黄河三角洲地区地面沉降和风暴潮灾害特征及其环境效应研究
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摘要
本文基于复测水准数据、地下水开采资料、沉积物物理力学参数、水文观测资料、水深资料、沉积物调查取样资料、遥感影像及前人文献资料等,从沉积学和水动力学的角度出发,运用遥感技术、GIS方法及数值模拟等手段,系统地研究了黄河三角洲地区地面沉降原因、机理及其对三角洲发育演变和环境的影响,并提出了地面沉降对黄河下游流路变迁和现行河道稳定性的影响模式。此外,研究了风暴潮天气下岸滩演化和泥沙输运变化特征,并在此基础上探讨了其对河口拦门沙演化的影响。研究结果表明:黄河三角洲地区地面沉降在小清河以北地区主要受构造沉降和浅地层沉积物自然固结沉降影响,沉降速率在4～5mm/a之间。而小清河以南地区主要受地下水开采影响,地面沉降速率在10～25mm/a之间。目前已经形成大王镇和营里两大快速沉降区,沉降面积达203km~2。地面沉降对黄河三角洲的发育和环境产生了多方面的影响,不仅使钓口附近海岸侵蚀加剧,而且影响着黄河口流路变迁的整个过程。从地面沉降对现行河道的影响模式看,现阶段清水沟流路处于较为稳定的中期阶段。风暴潮对该区岸滩稳定性影响较大,使自然海岸侵蚀严重,潮滩上潮沟变化剧烈。利用全潮水文观测资料对ECOMSED模型水动力和输沙率模拟结果进行检验,对比分析表明计算值与实测值吻合良好。风暴潮等大风浪影响下,近岸海域泥沙输运变化较大,悬浮体浓度可达一般天气的10倍左右,而底床冲淤变化可达平时的百余倍。风暴潮期间剧烈的底床冲淤变化对河口拦门沙演化影响较大。总体上看,地面沉降和风暴潮灾害对黄河三角洲环境和发育演化影响较大。未来40年黄河三角洲绝对海平面将上升16～18cm,全球变暖使得黄河三角洲地面沉降和风暴潮危害变得更为严峻。
This paper addresses the land subsidence and sediment transport under large wind and waves in the Huanghe River delta, including the causes and mechanisms of land subsidence and the effects on the deltaic evolution and environment, the effects of storm surge on the coastal zone and sediment transport, in light of repeated leveling data, groundwater withdrawal information, hydrological records, sediment mechanics parameters, field measurements, water depth data, remote sensing interpretation and so on, integrated with RS and GIS technologies and the 3D model ECOMSED with the wave parameters from the wave model SWAN. The main reasons of land subsidence in the northern Xiaoqing River areas are tectonic subsidence and shallow strata sediment consolidation with the subsidence rate of 4~5mm/a. Groundwater withdrawal is the main factor for the land subsidence in southern Xiaoqing River irrigation areas with the subsidence rate of 10~25mm/a. In recent years, there have been two rapid subsidence areas named Dawang town and Yingli town with the areas of 203km~2. Land subsidence impacts not only on the regional environment but also the changing patterns of estuary channel. It not only pricks up the coastline erosion of Diaokou River mouth, but also affects the whole process of flow channel evolution. From the mode that how the land subsidence treat on the current channel it can be seen that the Qingshuigou channel is in a relatively stable at this stage. The storm surge can make great damage on the coastal areas with the clay bank serious erosion and tidal creeks change greatly. The water depth, tidal current, suspended sediment and historical meteorological data were used to estimate the changes of the suspended sediment concentrations (SCC) and the bed scour and siltation (BSS) caused by the large wind and waves. Comparing the simulations with the in situ data found that the simulation results were reliable. The results showed that the sediment transport changed greatly in the near-shore areas under large wind and waves, with the SCC 10 times and the BSS one hundred times larger than those under the normal weather. The results also showed that the changes of the BSS have taken a great impact on the river estuary sandbar evolution under large wind and waves. Overall, the land subsidence and storm surge disasters have made great impacts on the environment and evolution of Yellow River Delta. The sea-level rise will reach 16~18cm in the next 40 years, global warming makes the land subsidence and storm surge hazards more severe in this areas.
This paper addresses the land subsidence and sediment transport under large wind and waves in the Huanghe River delta, including the causes and mechanisms of land subsidence and the effects on the deltaic evolution and environment, the effects of storm surge on the coastal zone and sediment transport, in light of repeated leveling data, groundwater withdrawal information, hydrological records, sediment mechanics parameters, field measurements, water depth data, remote sensing interpretation and so on, integrated with RS and GIS technologies and the 3D model ECOMSED with the wave parameters from the wave model SWAN. The main reasons of land subsidence in the northern Xiaoqing River areas are tectonic subsidence and shallow strata sediment consolidation with the subsidence rate of 4~5mm/a. Groundwater withdrawal is the main factor for the land subsidence in southern Xiaoqing River irrigation areas with the subsidence rate of 10~25mm/a. In recent years, there have been two rapid subsidence areas named Dawang town and Yingli town with the areas of 203km~2. Land subsidence impacts not only on the regional environment but also the changing patterns of estuary channel. It not only pricks up the coastline erosion of Diaokou River mouth, but also affects the whole process of flow channel evolution. From the mode that how the land subsidence treat on the current channel it can be seen that the Qingshuigou channel is in a relatively stable at this stage. The storm surge can make great damage on the coastal areas with the clay bank serious erosion and tidal creeks change greatly. The water depth, tidal current, suspended sediment and historical meteorological data were used to estimate the changes of the suspended sediment concentrations (SCC) and the bed scour and siltation (BSS) caused by the large wind and waves. Comparing the simulations with the in situ data found that the simulation results were reliable. The results showed that the sediment transport changed greatly in the near-shore areas under large wind and waves, with the SCC 10 times and the BSS one hundred times larger than those under the normal weather. The results also showed that the changes of the BSS have taken a great impact on the river estuary sandbar evolution under large wind and waves. Overall, the land subsidence and storm surge disasters have made great impacts on the environment and evolution of Yellow River Delta. The sea-level rise will reach 16~18cm in the next 40 years, global warming makes the land subsidence and storm surge hazards more severe in this areas.
引文
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