T型微通道内液滴及气泡生成机理的研究
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摘要
微液滴及微气泡在生物医学、化工、石油等领域具有极其广泛的应用。而且微尺度下的流体流动呈现出许多不同于宏观流动的现象,使得这一课题的研究具有重要的现实意义和科学价值。本文利用激光影像放大技术,采用数值模拟、理论分析和实验研究相结合的方法,考察了液滴／气泡生成有效直径及生成频率的各影响因素,探讨了T型微通道内液滴及气泡生成的基本规律。
首先基于流体流动连续介质模型,考虑壁面润湿性影响,采用Level Set界面追踪方式,建立了液液两相流三维数学模型,利用CFD软件对多种工况下T型微通道内液滴生成过程进行了数值模拟。通过数值模拟得出以下主要结论：(1)流率变化影响：在保持分散相流率不变的前提下,随着连续相流率的增加,液滴的生成体积呈减小趋势；(2)界面张力影响：液滴生成有效直径随着界面张力的增大逐渐增大；(3)粘度影响：随着连续相粘度的增大,液滴的有效直径相应减小；(4)接触角影响：随着微通道壁面对分散相接触角的增大,通道内所形成的液滴体积有变大的趋势。在相同通道几何条件下,欲得到较大的液滴,可通过选择接触角大的材料表面或通过表面改性增大接触角的措施来达到此效果。(5)毛细数影响：所生成液滴的有效直径随着毛细数的增大而变小。
在理论分析和数值模拟的基础上,利用高速摄像仪进行可视化实验,研究了T型微通道内液滴的生成过程及机理。主要分析了流率比、连续相粘度、界面张力及毛细数对液滴生成大小及生成频率的影响规律。实验研究表明,分散相与连续相流率比对液滴生成有着重要的影响,当流率比值保持不变时,随着连续相粘度的逐渐增加,导致生成液滴体积明显减小,生成频率增大,连续相粘度的持续增大使连续相粘性剪切力成为液滴生成过程中的主导力；并且无论固定分散相还是连续相流率,在其他流体物性参数保持不变的前提下,液滴生成有效直径及生成频率随着流率比的增加而变大；在毛细数值较小的情况下,液滴的长宽比与流率比呈良好的线性关系,并总结给出了二者的关联式；通过对实验结果的分析,建立了微液滴的体积、有效直径与微通道宽度和深度的关联式,可根据微通道尺寸可对生成液滴的体积及有效直径进行较为准确的计算；界面张力在微米级通道内流体流动中的作用不可忽视,液滴生成的有效直径随着界面张力的增加而增大,主要由于界面张力引起的杨-拉普拉斯压力及界面张力梯度导致的Marangoni效应作用增大。
本文进一步对约束T型微通道内气泡生成的机理进行了实验研究,结果表明：连续相流率和其它流体物性参数保持不变时,生成气泡的有效直径随着分散相压力的增加而变大；在相同的分散相压力下,气泡生成有效直径随着连续相流率的增加而减小；当连续相流率增大时,剪切力和液体惯性力作用增大,加速了气泡的颈部夹断速度,即气泡颈部夹断阶段的时间缩短,生成的气泡体积变小；在相同的分散相压力下,气泡生成有效直径随着连续相粘度的增加而逐渐下降,气泡的生成有效直径随着气液界面界面张力的增加而增大,这与液滴生成机理相同,这种趋势主要由杨-拉普拉斯压力和界面Marangoni效应的影响导致。
通过对约束T型微通道内液滴及气泡的生成规律的研究,分析了流体物性参数和通道壁表面湿润性以及毛细数对液滴及气泡生成的影响规律,研究对该类微液滴／微气泡发生器设计优化具有深广的应用价值,为进一步数值模拟和实验研究提供一定理论基础。
Micro-droplets and micro-bubbles find many applications in various fields, such as biological, medical, chemical and petroleum industry. Fluid flow at micro scale is with some new phenomena. This study aims to investigate the formation of droplets and bubbles in T-shaped microchannels through numerical, analytical and experimental methods.
