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虚拟地理环境中的旅游景观感知度定量计算
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摘要
在旅游业高速发展过程中,外延式发展模式带来了旅游地景观雷同、旅游资源原真性缺失的问题,使“走内涵式发展道路”,实现旅游地可持续发展成为新时期旅游业发展的迫切需要,也引起了旅游、地理和景观设计等相关专业学者的关注。景观是旅游地美学和文化内涵的直接载体,因此,问题解决的根本是对旅游景观自然和文化内涵的科学解读与挖掘。本文在旅游产业发展和学术研究背景下,尝试在旅游者与景观的空间关系基础上选择研究视角,探究旅游地景观感知的定量计算理论和方法。
     在“景观”、“旅游景观”、“景观敏感度”等概念内涵解析的基础上,提出了景观感知度概念。景观感知度定义了观察者在旅游地内特定位置上对某个或某组景观的感知程度,吸收了“景观敏感度”概念中“景观被注意程度的度量”的内涵,也引入了“景观”概念中的“认知方式”。由此,景观感知度模型成为一种借助被感知对象(景观)反向表征旅游者感知的理论模型。在“景观是符号”思想基础上提出的景观语义概念和借鉴地图学制图综合思想设计的语义特征点选取方法,则成为景观感知度定量模型建构的计算基础,使其能够灵活应用于自然和人文旅游地不同类型的景观感知计算中,既适于单景观的感知度计算,也方便特定语义的组景观和全景观感知度计算。
     选择武安国家地质公园奇峡谷景区为自然旅游地案例。在奇峡谷虚拟地理环境(VGE)中完成了21个单景观,地文、建筑与设施景观等特定语义组景观,和全部景观的感知度计算。以感知度计算为基础,设计了自然旅游地观光线路的半自动化选址模型。选择清西陵为人文旅游地案例,通过对清西陵选址文化景观特征点、景观视角和不同文化景观分别赋予权重因子,巧妙地将选址文化内涵和价值合理解析,完成选址文化景观感知度计算。计算结果既能描述单陵墓选址文化景观语义,又能体现选址文化的系统性,还为选址文化景观体验提供了最佳观察点和线路修正方案。
     自然和人文旅游地案例研究分别对景观感知度理论模型进行了不同视角的应用解析,较完整地展示了景观感知度模型的理论价值和计算结果的数值内涵,初步证明了模型的可行性,基本完成了景观感知度理论认识视角的系统重构,也揭示了景观感知度模型在后续旅游地规划和景观设计评价等方面的应用方向,丰富了旅游地理学的研究内容。
     研究过程形成了对景观感知度的基本认识:景观感知度构建了统一定量化景观感知计算模式的基础,提高了景观感知计算的灵活性和适应性,实现了包括普通意义的三维景观及时间和个体感知在内的多维景观感知的综合描述,为旅游地规划设计的多元价值融合提供了方法。自然和人文旅游地实证研究也反映了两者在景观感知计算和应用上的差异:人文旅游地感知度计算需要比自然旅游地融入更多景观知识和经验;应用模式上,自然旅游地适宜采用自下而上的思维,而人文旅游地由于具备结构清晰的景观系统,适宜采用自上而下的思维;在线路选址应用上,自然旅游地强调视觉感知效果、可达性和生态协调性基础上的线路设计与组织;人文旅游地则必须考虑知识经验对感知的影响,特别关注线路对景观语义结构的组织意义。
     论文主要贡献与创新点包括:(1)提出了景观感知度的全新概念,强调对景观语义表达和景观感知空间分异的定量化描述;(2)突破了传统的感知研究模式,开拓性地建立了“景观感知度”的定量计算模型,从不同视角验证了景观感知度模型的理论价值和实用可行性。为实现旅游区多元价值融合的规划与设计思想提供了新方法,对于促进生态旅游与旅游地理学研究具有重要意义。
During the tourism industry developing process, some problems, responded to extendingdevelopment mode, have appeared. For examples, there are many similar landscapes withindifferent tourist destination, and the naturalism of tourism resources is losing quickly. So, there isurgent demand for an―internal developing way‖and sustainable development mode for today’stourism industry. And in some academic fields, such as tourism, geography and landscapedesigning, the problems also bring the specialists’ attention. Landscapes are the carriers orsymbols expressing the aesthetic values and cultural content of destination. Thus, the basic wayfor solving previous problems is scientific explaining and mining for naturalism semantic ofnatural and human landscapes within destinations. In the background of tourism’s quickdevelopment and academic researchers’ focusing, this paper aims at exploring the quantitativecalculation theory and methods for tourism destination landscape perception degree from aperspective of the spatial and cognition relation of tourist and landscapes.
