-contradiction. The first is the paradox in Freud theory's ontological structure. Freud tried to construct a hermeneutic system which is self-consistent. In terms of the content, the Freud theory surpasses the traditional thought of logos; however, in terms of the theoretical structure, it is but another follower of ontology:Libido is considered as the fundamental energy of spirit activities, so it works as the original center of the ontological structure. Besides, the couples of terms, such as life instinct vs. death instinct, pleasure principle vs. reality principle or ego vs. super ego, are just variants of Platonic binary oppositions. The second is the paradox in unconscious theory. Freud supposed that unconscious (Usc.) should be a kind of latent thought which has a differently-constructed grammar. However, in practice, the so-called unconscious thoughts have to be expressed by language and be interfered by conscious thoughts. Also, Freud presumed that the psychoanalysis doctors were able to explain the primitive language of unconscious. In fact, the "primitive" grammar has already been tamed by the theoretical structure of psychoanalysis.
     Freud's followers inherited these contradictions. This dissertation chooses two of the most important writers deeply influenced by Freud theory. In the attitude to Freud theory, they seemed to be on opposite positions; however, both of them inherited the structure and logic of the immanent contradiction of Freud theory. On the influence of the paradox in Freud theory's ontological structure, this dissertation takes one of the leading feminists in France, Helene Cixous, as an example. Cixous opposed Freud's patriarchal centered theory and tried to contend against it with feminine, esp. mother's power, but she failed with being an heir of ontological structure:the voice of feminist has never freed from the burden of power or position. It uses deconstruction to reconstruct rules and regulations, but never surpasses a clear distinguishment between sexes. When subversion becomes an unassailably lofty mission, it will lead to another kind of spiritual slavery.
     On the influence of the paradox in unconscious theory, this dissertation takes Andre Breton as an example. Breton is the leader of surrealism activities, which directly emerged from the influence of Freud theory. Breton claimed a spiritual revolution so as to rescue the morbid society. As a result, he thought that the tradition, center or logic should be all destroyed and writing must focus on the reality as well as the instant experience. The paradox lies in the so-call revolution itself. When the surrealists presume a set of preexisted standard of life, the rebellion cannot be call free choice but a necessity or even without any other alternative. How could it be call the real freedom? The surrealists discovered the actualization possibility of spiritual freedom in Freud theory, only the freedom will no longer exist if it becomes a labeled identity.
     As revolts to tradition can not be more common in20th century, today, Freud theory also gets as much praised as blamed, which is worthy of studying in various angles. There is a hope that the crude remarks of this dissertation may draw for by abler people so as to investigate how a theoretical system could be inherited, rewrote, distorted, deconstructed and subverted in the history of ideas and literature.
引文
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    [4]译自:Michael Foucault. On the Ways of Writing History [A]. In:Michael Foucault. James D. Faubion ed., Robert Hurley etc. trans. Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology[M]. New York:The New Press,1999:273.以下作者自译文本一般不再做特殊说明。
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    [7]弗洛伊德在《释梦》中提到他的童年记忆里一次印象深刻的事件。他的父亲受到反犹分子的羞辱,帽子被打落在泥里,而父亲只能默默地拾起自己的帽子:“这时,我又想起了童年时期的一件事,其力量至今仍时时显示出来影响我的情感与梦……这时我对这位手挽小孩的强壮汉子的怯懦行为感到震惊。我把这一情景和一个更适合我的场景做了一个对比:汉尼拔的父亲,汉米尔卡·巴卡让他儿子在家庭的神坛前发誓:一定要向罗马人复仇!从那以后,汉尼拔在我的幻想中就占据了一席之地。”——弗洛伊德.释梦[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第2卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:138.
    [8]参:Hannah S. Decker. Freud, Dora, and Vienna 1900[M]. New York:Free Press,1990:13-15.
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    [23]柏拉图.斐德罗篇[A].253e.见:王晓朝.柏拉图全集[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:168.
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    [36]莱布尼茨受柏拉图哲学影响很深,他认同毕达哥拉斯-苏格拉底学派的世界观。其单子的自动性与第一原则、单子分有上帝的神性并趋近于上帝与现实世界对理念世界的模仿等部分,带有柏拉图哲学的痕迹。故而,可以说弗洛伊德对两者的继承是在一个有连续性的体系之内。
    [37]Leibniz. La Monadologue[M]. Paris:Librairie Victor Lecoffre,1900:103.
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    [39]这里的灵魂主要指动物的灵魂及人身上的动物性,与一般定义下人类的灵魂不同。
    [40]Leibniz. La Monadologue[M]. Paris:Librairie Victor Lecoffre,1900:104.
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    [45]记忆所带来的知觉与精神所有拥有的理性不同。莱布尼茨指出:“在理论上应该把两者区分开来。因为我们看到动物对攻击它们的东西具有知觉,并且具有与先前类似的知觉;通过回忆的再现,它们会预计到与这个先前知觉所附在一起的东西,并且产生出与曾有感觉相类似的感觉。比如,当人们朝狗挥起木棒,它们会记起木棒给它们造成的痛苦,并且叫着逃掉。”--Leibniz. La Monadologue[M]. Paris:Librairie Victor Lecoffre,1900:107.
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    [22]弗洛伊德.图腾与禁忌[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第8卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:1]3.此句出于浮士德将《圣经》翻译为德语。在歌德笔下,浮士德顾虑于语言不能受到如此的高估,承担起与神同在的重负,再度将其译为“太初有思”,然而代表了人类理性的思想依然不足以创造一切,继而化为“太初有力”,最终灵光闪现,落笔“太初有为”定稿。
    [23]La Vulgata Biblia. John,1:1英译本:"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." (NIV Bible, John,1:1)
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    [28]哲学史家格思里在《希腊哲学史》第一卷中详尽地分析了公元前五世纪及之前这个词在哲学、文学、历史等文献中的用法,总结出十种含义:(1)任何讲出的或写出的东西;(2)所提到的和与价值有关的东西,如评价、声望:(3)灵魂内在的考虑,如思想、推理;(4)从所讲或所写发展为原因、理性或论证;(5)与”空话”、“借口”相反,”真正的逻各斯”是事物的真理;(6)尺度,分寸;(7)对应关系,比例:(8)一般原则或规律,这是比较晚出的用法;(9)理性的能力,如人与动物的区别在于人有逻各斯;(10)定义或公式,表达事物的本质。——引自:周荣胜.文字场景——论德里达的文字学[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社,2005:42-43.
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    [35]“本体论最本质的特征是‘先天性’。‘先天性’意味着从一个先天的概念为前提推出其他概念,与之相对的是在经验基础上的推论,也就是从结果追溯原因,这些原因有时也可追溯得很远,似乎超越了经验,但从性质上说,那样的推论仍是后天的推论。”——俞宣孟.本体论研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2005:367.
    [36]赫伯特·马尔库塞.黄勇、薛民译.爱欲与文明——对弗洛伊德思想的哲学探讨[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,2008:76.
