中国近海赤潮/绿潮多发海域稳定同位素组成分析
摘要
本研究共分三部分。第一部分：在实验室条件下,以三种微藻(青岛大扁藻,Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis;强壮前沟藻,Amphidinium carterae Hulburt,海洋原甲藻,Prorocentrum micans)和孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)为研究对象,利用稳定同位素技术确定营养盐(培养条件)对藻类稳定同位素组成(〥C、〥N),探讨了不同生长期及生长速率与〥C和〥N的关系、同位素的分馏效应以及孔石莼(U. pertusa)对氨氮吸收的生理过程,对于了解水生生态系统的机能,保护海洋生态环境,有着重要的理论和实际意义。主要研究结果如下：
(1)藻类稳定同位素组成的变化与藻类的分类组没有关系,不同物种的同位素值不同,即使同一纲不同物种的稳定同位素绸.成也不一样：一般而言,同一物种,指数期的稳定同位素组成低于稳定期；藻类稳定同位素的变化与藻类的营养条件有很大关系,氮的限制能导致更正的同位素值,而磷的缺乏对同位素值没有很大影响。
(2)试验初始阶段,孔石莼大量吸收水体中的14NH4+-N、12CO2用于自身组织的合成,导致水体中氨氮浓度、N和C急剧下降,约在5-25h,这一·阶段水体中氨氮浓度变化很小,藻体N缓慢降低,达剑平缓期；约在25h后,氨氮浓度缓慢下降,海水中的底物浓度很低,水体中NH4+-N儿乎被吸收殆尽,孔石莼开始大幅吸收15NH4+-N,15N上升。C在4h后呈现无规律波动。
第二部分：本文对赤潮发生海域(珠江口海区)和绿潮发生海域(青岛沿岸)进行调查采样,研究海区的生态环境因子,包括海区浮游植物的种类组成和数量、营养盐等影响浮游植物群落和赤潮／绿潮生物种群变化的关键环境因子,并首次利用稳定同位素技术测定赤潮／绿潮发生海域浮游植物及绿潮藻的〥C和〥N,为制定防治措施提供基础参数,为赤潮／绿潮多发海域的生态保护策略提供理论依据。其研究结果如下：
(1)赤潮发生期间,浮游植物的稳定同位素组成分布范围较大。8C与时间呈现显著正相关,但11月6日浮游植物的8C急剧降低,恢复到赤潮前期水平；6N与时间无线性关系(p>0.05),〥N随着赤潮的发生呈现先下降(11月1日前)后上升(10月31日后)的趋势,但11月6日浮游植物的〥N继续增大,恢复到赤潮前期水平。
(2)赤潮中心区域与赤潮边缘区域的比较研究中发现,赤潮边缘区的DIP和DIN都明显低于赤潮中心区域,几乎一直维持较低浓度水平,无较大的波动,DIP几乎没有变化。〥N无论在赤潮中心区还是边缘区,都是随着赤潮的发生而呈现上升趋势：〥C在赤潮中心区随着赤潮的发生逐渐升高,但在赤潮边缘区,随着赤潮的发生而降低。
(3)绿潮爆发后绿潮藻通过多种途径抑制浮游植物的生长,与历史资料相比,绿潮爆发后,浮游植物的种类数及总细胞数下降,硅藻种类数明显低于未爆发时的调查结果。浮游植物细胞数减少,一般会导致以此为食的浮游动物数量降低,进而影响食物链的其他环节,其对浮游动物的影响有待进一步研究。
(4)采集的浒苔〥C值无明显规律可循,而〥N则呈现稍稍下降趋势。可能是因为海藻生长速率不仅跟外部环境中营养盐浓度有关,而且与细胞内营养积累有关,另外也可能与海藻本身的生存状态有关。
第三部分：本文在国内首次利用稳定同位素技术对黑石礁湾排污口附近的浮游植物和6种海洋生物的〥C和〥N进行了初步探讨,对排污口附近海域生态系统的食物网结构和营养级关系进行了研究。主要研究结果如下：
不同的生物物种的〥C和〥N存在明显的差异。生物的〥N与距离排污口的远近有关系,越靠近排污口〥N越大,与人类活动营养物质的输入有关系；〥C与距离排污口的远近没有关系,可以用〥N监测人类活动对海洋生物的影响。
The research consists of three parts.