     Based on the term connotation analysis of―Landscape‖,―Tourism Landscape‖, and―landscape sensitivity‖, the author proposes a new academic term―Landscape Perception Degree‖,which is abbreviated to―LPD‖. The LPD aims at describing the tourist’s perception of a landscapeor a group of landscapes at his location. LPD adopts the connotation of―the measurement of theprobability of a landscape being noticed‖contained in the term of―landscape sensitivity‖, andalso considering the cognitive styles in the―landscape‖definition. So, LPD model becomes atheory model which quantitatively describing tourist’s perception from the view of perceivedobjects (landscapes). Following the idea of―landscape is symbol‖, the author also proposes aconcept of landscape semantic and concludes a selection method for semantic characteristic pointsof landscapes, which are the foundation of quantitative calculation of LPD. LPD can be utilizedon different landscapes of both natural and human tourist destination, and goodly fits therequirement of LPD calculation not only for a single landscape, but also a group of landscapes orthe whole landscapes within a destination.
     The case study area for natural tourist destination is Qixiagu scenery spot, located withinWuan National Geological Park. Based on the Qixiagu Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE), the author designs a calculation procedure for LPD by the raster data type, and gets a series ofLPD calculation results including the21single landscapes, group landscapes of land scenery,human building and facilities, and the whole landscapes. A new sightseeing route is selectedsemi-automatically on the basis of LPD results, topographical factor and local social and culturalbackground. Another case study for cultural tourist destination is the West Royal Tombs of theQing Dynasty, located within Yi County, Hebei province, China. The calculation of LPD for tombsite selection culture is done, with different influencing factor values on different semanticcharacteristic points, perception aspects, and cultural landscape elements, which properly deliversthe cultural connotation and value from landscapes to tourist. The LPD of tomb site selectionculture can reflect both the single Royal Tomb landscape semantic and the landscapes’systematicness, and also reveals the best observation sites for any landscape, and the propersightseeing route location for new design.
     The two cases give respectively demonstration for LPD model applying on natural andhuman tourist destinations, completely show its theoretical and application value, interpret theresults’ data meaning, and also initially testify the model practicability. The two cases alsosuccessfully complete the systematic theory reconstruction for LPD’s cognition views, andindicate the following applying orientation on tourist destination planning and landscapesdesigning and valuation. And finally the paper enriches the contents of Tourism Geography.
     Summarizing the research procedure, we have come into being some viewpoints of LPD:(1)LPD sets up the basic of uniform quantitative calculation mode for landscape perception;(2) LPDimproves the flexibility and adaptability of landscape perception calculation;(3)LPD realizes thecomprehensive description of landscape perception from multi-dimension, including the normal3dimension, the time dimension, and the individual perception;(4) LPD provides a way for theintegration of diverse perception values during the tourist destination planning procedure.Comparing the two case studies of natural destination and human destination, there are somedifferences on the LPD application. The LPD calculation for human tourist destinations needmore consideration for the tourists’ knowledge and experience than natural destinations, so acomprehensive and multi-levels weight factors describing landscape semantic of human destinations should be allocated to LPD. For the LPD application of natural destinations, a―fromlandscape unit to entire landscape‖thinking mode should be used, while for human destinations,the thinking mode of―from entire landscape to landscape unit‖would be the most proper modebecause of its common landscape cognition before destination development. For sightseeing routeselection within natural destinations, planners should pay more attention on visual perceptionquality on the basis of accessibility, and the coordination with natural ecological environment.While within human destinations, planners should pay more attention to the influencing oftourists’ knowledge and experience on landscape perception, and focus on the value of landscapesemantic organization.
     There are two important contribution and innovation points in this paper. First, a newconception of LPD is proposed, which emphasizes the landscapes’ semantic expression and LPDspatial variation following the tourists’ moving. Second,the paper changes the static perceptionresearch mode, builds a pioneering model for quantitative calculation of LPD, and demonstratesits theoretical value and practicality. So, LPD model provides new method for integrating multiplevalues in tourism planning and landscape designing, and will promote the researches level onEcotourism and Tourism Geography.
引文
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