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    [38]Jacques Derrida. Alan Bass trans.. Writing and Difference[M]. London and New York: Routledge,2001:354.译文引自:德里达.人文科学话语中的结构、符号与游戏[A].见:德里达.张宁译.书写与差异[M].北京:三联书店:506.
    [39]“他们的恩师布吕克(Briicke)就是赫尔姆霍茨学派中的一位杰出成员。”——弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:10.
    [40]赫尔姆霍茨对弗洛伊德的影响并不止此处所列,之外例如能量守恒原则。这在弗洛伊德理论中体现为“恒定性原则”,在弗洛伊德和布洛伊尔合著的《癔症研究》中将其表述为“一种保持脑内刺激恒定的趋向。”——弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:129.
    [41]当时的生理学家们相信,神经系统里流动的是非物质的活力,要么是电流,赫尔姆霍茨的老师穆勒跟同时代的大部分生理学家一样采纳了伽伐尼的神经脉冲电本质说,认为神经系统的传导是电流以近乎光的速度进行流动。而赫尔姆霍茨验证了神经脉冲由复杂的粒子运动构成,其速度可以测量,可以用物理学原理加以解释。
    [42]Edwin Garrigues Boring. A History of Experimental Psychology [M]. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,1950:159.
    [43]Edwin Garrigues Boring. A History of Experimental Psychology[M]. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,1950:58.
    [44]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:39。此处的“双重意识”可以说是弗洛伊德人格结构理论的先声,为无意识提供了依据。
    [45]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:64-65.
    [46]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:131.
    [47]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:130.
    [48]弗洛伊德.性学三论[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:23.
    [49]弗洛伊德.本能及其变化[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:123.
    [50]弗洛伊德.超越快乐原则[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第6卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:45.
    [51]弗洛伊德.本能及其变化[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:145-148
    [52]“在精神分析中,当自我力比多经对象贯注而变成对象力比多时,才适用于本领域的研究。”——弗洛伊德.性学三论[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:55.
    [53]弗洛伊德.精神分析导论[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第4卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:182.
    [54]弗洛伊德.群体心理学与自我的分析[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第4卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:65.
    [55]弗洛伊德.精神分析导论[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第4卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:205.
    [56]弗洛伊德用一段带有进化论影响色彩的论证来说明这一点:“诚然,性生活是超越于个体之上的生命有机体的单一的机能,并且与物种有关。这个机能不仅像其他活动那样时常有利于个体,而且为了得到性的高度的快乐,还使生命面临危险和毁灭。由于个体的生命仍需保存一部分传递给后代,于是就有一种有别于其他的新陈代谢过程,作为达到这种目的的途径。最后,个体有机体将自己看成重要的东西,并且认为其性生活也像其他机能一样,只是为了自己的满足。但是,从生物学的观点来看,个体有机体只是物种生产序列的一小段,和不朽的种质(germ-plasm)相比,它的生命是很短暂的,像临时作为种质的寄身之地一样。”——弗洛伊德.精神分析导论[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第4卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:244.
    [57]Manford H. Kuhn. The Contribution of Sigmund Freud to Social Science:A Critical Analysis[M]. vol.1. Madison WI:University of Wisconsin-Madison,1941:37.
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    [62]Luce Irigaray. This Sex Which is not the One[M]. Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1985:72.
    [63]Henri Lefebvre. Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche[A]. Henri Lefebvre. Henri Lefebvre:Key Writings[M]. London and New York:Continuum International Publishing Group,2006:48.
    [64]弗洛伊德.论自恋:导论[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出 版社,2004:124.
    [65]即俄狄浦斯(Oedipus)的另一种音译。
    [66]弗洛伊德.自我与本我[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第6卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:131.
    [67]如上文所述,这种愉悦在最初体现为一种营养需求上的满足。
    [68]弗洛伊德理论中,男性儿童早期对父亲的情结容易被忽略,但值得注意的是,他在“狼人”案例中,以实证为基础系统地讨论了这个问题。这一情结被忽略,或许因为对父亲的依恋将在未来转化为认同作用,但是,仅以认同作用来考虑弗洛伊德理论中的父子关系,就不能全面地体现阉割情结的重要之处。
    [69]“关于这些原始人的一切都是双重的:他们有四只手和四只脚,两张脸,两个生殖器等等,后来宙斯决定把这些人一分为二.....”——弗洛伊德.超越快乐原则[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第6卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:p43.
    [70]弗洛伊德反对使用“爱列屈拉情结”(Electra Complex),认为这是将两性刻意类比化了,只有男性儿童才会陷入恋母憎父的单向对立中。
    [71]这里补充了一个“父亲=阉割者”模式在阉割情结执行中的变体:“阉割的威胁常常来自女性;只是她们常常援引父亲或医生来加强自身的权威。而且许多情况下,女性会用一种象征性描述,告诉孩子被阉割的不是他的生殖器官,而是他主动犯错的手。”—Sigmund Freud. The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex[A]. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud[M]. Vol.19. London:Hogarth Press,1961:172.
    [72]之所以要将阉割作为俄狄浦斯情结中并行的成分,因为它是俄狄浦斯情结的开端,也是俄狄浦斯情结在儿童时期瓦解的终结者。
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    [79]西格蒙德·弗洛伊德.李韵译.狼人的故事——弗洛伊德心理治疗案例三种[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2007:256.
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    [99]在这一点上,群体心理类同于神经症患者,指导他们的不是通常的客观实在,而是心理实在。
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    [108]弗洛伊德认为,如果一件事足够重要,或经常得到重复,这种记忆就可以进入古代遗产,而影响后世人们的行为模式。
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    [115]“撤销对意识性质的过高评价是真正洞悉精神事件过程所必需的开端。正如利普斯所说,必须把潜意识当作精神生活的一般基础。潜意识是包含了较小的意识范围的更大范围。每个意识内容都具有一个序言性的潜意识阶段,而潜意识却能停止在此阶段上,并仍需被看作具有充分的精神功能.潜意识是真正的精神显示,其内在本质正像外部世界的现实一样对我们是未知的,并且正像我们通过感觉器官而报告了外部世界一样,它通过意识的资料而与我们进行着不完善的交流。”——弗洛伊德.心理分析的困难之一[A].见:弗洛伊德.孙恺祥译.弗洛伊德论创造力与无意识[M].北京:中国展望出版社,1986:8.
    [116]埃里希·弗罗姆.许俊达、许俊农译.精神分析的危机——论弗洛伊德、马克思和社会心理学[M].北京:国际文化出版公司,1988:7.
    [117]“无意识”(Unbewusste)在汉语译本中多有译为“潜意识”。在德语中,“意识"(Bewusste)一词具有被动性,故而本文倾向于认为Unbcwusste作为“未被意识到的”译为“无意识”更为合适。
    [118]1897年,弗洛伊德推翻了创伤理论,提出幼儿性欲和俄狄浦斯情结假说。
    [119]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:146.
