苔藓组织氮含量和氮同位素探讨江西省大气氮沉降规律及大气氮源
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摘要
苔藓植物因其特殊的形态结构和生物学性质被广泛应用于环境变化和大气沉降的指示和监测。稳定同位素是辨识环境体系中物源走向,以及研究植物和环境关系的可靠技术。为了探讨苔藓作为监测植物指示大气氮污染的可行性,研究江西省大气氮沉降的空间分布以及甄别大气氮源。本论文结合苔藓生物指示和稳定氮同位素示踪技术,利用苔藓氮含量与氮同位素(δ15N)指示江西省大气氮沉降状况。作者在江西省城市、郊区、农村采集了183个细叶小羽藓(H. microphyllum (Hedw.))样品。通过测定不同环境下苔藓氮含量,并结合目前所报道的苔藓氮含量与大气氮沉降之间的定量关系式,估算了江西省大气氮沉降量。并应用苔藓氮同位素(δ15N)显著性差异分析,揭示了江西省大气氮沉降的氮源以及氮沉降形式,以深化苔藓植物环境监测和在大气氮沉降研究中的应用,为城市氮污染的防治提供地球化学依据。
(1)不同环境下苔藓氮含量与氮同位素(δ15N)组成特征
通过对苔藓氮含量的分析发现,江西省苔藓氮含量在总体上呈现出赣东北区偏高,赣西南区较低的空间分布特征。对城市、郊区和农村苔藓氮含量进行t检验,发现不同下垫面环境下苔藓氮含量之间存在显著性差异(p<0.05),表现出城市苔藓氮含量(2.95±0.06%)>农村苔藓氮含量(2.73±0.05%)>郊区苔藓氮含量(2.56±0.76%)的变化规律。江西省城市及郊区苔藓δ15N平均值的变化范围为(-1.96±1.30‰～--9.74±0.25‰),最低值出现在上饶市区(-9.74±0.25‰),最高值出现在南昌市郊区(-1.96±1.30‰)。其中郊区苔藓δ15N(-1.96±1.30‰～-4.81±0.53‰)比城市苔藓δ15N(-3.72±0.71‰～-9.74±0.25‰)富集15N。且崇仁县农村地区苔藓δ15N平均值在(-3.11±0.44‰～0.078±0.074‰)之间变化。可见江西省苔藓δ15N表现出城市偏负、农村偏正的特征。说明城市和农村受不同氮源的影响。
(2)利用苔藓氮含量估算江西省大气氮沉降量
根据目前所报道的大气氮沉降和苔藓氮含量之间的定量关系式,可以采用苔藓氮含量估算江西省地区的大气氮沉降量。估算结果表明江西省大气氮沉降量的均值变化范围为(28.81kg·a)-1～51.41kg·(hm2·a)-1总体已经超过最易受影响的陆地生态系统的氮沉降负荷值(5kg·a(Chm2·a)-1～10kg·(hm2·a)-1郊区大气氮沉降量(33.26±10.88kg·(hm2·a)-1～34.57±8.75kg·(hm2·a)-1)低于城市大气氮沉降量(39.66±11.07kg·(hm2·a)-1～52.92±13.05kg·(hm2·a)-1)。本研究首次根据苔藓氮含量量化了江西省大气氮沉降水平,对大气氮沉降生态环境影响的评价以及生态系统的保护具有重要意义。
(3)苔藓氮同位素(δ15N)示踪江西省大气氮沉降的主要来源和主要形态
江西省城市、郊区和农村苔藓δ15N值分别为(-6.11±0.37‰、-3.75±0.34‰、-0.74±0.16‰),三者之间存在着显著性差异(p<0.001),表明该地区的大气氮沉降存在不同的氮源。城市明显偏负的苔藓δ15N,主要反映大量城市排泄物和污水释放的氨的影响。而郊区和农村地区苔藓δ15N偏正,主要指示农业氨源对大气氮沉降的贡献。江西省苔藓δ15N组成特征(城市贫15N、郊区和农村富15N),反映了江西省地区大气氮沉降以铵沉降(NHx)为主,NHx-N是大气氮沉降中的主要氮形态,而氧化态氮(NOx)的影响较小。
Due to the peculiar morphological structure and biological characteristics, mosses have been widely employed in indicating and monitoring environmental change and atmospheric deposition. The stable isotopes are reliable tools in identifying the source and fate of elements in varying environments and understanding the relationships between plants and environment. In order to explore the reliability of moss used as biological indicator to monitor atmospheric nitrogen pollution, the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition of Jiangxi Province and trace atmospheric nitrogen source. By combining moss bio-indicating method with nitrogen isotopic technique, this thesis was mainly around a topic on using 515N and nitrogen concentration in mosses for indicating atmospheric N deposition. The author packed 183 mosses (H.microphyllum (Hedw.)) in Jiangxi Province. By using elemental contents and the relation between N deposition and moss N, the level of N deposition at Jiangxi area could be quantified. Combined with the correlation significant difference analysis in moss isotopic signatures to indicate the main sources and N form of atmospheric N deposition at Jiangxi area. This thesis has deepened the application of moss for monitoring environment and N deposition, and has provided geochemical references for the prevention and control of N pollutants at city area.