In the first part, under laboratory conditions, the thesis takes three species of microalgae including Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt and Prorocentrum micans and Prorocentrum micans as research objects. Through stable isotope technique to make sure that the influence of nutrient salt has made to the content of the algous stable isotopics (δ13C、δ15N). It aims to discuss the relationship between different growing seasons and rate, isotopic fractionation effect and the physiological process where U. pertusa absorbs ammonia, which has an important theoretical and practical significance on understanding the aquatic ecosystem functions and the protection of ocean ecosystems. The main results are as follows:
(1) There is no relationship between the change of algous isotopic value and its taxonomic group. The isotopic value of different species are various, even the different species of the same class are distinctive. Generally speaking, the stable isotopic content of the same species at the exponential phase is lower than that at the stable phase. There is relationship between the change of algous stable isotope and its nutrition conditions which the limitation of nitric can bring about the correction of isotopic value and the phossy deficiency has no significance on the isotopic value.
(2) In the initial test phase, the assimilation of14NH4+-N and12CO2by Ulva pertusa is undergoing to satisfy their nitrogen demand for growth, which leads to the concentration of ammonia,15N and13C sharp decline in waters. After five to twenty-five hours, there is very little change of concentration of ammonia in water, which15N slowly decreases to moderate phase. After about twenty-five hours, the concentration of ammonia decreases slowly and the substrate concentration in seawater is very low. During that period, Vlva pertusa assimilates a grate quantity of15NH4+-N when14NH4+-N in waters is almost exhausted, however,15N rises. Four hours after that,13C takes on erratic fluctuations.
The second part of the research is to sample and investigate the sea area where the red tide and the green tide happen, that is the Pearl River sea area and the Qingdao seacoast. The ecological environment features at the sea area are studied, including the species and quantity of the phytoplankton and the key environment factors which affect the phytoplankton and red tide/greed tide populations like nutrient salt and so on. In addition, the stable isotope technology is firstly adopted to measure the δ13C、δ15N of the phytoplankton and the green tide algae at the sea area where red tide/greed tide happen. It aims to provide with the fundamental parameters for making control measures and the theory about protecting the environment of sea area where red tide/greed tide happen a lot. The main results are as follows:
(1) During the red tide period, the distribution scale of the phytoplankton stable isotopic is large. Results demonstrate a significantly positive correlation between δ13C and time. But the δ13C of phytoplankton declines sharply on November6th which returns to the.previous level of the red tide. There is no linear correlation between δ15N and time. With the red tide happening, the number of δ15N declines first (before November1st) and increases later (after October31st). However, the δ15N of phytoplankton keeps increasing on November6th which returns to the previous level of the red tide.
(2) With the comparison between the central area and the fringing area of the red tide, the DIP and the DIN at the fringing area are obviously lower than those at the central area, which keeps lower concentration without large fluctuation.δ15N shows a rising trend with the red tide happening wherever it is. And the numbers of δ13C at the central area increases with the red tide happening but that at the fringing area is the opposite.
(3) After the bloom of green tide, green tide algae suppresses the growth of the phytoplankton through many ways. But comparing with the historical records, the amount of the species and total cell of phytoplankton decline and it is obvious that the amount of diatom species is smaller after green tide happens. Usually, the decline of the total cellular numbers of phytoplankton can cause the decrease of the planktonic animal which feed on it, which can influence the other links of the food chain. Its influence to the planktonic animal needs further investigation.
(4) The δ13C of collected Entemorpha has no obvious rules to follow and its δ13N shows a slight decline. It might because the growth rate of the algae is not only related to the nutrient concentration of the external environment, but also related to the accumulation of the nutrition inside the cell. The existent state itself might be another reason.