    [120]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:24.
    [121]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:144.
    [122]弗洛伊德.精神分析中潜意识的注释[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:339.
    [123]Sigmund Freud. Studies on Hysteria[A]. In:Strachey.J. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud [M]. Vol.2. London:HogarthPress,1955:193.
    [124]维特根斯坦.维特根斯坦剑桥讲演集(1932-1935)[A].见:涂纪亮.《维特根斯坦全集》[M].第5卷.石家庄:河北教育出版社,2003:175.
    [125]涂纪亮.维特根斯坦全集[M].第6卷.石家庄:河北教育出版社,2003:32.
    [126]涂纪亮.维特根斯坦全集[M].第6卷.石家庄:河北教育出版社,2003:92.
    [127]王峰.维特根斯坦反弗洛伊德——心理学美学的问题所在[A].见:文艺理论研究[J].2010(5):97.
    [128]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:145.
    [129]弗洛伊德.精神分析中潜意识的注释[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长 春:长春出版社,2004:339.
    [130]M·M·巴赫金,B·H·沃洛希诺夫.张杰、樊锦鑫译.弗洛伊德主义批判[M].北京:中国文联出版公司,1987:84.
    [131]弗洛伊德.廖运范译.弗洛伊德自传[M].上海:上海三联书店,2011:48.
    [132]弗洛伊德.廖运范译.弗洛伊德自传[M].上海:上海三联书店,2011:49.
    [133]弗洛伊德.精神分析中潜意识的注释[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:341.
    [134]弗洛伊德.释梦[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第2卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:379.
    [135]“意识的作用曾一度被认为是万能的,并掩盖了其他一切作用,它的作用只是为感知精神的质提供了一个感官而已。”——车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第2卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:380.
    [136]弗洛伊德.论心理机能的两条原则[A].约翰·里克曼.见:弗洛伊德著作选[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1986:50.
    [137]弗洛伊德.论潜意识[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:352.
    [138]“作为动力意义的潜意识不仅局限于本我,而且自我和超我也具有其特征。因此作为系统性的自我和超我也具有了动力性的潜意识特征。为了避免混淆,弗洛伊德便用‘本我’来代替以往称为‘潜意识’的动态性含义。因此,潜意识就是本我,潜意识的特征就是本我的特征,潜意识的本质就是本我的本质。”——车文博.弗洛伊德主义述评[M].长春:吉林教育出版社,1992:133.
    [139]弗洛伊德.论潜意识[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:366-367.
    [140]弗洛伊德.论潜意识[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:362.
    [141]弗洛伊德.释梦[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第2卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:374.
    [142]弗洛伊德.精神分析新论[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第5卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:46.
    [143]弗洛伊德.论潜意识[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:361.
    [144]弗洛伊德.论潜意识[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:370-371.
    [145]弗洛伊德.自我与本我[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第6卷)[M].长春:长春出 版社,2004:123.
    [146]Ken Frieden. Freud's Dream of Interpretation[M]. Albany:SUNY Press,1990:38.
    [147]弗洛伊德.自我与本我[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第6卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:86.
    [148]弗洛伊德.自我与本我[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第6卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:124.
    [149]弗洛伊德.自我与本我[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第6卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:163.
    [150]弗洛伊德.释梦[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第2卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:333.
    [151]“心理治疗所能做的无非只是把潜意识置于前意识的控制之下。”——弗洛伊德.释梦[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第2卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:360.
    [152]Julia Kristeva, Jeanine Herman. The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt:The Powers and Limits of Psychoanalysis [M]. New York:Columbia University Press,2001:39.
    [153]Jacques Lacan. Bruce Fink etc. trans.. Ecrits:The First Complete Edition in English[M]. New York and London:W.W. Norton & Company,2006:496.
    [154]Jacques Bouveresse. Carol Cosman trans.. Wittgenstein Reads Freud:The Myth of the Unconscious[M]. Princeton:Princeton University Press.1995:25.
    [155]王峰.维特根斯坦反弗洛伊德——心理学美学的问题所在[A].文艺理论研究[J].2010(5):97.
    [156]弗洛伊德.精神分析中潜意识的注释[A].见:车文博.《弗洛伊德文集》(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:342.
    [157]弗洛伊德.精神分析新论[A].见:车文博.《弗洛伊德文集》(第5卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:10.
    [158]弗洛伊德.释梦[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第2卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:12.
    [159]弗洛伊德.精神分析新论[A].见:车文博.《弗洛伊德文集》(第5卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:12.
    [160]Julia Kristeva, Jeanine Herman. The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt:The Powers and Limits of Psychoanalysis [M]. New York:Columbia University Press,2001:40.
    [161]弗洛伊德.释梦[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第2卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:206.
    [162]弗洛伊德.论潜意识[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第3卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:350.
    [163]弗洛姆.尚新建译.弗洛伊德的使命[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1987:62.
    [164]弗洛伊德.自我与本我[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第6卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:148.
    [1]西蒙娜·德·波伏娃.陶铁柱译.第二性[M].北京:中国书籍出版社,1998:42.
    [2]西蒙娜·德·波伏娃.陶铁柱译.第二性[M].北京:中国书籍出版社,1998:48.“例如,乱伦是由于为父亲所禁而被禁止,但父亲为什么要去禁止它呢?这是一个谜。(ibid.p49)波伏娃提出的这个问题,在弗洛伊德理论的图式中,可以用达尔文所提出的原始部落形态来解释,原父需要独占部落中的所有女性并排斥其他男性,但是,这一假说毕竟也只是信仰的一种形态。这印证了波伏娃的说法,弗洛伊德图式是封闭而具有排他性的。
    [3]西蒙娜·德·波伏娃.陶铁柱译.第二性[M].北京:中国书籍出版社,1998:90.
    [4]西蒙娜·德·波伏娃.陶铁柱译.第二性[M].北京:中国书籍出版社,1998:54.
    [5]Genevieve Lloyd. The Man of Reason:"Male" and "Female" in Western Philosophy [M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.1984:101.
    [6]罗斯玛丽·帕特南·童.女性主义思潮导论[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社.2002:276.
    [7]Kristeva, Seule, Une femme[M]. Paris:Editions de l'Aube,2007:170.译文引自:高宣扬.论克里斯蒂娃的新女性主义[Aj.见:同济大学学报(社会科学版)[J],2009,20(3):13.
    [8]Abigail Bray. Helene Cixous, Writing and Sexual Difference[M]. New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004:71.
    [9]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:199.
    [10]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:78.
    [11]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:199.
    [12]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):45.
    [13]Verena Andermatt Conley. Helene Cixous[M]. Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1992:9.
    [14]Helene Cixous. Writing Differences:Readings from the Seminar of Helene Cixous[M]. Milton Keynes:Open University Press,1988:144.
    [15]Eva Martin Sartori, Dorothy Wynne Zimmennan. French Woman Writers[M]. Nebraska:U of Nebraska Press,1994:68.