(1) Bryophyte plants can be used as bio-indicator to monitor atmospheric pollution. Tissue the nitrogen content of moss in Jiangxi province increased from northeast to the southwest, reflecting the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Jiangxi Province. Trough t-test, significant difference (P<0.05) between urban suburban and rural tissue nitrogen content of moss in Jiangxi cities.We were found that tissue nitrogen content of the urban moss tissue (2.95±0.06%) was significantly higher than that of rural(2.73±0.05%) and suburban(2.56±0.76%).The average nitrogen isotope moss is-1.96±1.30 to -9.74±0.25%o in Jiangxi Province. Among them, tissues nitrogen isotope of moss in Shangrao is the lowest (-9.74±0.25‰), the highest is tissue nitrogen isotope of moss in Nanchang suburban-(1.96±1.30%o). Suburban tissue nitrogen isotope of moss (-1.96±1.30%o～-4.81±0.53%o) is higher than urban tissue nitrogen isotope (-3.72±0.71%o～-9.74±0.25%o).Though the average nitrogen isotope moss is from -3.11±0.44‰to 0.078±0.074%o in Chongren rural. More negativeδ15N values of urban mosses thanδ15N values of suburban and rural mosses. Indicating the rural area and cities are affected by different sources of nitrogen.
(2) Through the relation between N deposition and moss nitrogen content, the level of N deposition at Jiangxi area could be quantified by the N contents of mosses. The general level of N deposition Jiangxi at area (28.81 kg-(hm2-a)"1～51.41 kg·(hm·a)-1) has exceeded the critical load for the vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems (5kg·(hm·a)-1～10kg·(hm·a)-1). Besides, the level of N deposition (33.26±10.88 kg·(hm·a)-1～34.57±8.75kg·(hm·a)-1) in the suburban area is lower than the urban site (39.66±11.07kg·(hm·a)-1～52.92±13.05kg·(hm·a)-1). For the first time, the level of N deposition in Jiangxi were quantified by nitrogen content in mosses, which is important for further studying the ecological effects of atmospheric N deposition and helpful for the protection of the ecosystems.
The average nitrogen isotope moss in urban (-6.11±0.37%o), suburban (-3.75±0.34%o) and rural (-0.74±0.16%o) were significant difference exist (p<0.001), indicating there are affected by different sources of nitrogen.. More negativeδ15N values of urban mosses indicated that more NH3 was released from excretory wastes and sewage, while less negativeδ15N values of suburban and rural mosses suggested an important contribution from agricultural NH3 emission due to fertilizer application. This study found the regulation of mossδ15N variation (more negative at urban than suburban and rural) around Jiangxi Province dominated by NHx deposition. The main nitrogen form of atmospheric N deposition at Guiyang area was NHx, while the affected by the NOx was least.
(1)不同环境下苔藓氮含量与氮同位素(δ15N)组成特征
通过对苔藓氮含量的分析发现,江西省苔藓氮含量在总体上呈现出赣东北区偏高,赣西南区较低的空间分布特征。对城市、郊区和农村苔藓氮含量进行t检验,发现不同下垫面环境下苔藓氮含量之间存在显著性差异(p<0.05),表现出城市苔藓氮含量(2.95±0.06%)>农村苔藓氮含量(2.73±0.05%)>郊区苔藓氮含量(2.56±0.76%)的变化规律。江西省城市及郊区苔藓δ15N平均值的变化范围为(-1.96±1.30‰～--9.74±0.25‰),最低值出现在上饶市区(-9.74±0.25‰),最高值出现在南昌市郊区(-1.96±1.30‰)。其中郊区苔藓δ15N(-1.96±1.30‰～-4.81±0.53‰)比城市苔藓δ15N(-3.72±0.71‰～-9.74±0.25‰)富集15N。且崇仁县农村地区苔藓δ15N平均值在(-3.11±0.44‰～0.078±0.074‰)之间变化。可见江西省苔藓δ15N表现出城市偏负、农村偏正的特征。说明城市和农村受不同氮源的影响。
(2)利用苔藓氮含量估算江西省大气氮沉降量
根据目前所报道的大气氮沉降和苔藓氮含量之间的定量关系式,可以采用苔藓氮含量估算江西省地区的大气氮沉降量。估算结果表明江西省大气氮沉降量的均值变化范围为(28.81kg·a)-1～51.41kg·(hm2·a)-1总体已经超过最易受影响的陆地生态系统的氮沉降负荷值(5kg·a(Chm2·a)-1～10kg·(hm2·a)-1郊区大气氮沉降量(33.26±10.88kg·(hm2·a)-1～34.57±8.75kg·(hm2·a)-1)低于城市大气氮沉降量(39.66±11.07kg·(hm2·a)-1～52.92±13.05kg·(hm2·a)-1)。本研究首次根据苔藓氮含量量化了江西省大气氮沉降水平,对大气氮沉降生态环境影响的评价以及生态系统的保护具有重要意义。
(3)苔藓氮同位素(δ15N)示踪江西省大气氮沉降的主要来源和主要形态
江西省城市、郊区和农村苔藓δ15N值分别为(-6.11±0.37‰、-3.75±0.34‰、-0.74±0.16‰),三者之间存在着显著性差异(p<0.001),表明该地区的大气氮沉降存在不同的氮源。城市明显偏负的苔藓δ15N,主要反映大量城市排泄物和污水释放的氨的影响。而郊区和农村地区苔藓δ15N偏正,主要指示农业氨源对大气氮沉降的贡献。江西省苔藓δ15N组成特征(城市贫15N、郊区和农村富15N),反映了江西省地区大气氮沉降以铵沉降(NHx)为主,NHx-N是大气氮沉降中的主要氮形态,而氧化态氮(NOx)的影响较小。