Firstly, a three-dimensional (3D) two-phase (fluid/fluid) flow model is developed using the Level Set surface-tracking method, based on the continuum model and taking the surface wettability into consideration. This model is then solved by a CFD software for droplet formation in T-shaped microchannels. It is found that:(1) droplet size decreases with the flow rate increasing of continuous phase for fixed flow rate of the dispersed phase; (2) the effective diameter of droplets increases as the surface tension force increases; (3) the effective diameter of droplets decreases as viscosity of the continuous phase increases; (4) the droplets size increases as the contact angle between the channel wall and the dispersed phase increases. Therefore, wall material with bigger contact angle can be used to obtain bigger droplets under the same microchannel geometry; (5) the effective diameter of droplet decreases with increasing of capillary number.
For the experimental part, high-speed camera is used to study the formation process and mechanism of droplets in T-junction microchannels. A scaling law correlating droplet volume and microchannel wide and depth is obtained. Flow rate ratio between the dispersed phase and continuous phase has an important effect on the droplet formation process. Under fixed physical properties of the two phase fluids, both the effective diameter and generation frequency of droplets increase as the flow rate ratio increases. When the Capillary number is relatively small, a good linear relationship governs the droplet aspect ratio and the flow rate ratio. The specific correlation equation is also obtained. When the flow rate ratio remains constant, the gradual increasing of continuous phase viscosity decreases droplet size significantly, and increases the generation frequency. The main reason is that with the gradual increasing of continuous phase viscosity, the viscous shear stress becomes the dominant force during drop formation. A good agreement between numerical and analytical results is obtained. Surface tension can not be ignored in microchannels. Increasing of surface tension will increase the droplet effective diameter, due to the increasing of the Laplace force and Marangoni effect.
Finally bubble formation mechanism is experimentally studied in a confined T-shaped microchannel. With fixed continuous-phase flow rate and fluid properties, the effective diameter of bubbles becomes larger as the dispersed-phase pressure increases, while the effective diameter of bubbles decreases as the continuous-phase flow rate increases under the same dispersed-phase pressure. The reason is that when continuous-phase flow rate increases, the shear force and inertia force increase, which accelerates the pinch-off speed of the bubble neck. When the continuous-phase viscosity increases under fixed dispersed-phase pressure, effective diameter of bubbles gradually decreases. With the gradual increasing of surface tension, the effective diameter of bubbles increases. Laplace and Marangoni effect cased by surface tension gradient plays an important role during bubble formation, similar to that for the droplet formation.
In this work droplet/bubble formation in T-shaped mircochannels is studied. The effect of fluid properties and surface wettability of microchannel wall is investigated. The results obtained will benefit the designing of micro-droplet and micro-bubble generator and provide analytical basis for further numerical simulation and experimental study.
首先基于流体流动连续介质模型,考虑壁面润湿性影响,采用Level Set界面追踪方式,建立了液液两相流三维数学模型,利用CFD软件对多种工况下T型微通道内液滴生成过程进行了数值模拟。通过数值模拟得出以下主要结论：(1)流率变化影响：在保持分散相流率不变的前提下,随着连续相流率的增加,液滴的生成体积呈减小趋势；(2)界面张力影响：液滴生成有效直径随着界面张力的增大逐渐增大；(3)粘度影响：随着连续相粘度的增大,液滴的有效直径相应减小；(4)接触角影响：随着微通道壁面对分散相接触角的增大,通道内所形成的液滴体积有变大的趋势。在相同通道几何条件下,欲得到较大的液滴,可通过选择接触角大的材料表面或通过表面改性增大接触角的措施来达到此效果。(5)毛细数影响：所生成液滴的有效直径随着毛细数的增大而变小。
在理论分析和数值模拟的基础上,利用高速摄像仪进行可视化实验,研究了T型微通道内液滴的生成过程及机理。主要分析了流率比、连续相粘度、界面张力及毛细数对液滴生成大小及生成频率的影响规律。实验研究表明,分散相与连续相流率比对液滴生成有着重要的影响,当流率比值保持不变时,随着连续相粘度的逐渐增加,导致生成液滴体积明显减小,生成频率增大,连续相粘度的持续增大使连续相粘性剪切力成为液滴生成过程中的主导力；并且无论固定分散相还是连续相流率,在其他流体物性参数保持不变的前提下,液滴生成有效直径及生成频率随着流率比的增加而变大；在毛细数值较小的情况下,液滴的长宽比与流率比呈良好的线性关系,并总结给出了二者的关联式；通过对实验结果的分析,建立了微液滴的体积、有效直径与微通道宽度和深度的关联式,可根据微通道尺寸可对生成液滴的体积及有效直径进行较为准确的计算；界面张力在微米级通道内流体流动中的作用不可忽视,液滴生成的有效直径随着界面张力的增加而增大,主要由于界面张力引起的杨-拉普拉斯压力及界面张力梯度导致的Marangoni效应作用增大。