    [16]Helene Cixous. Keith Cohen & Paula Cohen trans.. The Laugh of the Medusa [A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.1.1976(4):875.
    [17]Helene Cixous. Keith Cohen & Paula Cohen trans.. The Laugh of the Medusa[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.1.1976(4):888.
    [18]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:200.
    19 Sigmund Freud. Medusa's Head [A]. In:The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud [M]. Vol.18. London:Hogarth Press,1955:273-274.
    [20]雅典娜操控着美杜莎的头颅,但她更类似于男性的代言人:由父亲宙斯所生,操控着理性和勇武:同时,如果按西苏的观点,将母亲作为女性身份中最根本的隐喻,雅典娜作为处女之神,无法成为完全的女性。
    [21]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:200.
    [22]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:200.
    [23]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):43.
    [24]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Dccapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):55.
    [25]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:92.
    [26]Rosette C.Lamont. Ariane Mnouchkine/Helene Cixous:The Meeting of Two chimaeras[A], In: Lee A. Jacobus. And Regina Barreca. Helene Cixous:Critical Impressions[M]. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach,1999:229.
    [27]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation? [A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):49.
    [28]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):49.
    [29]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):49.
    [30]Susan Rubin Suleiman. Subversive Intent:Gender. Politics, and the Avant-garde[M]. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1990:168.
    [31]Abigail Bray. Helene Cixous, Writing and Sexual Difference[M]. New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004:24.
    [3]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):45-46.
    [33]Helene Cixous. Susan Sellers. White Ink:Interview on Sex. Text and Politics[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,2008:199.
    [34]Helene Cixous. Stigmata[M]. London and New York:Routledge,1998:44-45.
    [35]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:85.
    [36]Helene Cixous. Stigmata[M]. London and New York:Routledge、1998:44-45.
    [37]Helene Cixous. Keith Cohen & Paula Cohen trans.. The Laugh of the Medusa[A]. In:Signs[J], vol.1.1976(4):889.
    [38]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:87.
    [39]Helene Cixous. Sarah Cornell etc. trans.. Coming to Writing and Other Essays[M]. London: Harvard University Press,1991:57.
    [40]Helene Cixous. Sarah Cornell etc. trans.. Coming to Writing and Other Essays[M]. London: Harvard University Press,1991:56.
    [41]Helene Cixous. Keith Cohen & Paula Cohen trans.. The Laugh of the Medusa[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.1.1976(4):880.
    [42]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:94.
    [43]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:189.
    [44]Helene Cixous. Stigmata[M]. London and New York:Routledge,1998:45.
    [45]Ian Blyth. Susan Sellers. Helene Cixous:The Live Theory[M]. London:Continuum International Publishing Group,2004:27.
    [46]Helene Cixous. Susan Sellers. White Ink:Interview on Sex, Text and Politics[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,2008:73.
    [47]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:85.
    [48]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:190.
    [49]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:93.
    [50]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京 大学出版社,1992:19-1.
    [51]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):52.
    [52]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:193.
    [53]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:92.
    [54]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):52.
    [55]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):53.
    [56]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:159.
    [57]Catherine Clement. Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.1986:157.
    [58]Toril Moi. Sexual/Textual Peotics:Feminist Literary Theory[M]. London:Routledge.2002: 121.
    [59]Sandra. M. Gilbert. Introduction:A Tarantella of Theory [A]. Catherine Clement. Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1986:ⅹⅵ.
    [60]Donald Eugene. Hall.Maria Pramaggiore. Representing Bisexualities:Subjects and Cultures of Fluid Desire[M]. New York:NYU Press,1996:30.
    [61]Robert R. Holt. Freud Reappraised:A Fresh Look at Psychoanalytic Theory [M]. Guilford Press. 1989:243.
    [62]Donald Eugene Hall.Maria Pramaggiore. Representing Bisexualities:Subjects and Cultures of Fluid Desire[M]. New York:NYU Press,1996:30.
    [63]也包括父亲对祖母带有俄狄浦斯情结的表白。参:Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris: Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:123.
    [64]Kathleen Hart. Revolution and Women's Autobiography in Nineteenth-century France[M]. Amsterdam:Rodopi,2004:196.
    [65]Cecile Lindsay. Body/Language:French Feminist Utopias[A]. In:The French Review[J]. vol.60.1968(1):49.
    [66]Helene Cixous. Susan Sellers. White Ink:Interview on Sex. Text and Politics[M], New York: Columbia University Press,2008:p62-63.
    [67]与西苏丧父和写作《里面》时的年龄基本相符。
    [68]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:143.
    [69]Helene Cixous. Le Froid[A]. Susan Sellers trans.. The Writing Notebooks of Helene Cixous[M]. London:Continuum International Publishing Group,2004:21.
    [70]Kathryn Robson. Writing Wounds:the Inscription of Trauma in Post-1968 French Women's Life-Writing[M]. Amsterdam:Rodopi,2004:66.
    [71]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:90.
    [72]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:91.
    [73]Helene Cixous. De la scene de l'Inconscient a la scene de l'Histoire:Chemins d'une ecriture[A]. Francoise van Rossum-Guyon and Myriam Diaz-Diocaretz ed.. Helene Cixous, chemins d'une ccriture[M]. Saint-Denis:Presses Universitaires de Vincennes/Amsterdam:Rodopi. 1990:19.
    [74]Helene Cixous. De la scene de l'Inconscient a la scene de l'Histoire:Chemins d'une ecriture[A]. Francoise van Rossum-Guyon and Myriam Diaz-Diocaretz ed.. Helene Cixous. chemins d'une ecriture[M]. Saint-Denis:Presses Universitaires de Vincennes/Amsterdam:Rodopi, 1990:19.
    [75]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset, 1969:83.
    [76]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:77.
    [77]“虽然我是初始时间的公主,死去的神明的女儿,是墓碑题词、石制书本、海水长袍的女主人,但我并不快乐。我希望他归来……”--Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:208.
    [78]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:p11.
    [79]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:p20-21.
    [80]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:122.
    [81]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:78.
    [82]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:54.
    [83]Helene Cixous. Susan Sellers. White Ink:Interview on Sex, Text and Politics[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,2008:83.
    [84]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:23.
    [85]和合本圣经[M],约翰福音1:1.
    [86]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:9.
    [87]“最终我不再恐惧上帝;我不再聆听词语(mots)。"Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:83.
    [88]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:29.
    [89]"God-as-Writing."--Helene Cixous. Susan Sellers. White Ink:Interview on Sex. Text and Politics[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,2008:83.
    [90]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:31.
    [91]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:53.
    [92]Helene Cixous. De la scene de l'Inconscient a la scene de l'Histoire:Chemins d'une ecriture[A]. Francoise van Rossum-Guyon and Myriam Diaz-Diocaretz ed.. Helene Cixous, chemins d'une ecriture[M]. Saint-Denis:Presses Universitaires de Vincennes/Amsterdam:Rodopi, 1990:19.
    [93]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:53.
