《老友记》中话语标记语you know的语用研究
|
摘要
话语标记语(discourse markers),例如英语中的well, oh, you know, you see, I mean, that is to say, in other words, as I said和汉语中“你知道”、“大家知道”、“笔者的意思是”、“也就是说”等是一种十分常见的话语成分。话语标记语的存在与否并不影响话语的命题内容,而主要是从整体上对话语的构建与理解产生影响,因此对话语标记语的研究有着重要的理论意义和实际意义。
二十世纪七十年代,随着语用学和话语分析等学科的确立和发展,众多语言学家开始了对话语标记语的研究,先后出现了Van Dijk (1979), Levinson (1983), Zwicky (1985), Schiffrin (1987), Redeker (1991), Blakemore (1987,1992), Fraser (1997)等。他们主要从三种视角对话语标记语进行了研究：连贯视角,句法-语用视角和语用-认知视角。
基于前人的研究,本文从关联理论的角度对《老友记》(第十季)中的话语标记语you know的语用功能进行了分析,并对含有you know的预制结构及其语用功能作了简要介绍。研究表明,《老友记》(第十季)中的话语标记语you know主要具有五种语用功能,即提醒标记语、修正标记语、延时标记语、引出新信息标记语和等待答复标记语。此外,预制结构中的话语标记语you know主要用来引起听话者的注意力、继续原有话题或是进行话题转换等。由此证明了,话语标记语不影响话语的真值意义,而具有多种语用功能,主要用来表明说话者的用意。
Discourse Markers, such as well, oh, you know, you see, I mean, that is to say, in other words, as I said in English and你知道、大家知道、笔者的意思是、也就是说inChinese and so on, are very common discourse elements. Instead of influencing the propositional content of an utterance, discourse markers mainly affect the construction and understanding of it, hence it's both theoretically and practically significant to do research on discourse markers.
In the 1970s, with the establishment and development of pragmatics and discourse analysis, many linguists began their studies of discourse markers, such as Van Dijk (1979), Levinson (1983), Zwicky (1985), Schiffrin (1987), Redeker (1991), Blakemore (1987, 1992), Fraser (1997), to name only a few. These scholars mainly study discourse markers from three different perspectives embodied by the coherence theory, the syntactic-pragmatic theory and the relevance theory.
Based on the previous studies, this paper takes the discourse marker you know in Friends (Season 10) as an example and analyzes its pragmatic functions from the perspective of relevance theory. In addition, the present study also makes a brief introduction to the discourse marker you know in larger prefabricated structures and its functions. It is observed that the discourse marker you know in Friends (Season 10) is mainly used as a reminding marker, a repairing marker, a stalling marker, an introducing-new-information marker and a waiting-response marker. And the discourse marker you know in larger prefabricated structures is used to get the hearer's attention, maintain the topic or change the topic. As a result, discourse markers do not influence the propositional content of an utterance, but are used to perform many pragmatic functions, such as indicating the speaker's communicative intentions.
二十世纪七十年代,随着语用学和话语分析等学科的确立和发展,众多语言学家开始了对话语标记语的研究,先后出现了Van Dijk (1979), Levinson (1983), Zwicky (1985), Schiffrin (1987), Redeker (1991), Blakemore (1987,1992), Fraser (1997)等。他们主要从三种视角对话语标记语进行了研究：连贯视角,句法-语用视角和语用-认知视角。
基于前人的研究,本文从关联理论的角度对《老友记》(第十季)中的话语标记语you know的语用功能进行了分析,并对含有you know的预制结构及其语用功能作了简要介绍。研究表明,《老友记》(第十季)中的话语标记语you know主要具有五种语用功能,即提醒标记语、修正标记语、延时标记语、引出新信息标记语和等待答复标记语。此外,预制结构中的话语标记语you know主要用来引起听话者的注意力、继续原有话题或是进行话题转换等。由此证明了,话语标记语不影响话语的真值意义,而具有多种语用功能,主要用来表明说话者的用意。
Discourse Markers, such as well, oh, you know, you see, I mean, that is to say, in other words, as I said in English and你知道、大家知道、笔者的意思是、也就是说inChinese and so on, are very common discourse elements. Instead of influencing the propositional content of an utterance, discourse markers mainly affect the construction and understanding of it, hence it's both theoretically and practically significant to do research on discourse markers.
In the 1970s, with the establishment and development of pragmatics and discourse analysis, many linguists began their studies of discourse markers, such as Van Dijk (1979), Levinson (1983), Zwicky (1985), Schiffrin (1987), Redeker (1991), Blakemore (1987, 1992), Fraser (1997), to name only a few. These scholars mainly study discourse markers from three different perspectives embodied by the coherence theory, the syntactic-pragmatic theory and the relevance theory.