本文进一步对约束T型微通道内气泡生成的机理进行了实验研究,结果表明：连续相流率和其它流体物性参数保持不变时,生成气泡的有效直径随着分散相压力的增加而变大；在相同的分散相压力下,气泡生成有效直径随着连续相流率的增加而减小；当连续相流率增大时,剪切力和液体惯性力作用增大,加速了气泡的颈部夹断速度,即气泡颈部夹断阶段的时间缩短,生成的气泡体积变小；在相同的分散相压力下,气泡生成有效直径随着连续相粘度的增加而逐渐下降,气泡的生成有效直径随着气液界面界面张力的增加而增大,这与液滴生成机理相同,这种趋势主要由杨-拉普拉斯压力和界面Marangoni效应的影响导致。
通过对约束T型微通道内液滴及气泡的生成规律的研究,分析了流体物性参数和通道壁表面湿润性以及毛细数对液滴及气泡生成的影响规律,研究对该类微液滴／微气泡发生器设计优化具有深广的应用价值,为进一步数值模拟和实验研究提供一定理论基础。
Micro-droplets and micro-bubbles find many applications in various fields, such as biological, medical, chemical and petroleum industry. Fluid flow at micro scale is with some new phenomena. This study aims to investigate the formation of droplets and bubbles in T-shaped microchannels through numerical, analytical and experimental methods.
Firstly, a three-dimensional (3D) two-phase (fluid/fluid) flow model is developed using the Level Set surface-tracking method, based on the continuum model and taking the surface wettability into consideration. This model is then solved by a CFD software for droplet formation in T-shaped microchannels. It is found that:(1) droplet size decreases with the flow rate increasing of continuous phase for fixed flow rate of the dispersed phase; (2) the effective diameter of droplets increases as the surface tension force increases; (3) the effective diameter of droplets decreases as viscosity of the continuous phase increases; (4) the droplets size increases as the contact angle between the channel wall and the dispersed phase increases. Therefore, wall material with bigger contact angle can be used to obtain bigger droplets under the same microchannel geometry; (5) the effective diameter of droplet decreases with increasing of capillary number.
For the experimental part, high-speed camera is used to study the formation process and mechanism of droplets in T-junction microchannels. A scaling law correlating droplet volume and microchannel wide and depth is obtained. Flow rate ratio between the dispersed phase and continuous phase has an important effect on the droplet formation process. Under fixed physical properties of the two phase fluids, both the effective diameter and generation frequency of droplets increase as the flow rate ratio increases. When the Capillary number is relatively small, a good linear relationship governs the droplet aspect ratio and the flow rate ratio. The specific correlation equation is also obtained. When the flow rate ratio remains constant, the gradual increasing of continuous phase viscosity decreases droplet size significantly, and increases the generation frequency. The main reason is that with the gradual increasing of continuous phase viscosity, the viscous shear stress becomes the dominant force during drop formation. A good agreement between numerical and analytical results is obtained. Surface tension can not be ignored in microchannels. Increasing of surface tension will increase the droplet effective diameter, due to the increasing of the Laplace force and Marangoni effect.
Finally bubble formation mechanism is experimentally studied in a confined T-shaped microchannel. With fixed continuous-phase flow rate and fluid properties, the effective diameter of bubbles becomes larger as the dispersed-phase pressure increases, while the effective diameter of bubbles decreases as the continuous-phase flow rate increases under the same dispersed-phase pressure. The reason is that when continuous-phase flow rate increases, the shear force and inertia force increase, which accelerates the pinch-off speed of the bubble neck. When the continuous-phase viscosity increases under fixed dispersed-phase pressure, effective diameter of bubbles gradually decreases. With the gradual increasing of surface tension, the effective diameter of bubbles increases. Laplace and Marangoni effect cased by surface tension gradient plays an important role during bubble formation, similar to that for the droplet formation.
In this work droplet/bubble formation in T-shaped mircochannels is studied. The effect of fluid properties and surface wettability of microchannel wall is investigated. The results obtained will benefit the designing of micro-droplet and micro-bubble generator and provide analytical basis for further numerical simulation and experimental study.
引文
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