    [94]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:p53-54.
    [95]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:53.
    [96]Helene Cixous. Dedans]M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:39.
    [97]此处Man原文为英文。-Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969: 56.
    [98]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:88.
    [9]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:82.
    [100]"Quant a la mort je savais bien quelle netait quun mot."--Helene Cixous, Dedans[M]. Paris: Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:21.
    [101]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:122.
    [102]Helene Cixous. Susan Sellers. White Ink:Interview on Sex, Text and Politics[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,2008:84.
    [103]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:46.
    [104]Helene Cixous. Writing Differences:Readings from the Seminar of Helene Cixous[M]. Milton Keynes:Open University Press.1988:144.
    [105]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:146.
    [106]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:p147-148.
    [107]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:157.
    [108]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:55.
    [109]Susan Sellers. Helene Cixous:Authorship. Autobiography, and Love[M]. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,1996:30-31.
    [110]Anne-Marie Picard. Le Pere de Le Pere de l'Ecriture:Writing Within the Secret Father[A]. Lee A. Jacobus. And Regina Barreca. Helene Cixous:Critical Impressions[M]. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach,1999:27.
    [111]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:83. 正如祖母无法“在一张粗制滥造的床上入睡”,她需要三层床垫,当父亲死去后,她哭泣的原因是“她的儿子死在单张的床垫上,当她不在的时候。他违抗,按自己的方式行事“。——Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:67.
    [112]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:117.
    [113]"PARCE QUE JE LA HAIS, MA MERE N'EST PLUS."--Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris: Editions Bernard Grasset.1969:66.
    [114]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:16.
    [115]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:16.
    [116]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:67.
    [117]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:50.
    [118]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:102.
    [119]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:109.
    [120]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:110.
    [121]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:26.
    [122]“我用第一个羞耻会见了我腹部神秘的脆弱,第二个羞耻让我学到了性欲部分的重要性,以及一个或另一个性别从细节上认知自己的需要”。——Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris: Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:26.
    [123]参见Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:p67-68.
    [124]参Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:64.
    [125]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:95.
    [126]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:69.
    [127]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:64.
    [128]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:55.
    [129]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:55.
    [131]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:20.
    [131]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:15.
    [132]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:40.
    [133]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:113.
    [134]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:117.
    [13S]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:74.
    [136]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:112.
    [137]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:124.
    [138]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:117.
    [139]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:117.
    [140]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:p111-112.
    [141]Susan Sellers. Helene Cixous:Authorship, Autobiography, and Love[M]. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,1996:30.
    [142]Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:209.
    [143]Susan Sellers. Helene Cixous:Authorship, Autobiography, and Love[M]. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,1996:31.
    [144]塞勒认为《里面》所描绘的终极空间使语言成为与死亡斗争的手段(ibid,p35),而笔者认为西苏的目的应该在于超越死亡和语言,即使在死亡和语言的关系中,语言也处于次等的地位,在类似死亡的宁静中,“我”和父亲达到“无言的不朽”。参:Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset,1969:83.
    [145]Susan Sellers. Helene Cixous:Authorship. Autobiography, and Love[M]. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.1996:36.
    [146]Dora (1905). the Rat Man (1909a). Little Hans (1909b). Schreber (1911), the Wolf Man (1918).
    [147]该案例的治疗时间是1900年,写作于1901年,但发表于1905年。
    [148]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:10.
    [149]Sigmund Freud. Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria[A]. In:Strachey. J. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud[M]. Vol.7. London: Hogarth Press,1953:1-122.
    [150]Felix Deutsch. A Footnote to Freud's "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria" [A]. In: Charles Bernheimer, Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case, Freud-Hysteria-Feminism[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1990, p38.
    [151]Martha Noel. Evans. Fits and Starts:A Genealogy of Hysteria in Modern France[M]. Ithaca: Cornell University Press,1991:203.伊莱娜·肖瓦尔特也引用了这一论点:Elaine Showalter. Hystories:Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Culture[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1997:57.
    [152]Sander L.Gilman. Hysteria Beyond Freud[M]. Berkeley:University of California Press,1993: 331.
    [153]这是肖瓦尔特对曼迪·默克观点的总结,后者相关论文见:Mandy Merck. The Critical Cult of Dora[A]. In:Perversions:Deviant Readings[M]. London:Routledge,1993:33-44.
    [154]Elaine Showalter, Hystories:Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Culture[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1997:58.
    [155]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:99.
    [156]Lynn Penrod. Helene Cixous[M]. New York:Twayne Publishers.1996:139.
    [157]Helene Cixous. Susan Sellers. White Ink:Interview on Sex, Text and Politics[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,2008:100.
    [158]Martha Noel Evans. Portrait of Dora:Freud's Case History As Reviewed by Helene Cixous[A]. Substance[J]. Vol.11,1982(3):65.
    [159]"A radio version was broadcast on France-Culture,'Atelier de Creation Radiophonique'in 1972."--Helene Cixous. Selected Plays of Helene Cixous[M]. London:Routeledge,2004:223.
    [160]在如下版本中,以画外音形式表现剧本开头的幕布投影:Helene Cixous. Selected Plays of Helene Cixous[M]. London:Routeledge,2004:35.
    [161]伊达的兄长名唤奥托·包尔(Otto Bauer,1880-1938).
    [162]以下将《一个癔症分析的片断》简称《片断》。
    [163]卡特琳娜原姓盖博(Gerber)。
    [164]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事—一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:35.
    [165]裴皮娜原姓休曼(Heumann)。
    [166]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:31.
    [167]弗洛伊德在《片断》和之后的作品中多次将治疗杜拉的时间标注为1899年,而不是1900年;按照卷末所引用的1902年弗洛伊德任职副教授的时间推算,1900年确实是一个正确的日期,英文标准版编者对此已有考据,在此无需赘述。但是,弗洛伊德在《片断》中确实倾向于高估杜拉的年龄,他将杜拉算作19岁(弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:79.),而事实上杜拉在接受弗洛伊德的治疗时还不满18岁,或许这种计算方式与实际年龄的差距促使弗洛伊德错误地估计了“杜拉”案例发生的年份。对于这一事实的成因,笔者姑且推断,弗洛伊德可能唯恐读者无法接受对未成年少女的性心理分析。
    [168]Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson ed.. The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904[M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1985:427.
    [169]《释梦》(1900a)是在一年前发表的。
    [170]Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson ed.. The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904[M], Cambridge, Massachusetts and London:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1985:433.译文引自:弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京: 九州出版社,2008:1.
    [171]弗洛伊德.日常生活心理病理学[A].车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:314.
    [172]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:36.
    [173]珀罗·曼特加扎(Paolo Mantegazza,1831-1910):意大利神经学家、生理学家、人类学家。
    [174]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:20.
    [175]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:19.
    [176]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:19.该版本的译文有一个错误,将“不可通航的”(unnavigable)译成了“可通航的”。
    [177]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:15.