In the third part, the thesis firstly adopted the stable isotope technique in China to investigate the δ13C and δ15N of the phytoplankton and6species of marine organism. Moreover, the thesis studies the food chain organization and the nutrition relationship of the ecological systems of the sea area around the drain outlet. The main results are as follows:
Significant differences were found among stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) of some species. Nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) of biota can be influenced by sewage inputs, and found that the δ15N ratios in the food webs decreased with distance from the sewage inputs. The δ15N of biota decreased significantly with distance down the sewage treatment plant, however only minor and on consistent were observed in the813C of the biota with the distance of the sewage treatment plant. Nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) can be used to monitor future trends in nitrogen to this estuary.
(1)藻类稳定同位素组成的变化与藻类的分类组没有关系,不同物种的同位素值不同,即使同一纲不同物种的稳定同位素绸.成也不一样：一般而言,同一物种,指数期的稳定同位素组成低于稳定期；藻类稳定同位素的变化与藻类的营养条件有很大关系,氮的限制能导致更正的同位素值,而磷的缺乏对同位素值没有很大影响。
(2)试验初始阶段,孔石莼大量吸收水体中的14NH4+-N、12CO2用于自身组织的合成,导致水体中氨氮浓度、N和C急剧下降,约在5-25h,这一·阶段水体中氨氮浓度变化很小,藻体N缓慢降低,达剑平缓期；约在25h后,氨氮浓度缓慢下降,海水中的底物浓度很低,水体中NH4+-N儿乎被吸收殆尽,孔石莼开始大幅吸收15NH4+-N,15N上升。C在4h后呈现无规律波动。
第二部分：本文对赤潮发生海域(珠江口海区)和绿潮发生海域(青岛沿岸)进行调查采样,研究海区的生态环境因子,包括海区浮游植物的种类组成和数量、营养盐等影响浮游植物群落和赤潮／绿潮生物种群变化的关键环境因子,并首次利用稳定同位素技术测定赤潮／绿潮发生海域浮游植物及绿潮藻的〥C和〥N,为制定防治措施提供基础参数,为赤潮／绿潮多发海域的生态保护策略提供理论依据。其研究结果如下：
(1)赤潮发生期间,浮游植物的稳定同位素组成分布范围较大。8C与时间呈现显著正相关,但11月6日浮游植物的8C急剧降低,恢复到赤潮前期水平；6N与时间无线性关系(p>0.05),〥N随着赤潮的发生呈现先下降(11月1日前)后上升(10月31日后)的趋势,但11月6日浮游植物的〥N继续增大,恢复到赤潮前期水平。
(2)赤潮中心区域与赤潮边缘区域的比较研究中发现,赤潮边缘区的DIP和DIN都明显低于赤潮中心区域,几乎一直维持较低浓度水平,无较大的波动,DIP几乎没有变化。〥N无论在赤潮中心区还是边缘区,都是随着赤潮的发生而呈现上升趋势：〥C在赤潮中心区随着赤潮的发生逐渐升高,但在赤潮边缘区,随着赤潮的发生而降低。
(3)绿潮爆发后绿潮藻通过多种途径抑制浮游植物的生长,与历史资料相比,绿潮爆发后,浮游植物的种类数及总细胞数下降,硅藻种类数明显低于未爆发时的调查结果。浮游植物细胞数减少,一般会导致以此为食的浮游动物数量降低,进而影响食物链的其他环节,其对浮游动物的影响有待进一步研究。
(4)采集的浒苔〥C值无明显规律可循,而〥N则呈现稍稍下降趋势。可能是因为海藻生长速率不仅跟外部环境中营养盐浓度有关,而且与细胞内营养积累有关,另外也可能与海藻本身的生存状态有关。
第三部分：本文在国内首次利用稳定同位素技术对黑石礁湾排污口附近的浮游植物和6种海洋生物的〥C和〥N进行了初步探讨,对排污口附近海域生态系统的食物网结构和营养级关系进行了研究。主要研究结果如下：
不同的生物物种的〥C和〥N存在明显的差异。生物的〥N与距离排污口的远近有关系,越靠近排污口〥N越大,与人类活动营养物质的输入有关系；〥C与距离排污口的远近没有关系,可以用〥N监测人类活动对海洋生物的影响。
The research consists of three parts.
