垃圾焚烧过程中典型重金属污染物的分布特性研究
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摘要
焚烧法处理城市固体废弃物具有显著的减容、减重以及可回收热能等优点，过去的二十多年内在国外得到广泛应用，目前在我国正逐渐得到推广。然而焚烧法易产生二次污染，其中之一就是重金属的污染。由于重金属在焚烧过程中不能被生成和破坏，原生垃圾中所含的重金属在焚烧处理后将分布在底灰、飞灰和烟气中几乎以相同的总量排入环境，若处置不当就会对人类造成危害。
为了系统的开展研究工作，垃圾焚烧重金属污染物的研究被划分为五个阶段。为了准确、高效、简便的监测焚烧产物中的重金属污染物，文中首先参照国内外的常用方法和准则，建立了一套实验室固体废弃物的采样、制样和分析标准。在此基础上，收集了一些典型的城市垃圾组分，分别对其作了工业分析和元素分析，测定了其中重金属汞的含量，分析了我国垃圾中可能的重金属来源。
对垃圾焚烧后的灰中重金属分布特性进行研究。我们系统的采集了垃圾焚烧炉百叶窗飞灰、洗涤塔底灰、测定了灰中相应重金属的含量，并研究了灰的颗粒尺寸分布及其中的重金属分布特性。同时还比较分析了燃煤飞灰、垃圾焚烧飞灰以及煤与垃圾混烧飞灰等几种灰样中重金属的分布特性。
对余杭热电厂的垃圾焚烧工况进行监测，研究不同工况下重金属的分布特性，并通过添加吸附剂，研究对重金属分布特性的影响。结果表明，添加吸附剂可以降低重金属的排放。
我们利用实验室小型管式炉，研究了垃圾焚烧过程中温度、有机氯、无机氯对重金属分布特性的影响。结果表明随燃烧温度的增加以及垃圾中氯含量的增加，重金属及其化合物更易分布在飞灰或烟气中。
Having the advantages of remarkable Volume-reduction, Weight-reduction and Energy-recovery, disposing of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) by incinerations have been widely used abroad during the past twenty years. Nowadays this technology is being popularized gradually in our country. However, the adverse effect of this method is that it might cause secondary pollution, one of which is Heavy Metal. Because of the reason that Heavy Metal can neither created nor destroyed during incineration, the total amount summed from the final distribution of bottom ash, fly ash and flue gases is usually the same as that concentrated in raw refuse, therefore, if not be disposed properly, it will finally cause damage to environment.
Researches on Heavy Metal distribution from MSW incineration are scheduled to be processed with five periods, In order to determine the Heavy Metals concentrated in the final incineration products correctly, efficiently and conveniently, this paper first established a series of standard for Sampling, Preparing and Analyzing the MSW according to the methods and rules adopted by others. Based on these, some typical groups of MSW were collected and analyzed.
This paper analyzed the Heavy Metal concentrations, distributions and particle size effects on these ashes sampled systematically from No. 1 Incinerators of Yuhang Power Plant such as band-pass collected ash, scrubber ash. Different distribution characteristics among the ashes from combustion of coal, MSW and co-firing MSW and coal were compared at the same time.
The distribution of heavy metals from MSW incinerators under different circumstances and effects of adding absorbents on the distribution had been researched. The results indicated that adding absorption can reduce the emissions of heavy metal elements.
Investigate the effects of temperature, organic chloride and inorganic chloride in waste on the partitioning of heavy metals during MSW incineration was studied using a laboratory tube furnace. The results indicated that an increase in the chloride content and combustion temperature might increase the volatility of heavy metals and/or their compounds in the wastes, thus, increasing metal partitioning in the fly ash or the flue gases.