    [178]Steven Marcus. Freud and Dora:Story, History, Case History[A]. In:Charles Bernheimer. Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case: Freud-Hysteria-Feminism[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1990:65.
    [179]Steven Marcus. Freud and Dora:Story. History, Case History[A]. In:Charles Bernheimer. Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case:Freud-Hysteria-Feminisin[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1990:66.
    [180]Jane Gallop. The Father's Seduction[A]. In:Shirley Nelson Garner, Claire Kahane. Madelon Sprengnether ed.. The (M)other Tongue:Essays in Feminist Psychoanalytic Interpretation[M], Ithaca, New York:Cornell University Press,1985:67.
    [181]弗洛伊德.癔症研究[A].见:车文博.弗洛伊德文集(第1卷)[M].长春:长春出版社,2004:134.
    [182]Steven Marcus. Freud and Dora:Story, History, Case History [A]. In:Charles Bernheimer. Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case:Freud-Hysteria-Feminism[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1990:85.
    [183]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:110.
    [184]Toril Moi. Representation of Partriarchy:Sexuality and Epistemology in Freud's Dora[A]. In: Charles Bernheimer, Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case:Freud-Hysteria-Feminism[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1990:191-192.
    [185]Jane Gallop. Keys to Dora[A]. In:Charles Bernheimer. Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case: Freud-Hysteria-Feminisni[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1990:217.
    [186]Toril Moi. Representation of Partriarchy:Sexuality and Epistemology in Freud's Dora[A]. In: Charles Bernheimer, Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case:Freud-Hysteria-Feminism[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1990:191-192.
    [187]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:194.
    [188]Sigmund Freud. The Psychogenesis of A Case of Homosexuality in a Woman[A]. Strachey. J. In:The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud[M]. Vol.18, London:Hogarth,1955:145-174.
    [189]Sigmund Freud. The Psychogenesis of A Case of Homosexuality in a Woman[A]. Strachey. J. In:The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud[M]. Vol.18. London:Hogarth,1955:171.
    [190]弗洛伊德,车文博编,《爱情心理学》,《弗洛伊德文集》,第3卷,长春:长春出版社,2004,p101.
    [191]Toril Moi. Representation of Partriarchy:Sexuality and Epistemology in Freud's Dora[A]. In: Charles Bernheimer. Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case:Freud-Hysteria-Feminism[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1990:194.
    [192]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:148.
    [193]Toril Moi. Representation of Partriarchy:Sexuality and Epistemology in Freud's Dora[A]. In: Charles Bernheimer, Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case:Freud-Hysteria-Feminism[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1990:182s.
    [194]Helene Cixous. Keith Cohen & Paula Cohen trans.. The Laugh of the Medusa [A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.1.1976(4):881.
    [195]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:156.
    [196]以下正文引用《少女杜拉的画像》时,简称《画像》。
    [197]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):18.
    [198]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):10.
    [199]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):10.
    [200]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):16.
    [201]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):9.
    [202]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):20.
    [203]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:p149-150.
    [204]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.1986:149.
    [205]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora [A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):4.
    [206]Hannah S. Decker. Freud, Dora, and Vienna 1900[M]. New York:Free Press,1990:71.
    [207]Martha Noel Evans. Portrait of Dora:Freud's Case History As Reviewed by Helene Cixous[A]. In:Substance[J]. Vol.11.1982(3):68.
    [208]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:p154.
    [209]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:32.
    [210]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):13.
    [211]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.1986:67.
    [212]Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. Sorties[A]. In:The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986:82.
    [213]Martha Noel Evans. Portrait of Dora:Freud's Case History As Reviewed by Helene Cixous[A]. In:Substance[J]. Vol.11.1982(3):70.
    [214]歇斯底里曾被认为是子宫所引起的女性专有病症。在他刚从巴黎回维也纳后不久,弗洛伊德向医学会报告自己在巴黎的学习成果。到会的许多人,包括所谓的医学界“权威”,如医学会主席班贝尔格医生,竟宣称弗洛伊德的报告是“无法令人置信”的。当弗洛伊德谈到一位男病人的歇斯底里症时,在座的一位老外科医生,按捺不住叫嚷起来说:“老天!亲爱的弗洛伊德先生,你怎么会讲这些无聊的话呢?hysteron的意思是子宫,一个大男人怎么会hysterical(患歇斯底里症)呢?”
    [215]埃莱娜·西苏.美杜莎的笑声[A].见:张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:]88.
    [216]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:98.
    [217]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A], In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):10.
    [218]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):11.
    [219]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):6.
    [220]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):12.
    [221]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):11.
    [222]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora [A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):24.
    [223]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):4.
    [224]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora [A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):12.
    [225]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):29.
    [226]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):50.
    [227]"Il est tout et moi rien."--Helene Cixous. Dedans[M]. Paris:Editions Bernard Grasset.1969: 83.
    [228]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):10.
    [229]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):28.
    [230]Catherine Clement. Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.1986:p157.
    [231]Jacques Lacan. Intervention on Transference[A]. In:Charles Bernheimer. Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case:Freud-Hysteria-Feminism[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1990:92-104..
    [232]弗洛伊德.杨韶刚译.少女杜拉的故事——一个癔症案例分析的片断[M].北京:九州出版社,2008:41.
    [233]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):17.
    [234]Martha Noel Evans. Portrait of Dora:Freud's Case Historv As Reviewed by Helene Cixous[A]. In:Substance[J]. Vol. 11.1982(3):67.
    [235]Helene Cixous. Annette Kuhn trans.. Castration or Decapitation?[A]. In:Signs[J]. vol.7. 1981(1):53.
    [236]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1): p24-25.
    [237]Mairead Hanrahan. "Portrait de Dora":The Play of Whose Voice[A]. In:The Modern Language Review[J]. Vol.93.1988(1):57.
    [238]“毫无预警地,她用一种故意诱惑的姿态提起了裙子,微微露出脚踝”——Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora [A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):19.
    [239]Sarah French. Re-imagining the Female Hysteric:Helene Cixous "Portrait ofDora"[A]. In: Traffic[J]. Vol.10.2008(1):258.
    [240]Helene Cixous. Sarah Burd trans.. Portrait of Dora[A]. In:Diacritics[J]. Vol.13.1983(1):32.
    [241]Toril Moi. Representation of Partriarchy:Sexuality and Epistemology in Freud"s Dora[A]. In: Charles Bernheimer, Claire Kahane. In Dora's Case:Freud-Hysteria-Feminism[M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1990:192.
    [242]Catherine Clement. Helene Cixous. Besty Wing trans.. The Newly Born Woman[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1986:157.
    [243]伊丽莎白·赖特.王文华译.拉康与后女性主义[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:81.
    [244]原文为“She is more subject than man." (Slavoj Zizek. The Indivisible Remainder:An Essay of Schelling and Related Matters[M]. London and New York:Verso,1996:160),有译为“她比男性更具主体性”,但笔者以为此处根据上下文似乎是在说女性被面具化的特征所限制。
    [245]Slavoj Zizek. The Indivisible Remainder:An Essay of Schelling and Related Matters[M]. London and New York:Verso,1996:160-161.
    [1]如1924年10月11日,超现实主义的发起者们在巴黎格勒内尔街15号设立了超现实主义研究机构。
    [2]Louis Aragon. L'Oeuvre poetique I [M]. Paris:Livre-Club-Diderot,1974:29.
    [3]Andre Breton, avec Andre Parinaud. Entretiens 1913-1952[M]. Paris:Gallimard,1969:56.
    [4]该书中“心理分析”一章的作者埃纳尔是将弗洛伊德理论引入法国的第一人,多年后,布勒东将《超现实主义宣言》和《娜嘉》赠书于他。
    [5]Andre Breton, avec Andre Parinaud. Entretiens 1913-1952[M]. Paris:Gallimard,1969:37.
    [6]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:244.
    [7]皮埃尔·代克斯.王莹译.超现实主义者的生活[M].济南:山东画报出版社,2005:15.
    [8]Tristan Tzara. Barbara Wright trans.. Seven Dada Manifestos and Lampisteries[M]. New York: Calder,1977:3.
    [9]Tristan Tzara. Barbara Wright trans.. Seven Dada Manifestos and Lampisteries[M]. New York: Calder,1977:44.
    [10]Richard Hulsenbeck. Malcolm Green trans.. The Dada Almanac-Atlas Arkhive One[M]. London:Atlas Press,1993:46.
    [11]Richard Hulsenbeck. Malcolm Green trans.. The Dada Almanac-Atlas Arkhive One[M]. London:Atlas Press,1993:47.
    [12]Hugo Ball, John Elderfield ed. Dada Manifesto[A]. In:Flight out of time:a Dada diary[M]. Berkeley:University of California Press,1996:221.
    [13]Tristan Tzara. Barbara Wright trans.. Seven Dada Manifestos and Lampisteries[M]. New York: Calder,1977:8.
    [14]亨利·贝阿尔.袁俊生译.布勒东传[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2005:95.
    [15]Michel Sanouillet. Dada a Paris:Histoire generale du Mouvement Dada (1915-1923)[M]. Paris: Jean-Jacques Pauvert,1965:428.
    译文引自:亨利·阿贝尔,米歇尔·卡拉苏.陈圣生译.达达:一部反叛的历史[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2003:164.
    [16]安德烈·布勒东.袁俊生译.超现实主义宣言[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010:236.
    [17]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:245.
    [18]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:245.
    [19]Andre Breton, avec Andre Parinaud. Entretiens 1913-1952[M]. Paris:Gallimard,1969:37.
    [20]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:245.
    [21]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:267.
    [22]安德烈·布勒东.袁俊生计.超现实主义宣言[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010:281.
    [23]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:261.
    [24]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:319.
    [25]参与者们在纸上各写下一个词语或一笔绘画,最终组合成句子或图画,“其中谁也不能考虑之前别人写下的东西。经典的范例,也是这个游戏得名之原因,就是这种方式下获得的第一个句子:‘绝妙的僵尸将啜饮新酒’”。--Andre Breton, Paul Eluard. Dictionnaireabrege du surrealisme[M], Paris:Galerie Beaux-Arts,1938.转引自:Keith Aspley. Historical Dictionary of Surrealism[M]. Plymouth:The Scarecrow Press, 2010:266.
    [26]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:265.
    [27]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:319.
    [28]Andre Breton. Point du jour[M]. Paris:Gallimard.1970:96.
    [29]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:316.
    [30]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:157.
    [31]安德烈·布勒东.袁俊生译.超现实主义宣言[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010:211
    [32]安德烈·布勒东.袁俊生译.超现实主义宣言[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010:235
    [33]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:296.
    [34]摩洛哥曾是法国和西班牙的殖民地,1921年,里夫地区的民众发动起义,反抗西班牙殖民者,成立了里夫共和国。1925年,法国出兵援助西班牙镇压里夫起义。
    [35]老高放.超现实主义导论[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1997:37.
    [36]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:289.
    [37]Andre Breton. Point du jour[M]. Paris:Gallimard.1970:46.
    [38]乔治·塞巴格.杨玉平译.超现实主义[M].天津:天津人民出版社,2008:69.
    [39]Andre Breton. Premiere Exposition Dali[A]. In:Andre Breton. Oeuvres Completes vol.Ⅱ[M]. Paris:Gallimard,1992:309.
    [40]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:301.
    [41]Robert Motherwell. Dada Painters and Poets[M]. Cambridge:Harvard U P.1981:ⅹⅹⅹⅳ.
    [42]安德烈·布勒东.袁俊生译.超现实主义宣言[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010:268.
    [43]安德烈·布勒东.袁俊生译.超现实主义宣言[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010:302.
    [44]Andre Breton. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane trans.. Manifestoes of Surrealism[M]. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1972:26.
    译文录自:柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:262-263.
    [45]《超现实主义第一宣言》中写道:“超现实主义语言形式最能适应的还是对话,在对话中,两种思想相互交锋,当一种思想倾诉之际,另一种思想则予以关注。”——柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:267.
    [46]Andre Breton. Mark Polizzott trans.. Words Without Wrinkles[A]. In:The Lost Steps:Les Pas Perdus[M]. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1996:100.
    [47]Andre Breton. Mark Polizzott trans.. Words Without Wrinkles[A]. In:The Lost Steps:Les Pas Perdus[M]. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1996:100.
    [48]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:357.
    [49]Andre Breton. Mark Polizzott trans.. Words Without Wrinkles[A]. In:The Lost Steps:Les Pas Perdus[M]. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1996:101.
    [50]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:223.
    [51]Andre Breton. L'Unionlibre[A]. In:Andre Breton. Jean-Pierre Cauvin, Mary Ann Caws trans. & ed. Poems of Andre Breton[M]. Austin, Texas:University of Texas Press,1982:48.译文录自:格梅恩.柔刚译.西方超现实主义诗选[M].福州:海峡文艺出版社,1988:19.
    [52]安德烈·布勒东.袁俊生译.超现实主义宣言[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010:269.
    [53]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:274.
    [54]柳吗九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:273.
    [55]Michael Foucault. A Swimmer Between Two Words[A]. In:Michael Foucault. James D. Faubion ed.. Robert Hurley etc. trans. Aesthetics. Method, and Epistemology[M]. New York:The New Press,1999:173.
    [56]Michael Foucault. A Swimmer Between Two Words[A]. In:Michael Foucault. James D. Faubion ed.. Robert Hurley etc. trans. Aesthetics. Method, and Epistemology[M]. New York:The New Press,1999:173.
    [57]Andre Breton. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane trans.. Manifestoes of Surrealism[M]. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1972:118.
    译文录自:柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:284.
    [58]Andre Breton, Philippe Soupault. David Gascoyne trans.. The Magnetic Fields[M]. London: Atlas Press,1985:25.
    [59]译文录自:柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:267.