In the first part, under laboratory conditions, the thesis takes three species of microalgae including Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt and Prorocentrum micans and Prorocentrum micans as research objects. Through stable isotope technique to make sure that the influence of nutrient salt has made to the content of the algous stable isotopics (δ13C、δ15N). It aims to discuss the relationship between different growing seasons and rate, isotopic fractionation effect and the physiological process where U. pertusa absorbs ammonia, which has an important theoretical and practical significance on understanding the aquatic ecosystem functions and the protection of ocean ecosystems. The main results are as follows:
(1) There is no relationship between the change of algous isotopic value and its taxonomic group. The isotopic value of different species are various, even the different species of the same class are distinctive. Generally speaking, the stable isotopic content of the same species at the exponential phase is lower than that at the stable phase. There is relationship between the change of algous stable isotope and its nutrition conditions which the limitation of nitric can bring about the correction of isotopic value and the phossy deficiency has no significance on the isotopic value.
(2) In the initial test phase, the assimilation of14NH4+-N and12CO2by Ulva pertusa is undergoing to satisfy their nitrogen demand for growth, which leads to the concentration of ammonia,15N and13C sharp decline in waters. After five to twenty-five hours, there is very little change of concentration of ammonia in water, which15N slowly decreases to moderate phase. After about twenty-five hours, the concentration of ammonia decreases slowly and the substrate concentration in seawater is very low. During that period, Vlva pertusa assimilates a grate quantity of15NH4+-N when14NH4+-N in waters is almost exhausted, however,15N rises. Four hours after that,13C takes on erratic fluctuations.
The second part of the research is to sample and investigate the sea area where the red tide and the green tide happen, that is the Pearl River sea area and the Qingdao seacoast. The ecological environment features at the sea area are studied, including the species and quantity of the phytoplankton and the key environment factors which affect the phytoplankton and red tide/greed tide populations like nutrient salt and so on. In addition, the stable isotope technology is firstly adopted to measure the δ13C、δ15N of the phytoplankton and the green tide algae at the sea area where red tide/greed tide happen. It aims to provide with the fundamental parameters for making control measures and the theory about protecting the environment of sea area where red tide/greed tide happen a lot. The main results are as follows:
(1) During the red tide period, the distribution scale of the phytoplankton stable isotopic is large. Results demonstrate a significantly positive correlation between δ13C and time. But the δ13C of phytoplankton declines sharply on November6th which returns to the.previous level of the red tide. There is no linear correlation between δ15N and time. With the red tide happening, the number of δ15N declines first (before November1st) and increases later (after October31st). However, the δ15N of phytoplankton keeps increasing on November6th which returns to the previous level of the red tide.
(2) With the comparison between the central area and the fringing area of the red tide, the DIP and the DIN at the fringing area are obviously lower than those at the central area, which keeps lower concentration without large fluctuation.δ15N shows a rising trend with the red tide happening wherever it is. And the numbers of δ13C at the central area increases with the red tide happening but that at the fringing area is the opposite.
(3) After the bloom of green tide, green tide algae suppresses the growth of the phytoplankton through many ways. But comparing with the historical records, the amount of the species and total cell of phytoplankton decline and it is obvious that the amount of diatom species is smaller after green tide happens. Usually, the decline of the total cellular numbers of phytoplankton can cause the decrease of the planktonic animal which feed on it, which can influence the other links of the food chain. Its influence to the planktonic animal needs further investigation.
(4) The δ13C of collected Entemorpha has no obvious rules to follow and its δ13N shows a slight decline. It might because the growth rate of the algae is not only related to the nutrient concentration of the external environment, but also related to the accumulation of the nutrition inside the cell. The existent state itself might be another reason.
In the third part, the thesis firstly adopted the stable isotope technique in China to investigate the δ13C and δ15N of the phytoplankton and6species of marine organism. Moreover, the thesis studies the food chain organization and the nutrition relationship of the ecological systems of the sea area around the drain outlet. The main results are as follows:
Significant differences were found among stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) of some species. Nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) of biota can be influenced by sewage inputs, and found that the δ15N ratios in the food webs decreased with distance from the sewage inputs. The δ15N of biota decreased significantly with distance down the sewage treatment plant, however only minor and on consistent were observed in the813C of the biota with the distance of the sewage treatment plant. Nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) can be used to monitor future trends in nitrogen to this estuary.
引文
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