Based on the previous studies, this paper takes the discourse marker you know in Friends (Season 10) as an example and analyzes its pragmatic functions from the perspective of relevance theory. In addition, the present study also makes a brief introduction to the discourse marker you know in larger prefabricated structures and its functions. It is observed that the discourse marker you know in Friends (Season 10) is mainly used as a reminding marker, a repairing marker, a stalling marker, an introducing-new-information marker and a waiting-response marker. And the discourse marker you know in larger prefabricated structures is used to get the hearer's attention, maintain the topic or change the topic. As a result, discourse markers do not influence the propositional content of an utterance, but are used to perform many pragmatic functions, such as indicating the speaker's communicative intentions.
引文
Blackmore, D.2002. Relevance and Meaning:the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse Markers [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Blakemore, D.1987. Semantic Constraints on Relevance [M]. Oxford:Blackwell.
Blakemore, D.1992. Understanding Utterance [M]. Oxford:Blackwell.
Bolden, Galina B. Bolden,2009. Implementing incipient actions:The discourse marker 'so'in English conversation [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 41:974-998.
Brown, G & G. Yule.1983. Discourse Analysis [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Erman, B.2001. Pragmatic markers revisited with a focus on you know in adult and adolescent talk [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 33:1337-1359.
Feng, Guangwu.2008. Pragmatic markers in Chinese [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 40: 1687-1718.
Fraser, B.1990. An approach to discourse markers [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 14:383-395.
Fraser, B.1996. Pragmatic markers [J]. Pragmatics 6 (2):167-190.
Fraser, B.1999. What are discourse markers? [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 31:931-952.
Grice, P.1989. Studies in the Ways with Words [M]. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
Holker, K.1991. Franzosisch:Partikelforschung [M]. Amsterdam:Benjamins,77-88.
Jacob L. Mey.2001. Pragmatics:An Introduction (2nded.) [M], Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press; Oxford:Blackwell.
Jucker, A. and Y. Ziv.1998. Discourse Markers:Introduction [M]. England:William Collins Sons & Co Ltd,1-12.
Jucker, A. H.& S. W. Smith.1998. And people just you know like'wow':Discourse Markers as Negotiating Strategies [A]. In Jucker, A. H.& Y. Ziv (ed.). Discourse Markers:Descriptions and Theory [C]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.171-201.
Klerk, V. de.2005. Procedural meanings of well in a corpus of Xhosa English [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 37:1183-1205.
Labov, W & D. Fanshel.1977. Therapeutic Discourse [M]. New York:Academic Press.
Levinson, S.1983. Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Norrick, Neal R.2001. Discourse markers in oral narrative [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 849-878.
Norrick, Neal R.2009. Interjections as pragmatic markers [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 41: 866-891.
Norrick, Neal R.2009. Pragmatic markers:introduction. [J] Journal of Pragmatics 41: 863-865.
Pons Borderi'a, Salvador.2008. Do discourse markers exist? On the treatment of discourse markers in relevance theory [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 40:1411-1434.
Redeker, G.1991. Review article:Linguistic markers of discourse structure [J]. Linguistics, 29:1139-1172.
Rouchota, V.1998. Procedural meanings and parenthetical discourse markers [A], In Jucker, A.H.& Y. Ziv (ed.). Discourse Markers:Descriptions and Theory. [C] Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.97-126.
Schiffrin, D.1987. Discourse Markers [M] Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Schourup, Lawrence.2001. Rethinking well [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 33:1025-1060.
Sperber. D & D.Wilson.1995,2001. Relevance:Communication and Cognition [M]. Oxford:Blackwell; Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
StraBheim, Jan.2010. Relevance theories of communication:Alfred Schutz in dialogue with Sperber and Wilson [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 42:1412-1441.
Taboada, M.2006. Discourse markers as signals (or not) of rhetorical relations [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 38:567-592.
Van Dijk, Teun A.1979 Pragmatic connectives [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 31:447-456.
Verschueren, Jef.2000. Understanding Pragmatics [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press; London:Edward Arnold.
Watts, Richard J.1988. A relevance-theoretic approach to commentary pragmatic markers: the case of actually, really and basically [J]. Acta Linguistica Hungarica,38:235-260.
Wilson, D.& D. Sperber.1993. Linguistic form and relevance [J]. Lingua 90:1-25.
Wilson, D.& D. Sperber. Rlevance Theory [OL]. http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/PUB/WPL/02papers/wilson sperber.pdf (accessed 30/01/2011).