    [60]赫伯特·马尔库塞.黄勇,薛民译.爱欲与文明——对弗洛伊德思想的哲学探讨[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,2008:105.
    [61]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:79.
    [62]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:123.
    [63]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:247.
    [64]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:248.
    [65]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:26.
    [66]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:27.
    [67]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:26.
    [68]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:36.
    [69]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:37.
    [70]Jean-Michel Rabate. The Ghosts of Modernity[M]. Gainesville:University Press of Florida. 1996:51.
    [71]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:79.
    [72]杜布莱希斯.老高放译.超现实主义[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1988:142.
    [73]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:359.
    [74]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:360.
    [75]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:360.
    [76]这一观念自然带有柏拉图哲学影响下的弗洛伊德理论的深刻痕迹。
    [77]Kathryn A. Everly. Catalan Women Writers and Artists:Revisionist Views From a Feminist Space[M]. Lewisburg. PA and London:Bucknell University Press,2003:39.
    [78]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:333.
    [79]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:334.
    [80]安德烈·布勒东.袁俊生译.超现实主义宣言[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010:203.
    [81]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:93.
    [82]安德烈·布勒东.袁俊生译.超现实主义宣言[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010:204.
    [83]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:334.
    [84]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:359.
    [85]Anna Balakian. Andre Breton:Magus of Surrealism[M]. New York:Oxford University Press. 1971:83-84.
    [86]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987:361.
    [87]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:138
    [88]Andre Breton. Zack Rogow trans.. Arcanum 17 with Apertures[M]. Los Angles:Sun & Moon Press,1994:59.
    [89]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:80.
    [90]该剧目创作于1921年左右,布勒东自称这是他异常喜爱的作品,而后文提到的《可溶解的鱼》(Poisson Soluble)发表于1924年。
    [91]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:61.着重号为本文作者所加。
    [92]Andre Breton. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane trans.. Manifestoes of Surrealism. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,1972:105.
    [93]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:93.
    [94]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:93.
    [95]这位女士是苏萨娜·穆扎德(Suzanne Muzard)。
    [96]原文是"...qui je 'hunte'? ", hunter是双关语,既表示“经常交往”,又表示“鬼魂经常出没”。--Andre Breton. Nadja[M]. Paris:Gallimard,1964:11.
    [97]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:29.
    [98]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:30.
    [99]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:30-31.
    [100]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:35.
    [101]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:37.
    [102]布勒东用蜘蛛网和圣母手中的丝线的相似说明了这一点。——安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:37.
    [103]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:38.
    [104]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:39.着重号为本文作者所加。
    [105]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:33.
    [106]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:33.
    [107]布勒东以文学写作的初衷与一般读者对其的解读之间的区别为例,如福楼拜写作《萨朗波》(Salammbo)是为了表达“有关黄颜色的影响”,而创作《包法利夫人》(Madame Bovarv)是为了表现“某种类似在一些长满小浮虫的角落里发霉的感觉”。——参安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:32-33.
    [108]兰波.王以培译.兰波作品全集[M].北京:东方出版社,2000:326.
    [109]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:76.
    [110]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:42.
    [111]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:82-83.
    [112]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:86.
    [113]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:86.
    [114]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:103.
    [115J安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:89.
    [116]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:113.
    [117]布勒东在1953年出版文集《田野的钥匙》,采用了这个片语为书名。
    [118]Andre Breton. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane trans., Manifestoes of Surrealism[M]. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1972:109.着重号为本文作者所加。
    [119]Anna Balakian. Andre Breton:Magus of Surrealism[M]. New York:Oxford University Press, 1971:65-66.
    [120]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:167.
    [121]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:168.
    [122]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:125。
    [123]Andre Breton. Zack Rogow trans.. Arcanum 17 with Apertures[M]. Los Angles:Sun & Moon Press,1994:59.
    [124]Andre Breton. Zack Rogow trans.. Arcanum 17 with Apertures[M]. Los Angles:Sun & Moon Press.1994:59.
    [125]Suzanne Gueriac. Literary Polemics:Bataille. Sartre, Valery, Breton[M]. Standrod. California: Stanford University Press,2000:152.
    [126]Suzanne Gueriac. Literary Polemics:Bataille, Sartre. Valery, Breton[M]. Standrod, California: Stanford University Press,2000:151.
    [127]Andre Breton. Mary Ann Caws and Geoffrey T. Harris trans.. Communicating Vessels:Les Vases communicants[M]. Lincoln & London:University of Nebraska Press,1990:34.
    [128]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:69.作为宣扬写作中非理性状态的先驱,兰波在1871年5月15日致保罗·梅德尼的信中,他提出了著名的宣言:诗人必须是一个通灵者,要彻底粉碎现实的陈规对写作和思维的束缚。在此过程中,少数觉醒者必然要颠覆现存的秩序:“必须使各种感觉经历长期的、广泛地、有意识的错轨,各种形式的情爱、痛苦和疯狂,诗人才能成为一个通灵者,他寻找自我,并为保存自己的精华而饮尽毒药……他达到未知;当他陷入迷狂,终于失去视觉时,却看见了视觉本身。”——兰波,王以培,《兰波作品全集》,北京:东方出版社,2000,p330.
    [129]柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987: 264.
    [130]Andre Breton. Mark Polizzott trans.. The Lost Steps:Les Pas Perdus[M]. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1996:110.
    [131]兰波要求全面策反现存的语言体系,打通感官之间的壁垒,为幻觉和交感赋予合法性。在《地狱一季》中,他自命为文字的炼金术师,“发明了元音的颜色”,并“规定每个辅音的形状与变动”,要突破现有的文字边界,“发明一种足以贯通一切感受的文字”。——参:兰波.王以培译.兰波作品全集[M].北京:东方出版社,2000:203-204.
    [132]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:71.
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    [135]Roger Cardinal. Breton, Nadja[M]. Valencia:Artes Graficas Soler.1986:14.
    [136]Pierre Taminiaux. Breton and Trotsky:The Revolutionary Memory of Surrealism[A]. In:Yale French Studies[J]. No.109. Surrealism and Its Others.2006:59.
    [137]Andre Breton. Mary Ann Caws and Geoffrey T. Harris trans.. Communicating Vessels:Les Vases communicants[M]. Lincoln & London:University of Nebraska Press,1990:123.121.
    [138]安德烈·布勒东.董强译.娜嘉[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2009:123.
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    [142]神说,要有光,就有了光。——和合本圣经[M].,旧约·创世纪1:3.
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    24.兰波.王以培译.兰波作品全集[M].北京:东方出版社,2000.
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    26.柳鸣九.未来主义,超现实主义,魔幻现实主义[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987.
    27.罗斯玛丽·帕特南·童.女性主义思潮导论[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社.2002.
    28.M·M·巴赫金,B·H·沃洛希诺夫.张杰、樊锦鑫译.弗洛伊德主义批判[M].北京:中国文联出版公司,1987.
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