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我国国有无形资产流失的法律防范
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摘要
国有资产流失是我国面临的一个严重的社会问题,其中国有无形资产的流失更具隐蔽性。与有形资产相比,无论是理论界还是企业界,对无形资产的认识和重视程度都明显不足,我国目前也缺乏完善的法律法规来约束无形资产流失。每年因国有企业破产、兼并、重组以及合资、合作经营等造成的国有无形资产流失难计其数,遏制与防范其继续流失已刻不容缓。
     本文以法学、经济学的基本理论为指导,运用经济分析、比较分析和实证分析的方法,从考察无形资产的定义和特征入手,重点分析国有企业无形资产流失的成因,并针对存在的问题,提出相应的法律对策。全文共分五个部分。
     引言部分,主要介绍我国对无形资产的认识和接受过程,并简要阐述本文的选题意义及写作思路。
     第一部分,界定我国国有无形资产。首先对国内外关于无形资产概念的不同观点进行比较分析,得出无形资产的定义,即指特定主体所控制的,不具有实物形态,对生产经营长期发挥作用且能带来经济利益的资源。它具有无形性、法律性、专有性、超额盈利性、不确定性和长期性等特征。其次,分析了我国无形资产的范围,主要包括专利权、商标权、著作权、商业秘密、商号、域名权、地理标志、商誉、土地使用权、特许权、租赁权、人力资本等。最后论述了我国国有无形资产的来源及价值。
     第二部分,论述我国国有无形资产流失的内涵及特征。国有无形资产流失是指国有无形资产的经营者、占用者、出资者、管理者、出于主观故意或者由于过失,违反法律、法规及国家有关国有资产管理、监督、经营的规定,造成国有资产损失、或者使国有资产处于流失危险的状态。而广义的流失行为,不仅指非法流失行为,还包括诸如无形资产闲置性流失、企业改制性流失、管理性流失等“合法”流失行为。本部分还阐述了我国国有无形资产流失的隐蔽性、数额不确定性、复杂性等特征。
     第三部分,分析我国国有无形资产流失的表现及成因。详细分析了我国国有无形资产的流失主要表现在商标权、专利权、商业秘密、知名商号、土地使
    
    ⑧
    硕士学位论文
    MASI’ER’S’IllESIS
    用权以及特许经营权等方面,其流失渠道主要在于国有企业的改制、合资合作、
    承包租赁以及国有企业人才流动中。并在此基础上进行了成因剖析,即无形资
    产意识淡薄、无形资产的法律保护体系不完善、国有企业产权不明晰、公司治
    理结构不健全、国有无形资产评估不规范、国有企业对无形资产管理不善等。
     ·第四部分,防范我国国有无形资产流失的法律对策。这是本文的重点。一
    般对策为:建立国有无形资产管理新体制、加快国有无形资产及其相关立法、
    完善国有企业的治理结构、健全国有无形资产评估机制。此外,国有企业应在
    其日常经营中,针对容易流失的知识产权和人力资本两个方面,积极采取措施
    加以重点保护。即加强国有企业知识产权的基础性管理;减少国有企业人才流
    动中的人力资本及商业秘密的流失。
The loss of State assets is a serious social problem facing China, among which, the loss of State intangible assets is more concealed. Compared with tangible assets, both theory and enterprise circles know little of the intangible assets and pay less attention to it, and there is lack of complete legal system to restrict the loss of the intangible assets. It is very difficult to count the annual loss of State intangible assets caused by enterprises' bankruptcy, merger, capital restructuring, joint venture or cooperation. Hence it is very urgent to prevent and take precautions against the further loss of State intangible assets.
    The article is guided by the basic theories of the science of law and economics, uses the methods of economic, comparative and demonstrative analyses. It enters on the definitions and characteristics of the intangible assets, emphatically analyzes the causes of their loss, and puts forward some corresponding legal countermeasures against the existing problems. The article consists of five sections.
    The preface mainly introduces the process of knowing and accepting the concept of intangible assets, and points out the significance of the subject and the writing conception.
    Section 1 defines State intangible assets in China. First, after comparing and analyzing some different definitions of the intangible assets in and abroad, the article draws a conclusion that the intangible assets refer to the invisible recourses which are owned by specific subjects, play a constant role on producing and operation, and can gain economic interests. Their characteristics are expounded as follows: invisible, protected by laws, exclusive, extra-profitable, uncertain, long-term and so on. Secondly, the article analyzes the scope of the intangible assets in China, it includes: patent, trademark, copyright, business secrets, business name, domain name, geographical mark, business reputation, usufruct of the land, license, leasehold, human capital, and so on. Finally, it discusses the sources and the value of State intangible assets in China.
    Section 2 discusses and analyzes the connotation and features of State assets. The loss of State intangible assets means that the manager, owner, investor or
    
    
    
    
    administer of State intangible assets violates the laws, regulations or legal provisions related to the administration, supervision and management of State assets to cause State assets to lose or in damage of loss. However, besides the illegal behavior, the loss behavior, in a broad sense, also refers to the legal behavior, such as the loss by leaving the assets unused, in the process of reshaping State-owned firms to further diverse shareholding business, because of poor management, etc. In addition, the features of the loss are explained as concealment, uncertainty in sum and complexity.
    Section 3 analyzes the forms of expression and causes of the loss of State intangible assets in China. The loss mainly exists in that of trademark, patent, business secrets, famous trade name, leasehold of the land and license. They always lost in the process of reshaping State-owned firms to further diverse shareholding business, joint venture or co-operation, contract to manage or tenancy and the flow of person with ability at the state enterprises. On this basis, the section analyzes the causes, as follows: the weak sense of the intangibles, imperfect legal system of protecting the intangibles, unclear property right of the state enterprises, unhealthy control structure of the company, abnormal appraisal of the intangible assets, poor management.
    Section 4 is the legal countermeasures against the loss, which is the stress of the article. The general countermeasures include: setting up a new management system of State intangible assets, speeding the legislation of State intangibles, perfecting the control structure of State enterprises, and amplifying the appraisal system of the intangible assets. Moreover, State-owned enterprises (SOEs) should take active measures to protect their intellectual property rights and human capita
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