陈丽霞,2007,话语标记语的语用功能研究。硕士学位论文[D]。江西：江西师范大学。
董丽丽,2006,《老友记》中well的关联视角研究。硕士学位论文[D]。吉林：吉林大学。
何兆熊,1999,《新编语用学概要》[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
何自然,1997,《语用学与英语学习》[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
何自然,2000,《语用学探索》[M]。世界图书出版社。
何自然、陈新仁,2002,《当代语用学》[M]。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
何自然、冉永平,1998,关联理论——认知语用学基础[J],《现代外语》(3)：93-108。
何自然、冉永平,1999,话语联系语的语用制约性[J],《外语教学与研究》(3)：1-8。
李乐艳,2008,从关联理论的角度分析《阿丽丝漫游奇境记》中的话语标记语You Know。硕士学位论文[D]。重庆：重庆师范大学。
李勇忠,2003,语用标记语话语连贯[J],《外语与外语教学》(1)：60-63。
刘思佳,2009,《老友记》中话语标记语Actually的关联视角研究。硕士学位论文[D]。吉林：吉林大学。
马萧,2003,话语标记语的语用功能与翻译[J],《中国翻译》(5):36-39。
莫爱屏,2004,话语标记语的关联认知研究[J],《语言与翻译》(3)：3-8。
冉永平,2000,话语标记语的语用学研究综述[J],《外语研究》(4)：8-14。
冉永平,2002,话语标记语you know的语用增量辨析[J],《解放军外国语学院学报》(4)：10-15。
冉永平,2003,话语标记语well的语用功能[J],《外国语》(3)：58-64。
束定芳,2001,《中国语用学研究论文精选》[C]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
孙洪玲,2005,话语标记语的语用功能分析。硕士学位论文[D]。陕西：西安电子科技大学。
索振羽,2000,《语用学教程》[M]。北京：北京大学出版社。
王得杏,1998,《英语话语分析与跨文化交际》[M]。北京：北京语言文化大学出版社。
王艳,2007,话语标记语的语用功能[J],《学术交流》(7)：126-128。
王正元,2006,话语标记语意义的语用分析[J],《外语学刊》(2)：38-44。
吴亚欣、于国栋,2003,话语标记语的元语用分析[J],《外语教学》(4)：16-19。
肖武云、曹群英,2009,话语标记语语用功能的认知分析[J],《四川外语学院学报》(1)：92-96。
闫涛,2007,论认知关联性对话语标记语的解释力[J],《学术交流》(10)：131-133。
杨晓霞,2007,从话语标记语元语用功能角度分析研究"you know"和“你知道”。硕士学位论文[D]。上海：上海外国语大学。
朱嫣然,2001,话语联系语与听力理解[J],《外语研究》(4)：69-72。
Blakemore, D.1987. Semantic Constraints on Relevance [M]. Oxford:Blackwell.
Blakemore, D.1992. Understanding Utterance [M]. Oxford:Blackwell.
Bolden, Galina B. Bolden,2009. Implementing incipient actions:The discourse marker 'so'in English conversation [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 41:974-998.
Brown, G & G. Yule.1983. Discourse Analysis [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Erman, B.2001. Pragmatic markers revisited with a focus on you know in adult and adolescent talk [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 33:1337-1359.
Feng, Guangwu.2008. Pragmatic markers in Chinese [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 40: 1687-1718.
Fraser, B.1990. An approach to discourse markers [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 14:383-395.
Fraser, B.1996. Pragmatic markers [J]. Pragmatics 6 (2):167-190.
Fraser, B.1999. What are discourse markers? [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 31:931-952.
Grice, P.1989. Studies in the Ways with Words [M]. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
Holker, K.1991. Franzosisch:Partikelforschung [M]. Amsterdam:Benjamins,77-88.
Jacob L. Mey.2001. Pragmatics:An Introduction (2nded.) [M], Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press; Oxford:Blackwell.
Jucker, A. and Y. Ziv.1998. Discourse Markers:Introduction [M]. England:William Collins Sons & Co Ltd,1-12.
Jucker, A. H.& S. W. Smith.1998. And people just you know like'wow':Discourse Markers as Negotiating Strategies [A]. In Jucker, A. H.& Y. Ziv (ed.). Discourse Markers:Descriptions and Theory [C]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.171-201.
Klerk, V. de.2005. Procedural meanings of well in a corpus of Xhosa English [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 37:1183-1205.
Labov, W & D. Fanshel.1977. Therapeutic Discourse [M]. New York:Academic Press.
Levinson, S.1983. Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Norrick, Neal R.2001. Discourse markers in oral narrative [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 849-878.