Due to the peculiar morphological structure and biological characteristics, mosses have been widely employed in indicating and monitoring environmental change and atmospheric deposition. The stable isotopes are reliable tools in identifying the source and fate of elements in varying environments and understanding the relationships between plants and environment. In order to explore the reliability of moss used as biological indicator to monitor atmospheric nitrogen pollution, the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition of Jiangxi Province and trace atmospheric nitrogen source. By combining moss bio-indicating method with nitrogen isotopic technique, this thesis was mainly around a topic on using 515N and nitrogen concentration in mosses for indicating atmospheric N deposition. The author packed 183 mosses (H.microphyllum (Hedw.)) in Jiangxi Province. By using elemental contents and the relation between N deposition and moss N, the level of N deposition at Jiangxi area could be quantified. Combined with the correlation significant difference analysis in moss isotopic signatures to indicate the main sources and N form of atmospheric N deposition at Jiangxi area. This thesis has deepened the application of moss for monitoring environment and N deposition, and has provided geochemical references for the prevention and control of N pollutants at city area.
(1) Bryophyte plants can be used as bio-indicator to monitor atmospheric pollution. Tissue the nitrogen content of moss in Jiangxi province increased from northeast to the southwest, reflecting the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Jiangxi Province. Trough t-test, significant difference (P<0.05) between urban suburban and rural tissue nitrogen content of moss in Jiangxi cities.We were found that tissue nitrogen content of the urban moss tissue (2.95±0.06%) was significantly higher than that of rural(2.73±0.05%) and suburban(2.56±0.76%).The average nitrogen isotope moss is-1.96±1.30 to -9.74±0.25%o in Jiangxi Province. Among them, tissues nitrogen isotope of moss in Shangrao is the lowest (-9.74±0.25‰), the highest is tissue nitrogen isotope of moss in Nanchang suburban-(1.96±1.30%o). Suburban tissue nitrogen isotope of moss (-1.96±1.30%o～-4.81±0.53%o) is higher than urban tissue nitrogen isotope (-3.72±0.71%o～-9.74±0.25%o).Though the average nitrogen isotope moss is from -3.11±0.44‰to 0.078±0.074%o in Chongren rural. More negativeδ15N values of urban mosses thanδ15N values of suburban and rural mosses. Indicating the rural area and cities are affected by different sources of nitrogen.
(2) Through the relation between N deposition and moss nitrogen content, the level of N deposition at Jiangxi area could be quantified by the N contents of mosses. The general level of N deposition Jiangxi at area (28.81 kg-(hm2-a)"1～51.41 kg·(hm·a)-1) has exceeded the critical load for the vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems (5kg·(hm·a)-1～10kg·(hm·a)-1). Besides, the level of N deposition (33.26±10.88 kg·(hm·a)-1～34.57±8.75kg·(hm·a)-1) in the suburban area is lower than the urban site (39.66±11.07kg·(hm·a)-1～52.92±13.05kg·(hm·a)-1). For the first time, the level of N deposition in Jiangxi were quantified by nitrogen content in mosses, which is important for further studying the ecological effects of atmospheric N deposition and helpful for the protection of the ecosystems.
The average nitrogen isotope moss in urban (-6.11±0.37%o), suburban (-3.75±0.34%o) and rural (-0.74±0.16%o) were significant difference exist (p<0.001), indicating there are affected by different sources of nitrogen.. More negativeδ15N values of urban mosses indicated that more NH3 was released from excretory wastes and sewage, while less negativeδ15N values of suburban and rural mosses suggested an important contribution from agricultural NH3 emission due to fertilizer application. This study found the regulation of mossδ15N variation (more negative at urban than suburban and rural) around Jiangxi Province dominated by NHx deposition. The main nitrogen form of atmospheric N deposition at Guiyang area was NHx, while the affected by the NOx was least.
引文
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