为了系统的开展研究工作，垃圾焚烧重金属污染物的研究被划分为五个阶段。为了准确、高效、简便的监测焚烧产物中的重金属污染物，文中首先参照国内外的常用方法和准则，建立了一套实验室固体废弃物的采样、制样和分析标准。在此基础上，收集了一些典型的城市垃圾组分，分别对其作了工业分析和元素分析，测定了其中重金属汞的含量，分析了我国垃圾中可能的重金属来源。
对垃圾焚烧后的灰中重金属分布特性进行研究。我们系统的采集了垃圾焚烧炉百叶窗飞灰、洗涤塔底灰、测定了灰中相应重金属的含量，并研究了灰的颗粒尺寸分布及其中的重金属分布特性。同时还比较分析了燃煤飞灰、垃圾焚烧飞灰以及煤与垃圾混烧飞灰等几种灰样中重金属的分布特性。
对余杭热电厂的垃圾焚烧工况进行监测，研究不同工况下重金属的分布特性，并通过添加吸附剂，研究对重金属分布特性的影响。结果表明，添加吸附剂可以降低重金属的排放。
我们利用实验室小型管式炉，研究了垃圾焚烧过程中温度、有机氯、无机氯对重金属分布特性的影响。结果表明随燃烧温度的增加以及垃圾中氯含量的增加，重金属及其化合物更易分布在飞灰或烟气中。
Having the advantages of remarkable Volume-reduction, Weight-reduction and Energy-recovery, disposing of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) by incinerations have been widely used abroad during the past twenty years. Nowadays this technology is being popularized gradually in our country. However, the adverse effect of this method is that it might cause secondary pollution, one of which is Heavy Metal. Because of the reason that Heavy Metal can neither created nor destroyed during incineration, the total amount summed from the final distribution of bottom ash, fly ash and flue gases is usually the same as that concentrated in raw refuse, therefore, if not be disposed properly, it will finally cause damage to environment.
Researches on Heavy Metal distribution from MSW incineration are scheduled to be processed with five periods, In order to determine the Heavy Metals concentrated in the final incineration products correctly, efficiently and conveniently, this paper first established a series of standard for Sampling, Preparing and Analyzing the MSW according to the methods and rules adopted by others. Based on these, some typical groups of MSW were collected and analyzed.
This paper analyzed the Heavy Metal concentrations, distributions and particle size effects on these ashes sampled systematically from No. 1 Incinerators of Yuhang Power Plant such as band-pass collected ash, scrubber ash. Different distribution characteristics among the ashes from combustion of coal, MSW and co-firing MSW and coal were compared at the same time.
The distribution of heavy metals from MSW incinerators under different circumstances and effects of adding absorbents on the distribution had been researched. The results indicated that adding absorption can reduce the emissions of heavy metal elements.
Investigate the effects of temperature, organic chloride and inorganic chloride in waste on the partitioning of heavy metals during MSW incineration was studied using a laboratory tube furnace. The results indicated that an increase in the chloride content and combustion temperature might increase the volatility of heavy metals and/or their compounds in the wastes, thus, increasing metal partitioning in the fly ash or the flue gases.
引文
1．吴怀民，我国生活垃圾的现状、态势及其控制对策，环境与开发，2000年，第15卷第2期，42-43
2．北京市环境卫生科学研究所编著，国外城市废弃物处理，第一集，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989
3.A.K.Gupta, Thermal destruction of Solid Waste, Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 118(1996): 187-192
4．Management of Solid Wastes and Comprehensive Utilization of Resources in china．第四届北京国际固体废弃物处理及处置博览会资料
5．中华人民共和国固体废弃物污染环境防治法。(1995年10月30日第八届全国人大常委会第十六次会议通过
6．方创琳，中国垃圾资源的基本特征，环境导报，1997，第一期，44
7．张无敌，刘士清，周旭东，城市固体废弃物及其资源潜力，环境与开发，1996，第4期：19-24
8．杨殿海，宁乐平，上海市城市垃圾处理现状，环境导报，1996，第二期：7-9
9．陈海滨，杨伦全，垃圾处理技术发展预测时两个不可忽略的因素——城市地域和类别的差异，环境与开发，(2) 11 (1996)：21-23
10．韩怀芬等，适合我国国情的城市生活垃圾处理方法，环境污染与防治，2000年12月，第22卷第6期
11．管建春，城市生活垃圾焚烧处理技术现状，能源工程，1999年，第3期，15-17
12．孙正艺，城市生活垃圾处理，《化学工程师》1/1999，总第70期
13．聂永丰，刘富强，王进军，我国城市垃圾焚烧技术发展方向探讨，环境科学研究，2000年，第13卷第3期
14．张益，赵由才主编，生活垃圾焚烧技术，化学工业出版社，2000年8月
15．冯立斌，张衍国等，城市生活垃圾焚烧中的气体污染与防治，环境保护，1999，2，16-18
16.Baker P.G. Toxicity of dioxins. Anal Proc, 1981, 18:478
17.Hay A W M. Impact on the ervironment. In: Hutzinger O, eds. Chlorinated dioxins and related compounds.Oxford: Pergamon Press,1982
18.Commoner B, et al. Dioxins and their impact on the human health. Waste Manage Res,1987,5:203
19.Hagenmaier H, et al, Production of dioxins during combustion,In: Brown A, eds, Energy recovery through waste combustion. Essex: Elsevier Applied Science, 1988
20.Williams P T,Pollutants from incineration; An overview, In: Hester R E, Harrison R M, ed, Waste Incineration and the environment. Bath: Bath Press,1994
21.Woodfield M J , et al, Plant-dependence of PCDDs emission from municipal waste incinaration.In: Dean R B, ed. Incineration of municipal waste. London: Academic Press,1988
22．生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准，国家环境保护总局文件，环发[2000]46号，2000．3．1
23.WILLIAM P.LINAK and JOST O.L.WENDT. METAL EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATION: MECHANISMS AND CONTROL[J]. Prog.Energy.Combusti.Sci,1993,19:145-185
24．陈尚兵等，城市垃圾焚烧处理中重金属和有机氯化物的二次污染与防治，环境导报，1998年第6期
25．宋宝增，城市生活垃圾焚烧发电，四川环境，1998(17)4：17-22
26.H.Vogg, H.Braun, M.Metzger,etc, The Specific Role of Cadmium and Mercury In Municipal Solid Waste Incineration, Waste Management&Research(1986)4,65-74
27．GB/T15555.1—15555.11—1995固体废物，浸出毒性测定方法
28．张智慧，胡俊玲等，用固体吸附剂控制燃煤重金属排放及其对SO_2、NO_x的影响，燃料化学学报，1998，12，第26卷第6期，486-491
29.Thomas D. Brown, Dennis N.Smith, Richard A.Hargis, etc. Mercury Measurement and Its Control: What We Know,Have Learned, and Need to Further Investigate. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association, 1999, 49: 628-640
30.L.Liberti, M.Notarnicola, V.Amicarelli. Mercury removal with powdered activated carbon from flue gases at the Coriano municipal s solid waste incineration plant. Waste Manage Res,1998,(16)2:183-189
31.Walter M.Shaub. Mercury emission from MSW incinerators:An assessment of the current situation in the United States and forest of future emissions. Resources,Conservation and Recucling, 1993,9:31-59
32.Franks B.Meserole, Ramsay Chang, Todd R.Carey. Modeling Mercury Removal by Sorbent Injection. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association, 1999,49:694-704
33.SAGRARIO MENDIOTOZ, M.ISABEL GUIJARRO, VICENTA MUNOZ. Mercury retrieval from Flue Gas by Monolithic Afsorbents Based on Sulfurized Sepiolite. Environ.Sci.Technol,1999,33: 1697-1702
34.Uberoi.M, W.A.PUNJAK, F.SHADMAN, The kinetics and mechanism of alkali removal from fllue gases by solid sorbents. Prog.Energy.Combust.Sci,1990,16:205-211
35.PRATIM BISWAS AND MICHAEL R. ZACHARIAH. In Situ Immobilization of Lead Species in Combustion Environments by Injection of Gas Phase Silica Sorbent Precursors.Enviorn Sci. Techno, 1997, (31) 9: 2455-2463
2．北京市环境卫生科学研究所编著，国外城市废弃物处理，第一集，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989
3.A.K.Gupta, Thermal destruction of Solid Waste, Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 118(1996): 187-192
4．Management of Solid Wastes and Comprehensive Utilization of Resources in china．第四届北京国际固体废弃物处理及处置博览会资料
5．中华人民共和国固体废弃物污染环境防治法。(1995年10月30日第八届全国人大常委会第十六次会议通过
6．方创琳，中国垃圾资源的基本特征，环境导报，1997，第一期，44
7．张无敌，刘士清，周旭东，城市固体废弃物及其资源潜力，环境与开发，1996，第4期：19-24
8．杨殿海，宁乐平，上海市城市垃圾处理现状，环境导报，1996，第二期：7-9
9．陈海滨，杨伦全，垃圾处理技术发展预测时两个不可忽略的因素——城市地域和类别的差异，环境与开发，(2) 11 (1996)：21-23
10．韩怀芬等，适合我国国情的城市生活垃圾处理方法，环境污染与防治，2000年12月，第22卷第6期
11．管建春，城市生活垃圾焚烧处理技术现状，能源工程，1999年，第3期，15-17
12．孙正艺，城市生活垃圾处理，《化学工程师》1/1999，总第70期
13．聂永丰，刘富强，王进军，我国城市垃圾焚烧技术发展方向探讨，环境科学研究，2000年，第13卷第3期
14．张益，赵由才主编，生活垃圾焚烧技术，化学工业出版社，2000年8月
15．冯立斌，张衍国等，城市生活垃圾焚烧中的气体污染与防治，环境保护，1999，2，16-18
16.Baker P.G. Toxicity of dioxins. Anal Proc, 1981, 18:478
17.Hay A W M. Impact on the ervironment. In: Hutzinger O, eds. Chlorinated dioxins and related compounds.Oxford: Pergamon Press,1982
18.Commoner B, et al. Dioxins and their impact on the human health. Waste Manage Res,1987,5:203
19.Hagenmaier H, et al, Production of dioxins during combustion,In: Brown A, eds, Energy recovery through waste combustion. Essex: Elsevier Applied Science, 1988
20.Williams P T,Pollutants from incineration; An overview, In: Hester R E, Harrison R M, ed, Waste Incineration and the environment. Bath: Bath Press,1994
21.Woodfield M J , et al, Plant-dependence of PCDDs emission from municipal waste incinaration.In: Dean R B, ed. Incineration of municipal waste. London: Academic Press,1988
22．生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准，国家环境保护总局文件，环发[2000]46号，2000．3．1
23.WILLIAM P.LINAK and JOST O.L.WENDT. METAL EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATION: MECHANISMS AND CONTROL[J]. Prog.Energy.Combusti.Sci,1993,19:145-185
24．陈尚兵等，城市垃圾焚烧处理中重金属和有机氯化物的二次污染与防治，环境导报，1998年第6期
25．宋宝增，城市生活垃圾焚烧发电，四川环境，1998(17)4：17-22
26.H.Vogg, H.Braun, M.Metzger,etc, The Specific Role of Cadmium and Mercury In Municipal Solid Waste Incineration, Waste Management&Research(1986)4,65-74
27．GB/T15555.1—15555.11—1995固体废物，浸出毒性测定方法
28．张智慧，胡俊玲等，用固体吸附剂控制燃煤重金属排放及其对SO_2、NO_x的影响，燃料化学学报，1998，12，第26卷第6期，486-491
29.Thomas D. Brown, Dennis N.Smith, Richard A.Hargis, etc. Mercury Measurement and Its Control: What We Know,Have Learned, and Need to Further Investigate. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association, 1999, 49: 628-640
30.L.Liberti, M.Notarnicola, V.Amicarelli. Mercury removal with powdered activated carbon from flue gases at the Coriano municipal s solid waste incineration plant. Waste Manage Res,1998,(16)2:183-189
31.Walter M.Shaub. Mercury emission from MSW incinerators:An assessment of the current situation in the United States and forest of future emissions. Resources,Conservation and Recucling, 1993,9:31-59
32.Franks B.Meserole, Ramsay Chang, Todd R.Carey. Modeling Mercury Removal by Sorbent Injection. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association, 1999,49:694-704
33.SAGRARIO MENDIOTOZ, M.ISABEL GUIJARRO, VICENTA MUNOZ. Mercury retrieval from Flue Gas by Monolithic Afsorbents Based on Sulfurized Sepiolite. Environ.Sci.Technol,1999,33: 1697-1702
34.Uberoi.M, W.A.PUNJAK, F.SHADMAN, The kinetics and mechanism of alkali removal from fllue gases by solid sorbents. Prog.Energy.Combust.Sci,1990,16:205-211
35.PRATIM BISWAS AND MICHAEL R. ZACHARIAH. In Situ Immobilization of Lead Species in Combustion Environments by Injection of Gas Phase Silica Sorbent Precursors.Enviorn Sci. Techno, 1997, (31) 9: 2455-2463
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