Norrick, Neal R.2009. Interjections as pragmatic markers [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 41: 866-891.
Norrick, Neal R.2009. Pragmatic markers:introduction. [J] Journal of Pragmatics 41: 863-865.
Pons Borderi'a, Salvador.2008. Do discourse markers exist? On the treatment of discourse markers in relevance theory [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 40:1411-1434.
Redeker, G.1991. Review article:Linguistic markers of discourse structure [J]. Linguistics, 29:1139-1172.
Rouchota, V.1998. Procedural meanings and parenthetical discourse markers [A], In Jucker, A.H.& Y. Ziv (ed.). Discourse Markers:Descriptions and Theory. [C] Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.97-126.
Schiffrin, D.1987. Discourse Markers [M] Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Schourup, Lawrence.2001. Rethinking well [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 33:1025-1060.
Sperber. D & D.Wilson.1995,2001. Relevance:Communication and Cognition [M]. Oxford:Blackwell; Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
StraBheim, Jan.2010. Relevance theories of communication:Alfred Schutz in dialogue with Sperber and Wilson [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 42:1412-1441.
Taboada, M.2006. Discourse markers as signals (or not) of rhetorical relations [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 38:567-592.
Van Dijk, Teun A.1979 Pragmatic connectives [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 31:447-456.
Verschueren, Jef.2000. Understanding Pragmatics [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press; London:Edward Arnold.
Watts, Richard J.1988. A relevance-theoretic approach to commentary pragmatic markers: the case of actually, really and basically [J]. Acta Linguistica Hungarica,38:235-260.
Wilson, D.& D. Sperber.1993. Linguistic form and relevance [J]. Lingua 90:1-25.
Wilson, D.& D. Sperber. Rlevance Theory [OL]. http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/PUB/WPL/02papers/wilson sperber.pdf (accessed 30/01/2011).
陈丽霞,2007,话语标记语的语用功能研究。硕士学位论文[D]。江西：江西师范大学。
董丽丽,2006,《老友记》中well的关联视角研究。硕士学位论文[D]。吉林：吉林大学。
何兆熊,1999,《新编语用学概要》[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
何自然,1997,《语用学与英语学习》[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
何自然,2000,《语用学探索》[M]。世界图书出版社。
何自然、陈新仁,2002,《当代语用学》[M]。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
何自然、冉永平,1998,关联理论——认知语用学基础[J],《现代外语》(3)：93-108。
何自然、冉永平,1999,话语联系语的语用制约性[J],《外语教学与研究》(3)：1-8。
李乐艳,2008,从关联理论的角度分析《阿丽丝漫游奇境记》中的话语标记语You Know。硕士学位论文[D]。重庆：重庆师范大学。
李勇忠,2003,语用标记语话语连贯[J],《外语与外语教学》(1)：60-63。
刘思佳,2009,《老友记》中话语标记语Actually的关联视角研究。硕士学位论文[D]。吉林：吉林大学。
马萧,2003,话语标记语的语用功能与翻译[J],《中国翻译》(5):36-39。
莫爱屏,2004,话语标记语的关联认知研究[J],《语言与翻译》(3)：3-8。
冉永平,2000,话语标记语的语用学研究综述[J],《外语研究》(4)：8-14。
冉永平,2002,话语标记语you know的语用增量辨析[J],《解放军外国语学院学报》(4)：10-15。
冉永平,2003,话语标记语well的语用功能[J],《外国语》(3)：58-64。
束定芳,2001,《中国语用学研究论文精选》[C]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
孙洪玲,2005,话语标记语的语用功能分析。硕士学位论文[D]。陕西：西安电子科技大学。
索振羽,2000,《语用学教程》[M]。北京：北京大学出版社。
王得杏,1998,《英语话语分析与跨文化交际》[M]。北京：北京语言文化大学出版社。
王艳,2007,话语标记语的语用功能[J],《学术交流》(7)：126-128。
王正元,2006,话语标记语意义的语用分析[J],《外语学刊》(2)：38-44。
吴亚欣、于国栋,2003,话语标记语的元语用分析[J],《外语教学》(4)：16-19。
肖武云、曹群英,2009,话语标记语语用功能的认知分析[J],《四川外语学院学报》(1)：92-96。
闫涛,2007,论认知关联性对话语标记语的解释力[J],《学术交流》(10)：131-133。
杨晓霞,2007,从话语标记语元语用功能角度分析研究"you know"和“你知道”。硕士学位论文[D]。上海：上海外国语大学。
朱嫣然,2001,话语联系语与听力理解[J],《外语研究》(4)：69-72。
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |