激光雕刻切割机对焦系统的研究
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摘要
激光雕刻、切割都是利用激光束聚焦形成的高功率密度的光斑，将材料快速加热至汽化温度，将材料去除，从而获得所需要的图案和切缝的加工方法。由于功率密度与光束截面直径的平方成反比，而焦点处的直径最小，因而功率密度最高。为了获得高质量的切缝，就要精确确定焦点的位置。激光雕刻切割机的对焦系统的研究对提高机床的加工精度和提高加工质量具有重要的现实意义。
本文在激光束聚集理论的基础上，分析了激光光路系统的结构和聚焦系统的功能。针对CLS2000型激光雕刻切割机现有的调焦系统不能准确确定焦点位置的缺点，提出并设计了一套以自准直望远镜为主要部件的几何光学对焦系统。用Solidworks软件完成了对焦装置的机械结构设计和三维实体建模，并进行了虚拟装配和零件图的生成；完成了实际装置的制作、装配和调试。
将对焦装置切入现有机床的光路系统，组成新的对焦系统，通过试验验证了系统的可行性。比较了采用此对焦系统和采用其它常用方法对焦点位置进行检测的准确性。
此外，还研究了激光切割PMMA时各工艺参数(主要包括激光电流、切割速度、焦点位置)对加工质量的影响，得出获得优质加工质量的工艺参数范围，为生产过程提供工艺上的指导。
Laser carving and cutting are technologies using a spot with high power and density formed by focused laser beam. During the carving or cutting the material is heated rapidly to the vaporization temperature, and wipes off by assistant air, then make the beam or material moving and gain the pattern or narrow kerf. As the power density is inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the laser beam and the diameter of focus is the smallest, therefore the power density is the highest. In order to obtain high-quality kerf, it is necessary to assure the accurate location of the focus. The study of the focusing system of Laser carving and cutting machine has great realistic significance to improve the process accuracy and the process quality of the machine.
This paper analyses the structure of laser optical system and the function of focusing system. Against the shortcomings that the existing focusing system of CLS2000 laser carving and cutting machine could not determine the location of the focus accurately, a geometrical optics system contains an auto collimating telescope was raised and designed. SolidWorks software is used to design the mechanical structure of the focusing device, and 3D modeling was achieved and parts drawings were developed. The production, assembly and debugging of the actual device has completed.
The focusing device is installed into the optical system and forms a new focusing system, the feasibility was proved by experiments. And the accuracy by using this focusing system and other common methods to detect the position of the focus was compared.
The effect of technical parameters (mainly including laser current, cutting speed, focus position) on the quality of laser cutting PMMA was studied. The changing range of the technical parameters to access high-quality product was gained, it can provid technological guidance for the real production.
本文在激光束聚集理论的基础上，分析了激光光路系统的结构和聚焦系统的功能。针对CLS2000型激光雕刻切割机现有的调焦系统不能准确确定焦点位置的缺点，提出并设计了一套以自准直望远镜为主要部件的几何光学对焦系统。用Solidworks软件完成了对焦装置的机械结构设计和三维实体建模，并进行了虚拟装配和零件图的生成；完成了实际装置的制作、装配和调试。
将对焦装置切入现有机床的光路系统，组成新的对焦系统，通过试验验证了系统的可行性。比较了采用此对焦系统和采用其它常用方法对焦点位置进行检测的准确性。
此外，还研究了激光切割PMMA时各工艺参数(主要包括激光电流、切割速度、焦点位置)对加工质量的影响，得出获得优质加工质量的工艺参数范围，为生产过程提供工艺上的指导。
Laser carving and cutting are technologies using a spot with high power and density formed by focused laser beam. During the carving or cutting the material is heated rapidly to the vaporization temperature, and wipes off by assistant air, then make the beam or material moving and gain the pattern or narrow kerf. As the power density is inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the laser beam and the diameter of focus is the smallest, therefore the power density is the highest. In order to obtain high-quality kerf, it is necessary to assure the accurate location of the focus. The study of the focusing system of Laser carving and cutting machine has great realistic significance to improve the process accuracy and the process quality of the machine.
This paper analyses the structure of laser optical system and the function of focusing system. Against the shortcomings that the existing focusing system of CLS2000 laser carving and cutting machine could not determine the location of the focus accurately, a geometrical optics system contains an auto collimating telescope was raised and designed. SolidWorks software is used to design the mechanical structure of the focusing device, and 3D modeling was achieved and parts drawings were developed. The production, assembly and debugging of the actual device has completed.
The focusing device is installed into the optical system and forms a new focusing system, the feasibility was proved by experiments. And the accuracy by using this focusing system and other common methods to detect the position of the focus was compared.
The effect of technical parameters (mainly including laser current, cutting speed, focus position) on the quality of laser cutting PMMA was studied. The changing range of the technical parameters to access high-quality product was gained, it can provid technological guidance for the real production.
引文
[1] 邱明新．下一代二氧化碳激光雕刻机的探讨．光学与精密工程，1996，4(1)：21-24
[2] 陈持平．微机控制二氧化碳激光雕刻机．应用激光，1993，13(2)：75-77
[3] 高晓丽．传能光纤激光雕刻机图像处理技术的研究[D]．燕山大学信息科学与土程学院，2004
[4] 陈莹等．大幅面倍频Nd：YAG激光雕刻机的研究．应用激光，1997，17(1)：9-10
[5] 陈绮丽，黄诗君，张宏超．激光技术在材料加工中的应用现状与展望．2006，(8)：221-223
[6] 张国顺．现代激光制造技术．化学工业出版社，2005．10
[7] Ivaylo I. Balchev, Nikolai I. Minkovski, Ivan K. Kostadinov, Nikola V. Sabotinov. High-speed Laser Micromachining with Copper Bromide Laser
[8] 王续跃，杨金奎．先进激光加工技术，机械工业出版社，1995．12
[9] Laser Cutting. Published by the Center for Metals Fabrication, Vol.3,No. 9, 1986:1-6
[10] Powell J. CO_2 Laser Cutting[M]. London: Springer—Ver—lag, 1993.
[11] 陈树明．激光切割技术现状与发展．锻压机械，2002．2：3-5
[12] 周炳琨等．激光原理．第4版．北京：国防工业出版社，2000
[13] 李湘宁．工程光学．北京：科学出版社，2005
[14] 胡家升．光学工程导论．大连理工大学出版社，2002
[15] 赵熹华．焊接方法与机电一体化．北京：机械工业出版社，2000
[16] 花银群，陈瑞芳等．激光切割表面质量比照判别与控制方法．金属热处理，2001，26(11)：25-27
[17] 雷訇，李强，左铁钏．大功率激光光束参数的测量方法．光电子．激光，2003，8，11(4)：372-374
[18] 闫毓禾，钟敏霖．高功率激光加工及应用．第一版．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1994
[19] 王家金．激光加工技术．中国计量出版社，1992，11：73
[20] 田芊，廖延彪，孙利群．工程光学．北京：清华大学出版社，2006．5
[21] 黄红强．凸透镜焦距测量的误差分析和减小方法．广西右江民族师专学报，2003，16(3)：35-37
[22] 《光学仪器设计手册》编辑组．光学仪器设计手册(上册)．国防工业出版社，1971
[23] 朱基珍．凸透镜焦距测量方法概述．广西物理，1997，18(1)：37-38
[24] 胡兴军，刘向阳．激光切割的基本原理及新进展．高新技术，2004，(12)：42-43
[25] Adams, M.J., Metal Construction and Brit. Weld. J., 2,1979, No.1,1.
[26] Arata, Y. et al., Trans, JWRI 8, 1979,No.2,15.
[27] 中国金属学会特殊钢专业学会．1995年特殊钢学术年会论文集[C]．中国本溪：1995，8：56-60．
[28] 金岡優(日)．激光加工．机械工业出版社，2005．7
[29] Belie I, Stanic J. A method to determine the parameters of laser iron and steel cutting[J]. Opt &Laser Technology, 1987, 19(6): 309-311.
[30] A. Ivarson,J. Powell, J. Kamalu et al.. The oxidation dynamics of laser cutting of mild steel and the generation of striations on the cut edge[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1994, 40(3-4): 359-374
[31] Hua Yinqun, Chen Ruifang, Zhang Yongkang et al.. Comparison inspection and control methods of surface quality of laser cutting [J]. Heat Treatment of Metals, 2001, 26(11): 25-27
[32] 张永康．激光加工技术．化学工业出版社，2004．7
[33] 万枝铭，朱敏生．有机玻璃切削加工[J]机械工人—刀具．2007．6：36-38
[34] 毛宽民，陈吉红，唐小琦．激光与透明类非金属材料相互作用的实验研究[J]．应用激光20001，10 20(5)：221-222
[2] 陈持平．微机控制二氧化碳激光雕刻机．应用激光，1993，13(2)：75-77
[3] 高晓丽．传能光纤激光雕刻机图像处理技术的研究[D]．燕山大学信息科学与土程学院，2004
[4] 陈莹等．大幅面倍频Nd：YAG激光雕刻机的研究．应用激光，1997，17(1)：9-10
[5] 陈绮丽，黄诗君，张宏超．激光技术在材料加工中的应用现状与展望．2006，(8)：221-223
[6] 张国顺．现代激光制造技术．化学工业出版社，2005．10
[7] Ivaylo I. Balchev, Nikolai I. Minkovski, Ivan K. Kostadinov, Nikola V. Sabotinov. High-speed Laser Micromachining with Copper Bromide Laser
[8] 王续跃，杨金奎．先进激光加工技术，机械工业出版社，1995．12
[9] Laser Cutting. Published by the Center for Metals Fabrication, Vol.3,No. 9, 1986:1-6
[10] Powell J. CO_2 Laser Cutting[M]. London: Springer—Ver—lag, 1993.
[11] 陈树明．激光切割技术现状与发展．锻压机械，2002．2：3-5
[12] 周炳琨等．激光原理．第4版．北京：国防工业出版社，2000
[13] 李湘宁．工程光学．北京：科学出版社，2005
[14] 胡家升．光学工程导论．大连理工大学出版社，2002
[15] 赵熹华．焊接方法与机电一体化．北京：机械工业出版社，2000
[16] 花银群，陈瑞芳等．激光切割表面质量比照判别与控制方法．金属热处理，2001，26(11)：25-27
[17] 雷訇，李强，左铁钏．大功率激光光束参数的测量方法．光电子．激光，2003，8，11(4)：372-374
[18] 闫毓禾，钟敏霖．高功率激光加工及应用．第一版．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1994
[19] 王家金．激光加工技术．中国计量出版社，1992，11：73
[20] 田芊，廖延彪，孙利群．工程光学．北京：清华大学出版社，2006．5
[21] 黄红强．凸透镜焦距测量的误差分析和减小方法．广西右江民族师专学报，2003，16(3)：35-37
[22] 《光学仪器设计手册》编辑组．光学仪器设计手册(上册)．国防工业出版社，1971
[23] 朱基珍．凸透镜焦距测量方法概述．广西物理，1997，18(1)：37-38
[24] 胡兴军，刘向阳．激光切割的基本原理及新进展．高新技术，2004，(12)：42-43
[25] Adams, M.J., Metal Construction and Brit. Weld. J., 2,1979, No.1,1.
[26] Arata, Y. et al., Trans, JWRI 8, 1979,No.2,15.
[27] 中国金属学会特殊钢专业学会．1995年特殊钢学术年会论文集[C]．中国本溪：1995，8：56-60．
[28] 金岡優(日)．激光加工．机械工业出版社，2005．7
[29] Belie I, Stanic J. A method to determine the parameters of laser iron and steel cutting[J]. Opt &Laser Technology, 1987, 19(6): 309-311.
[30] A. Ivarson,J. Powell, J. Kamalu et al.. The oxidation dynamics of laser cutting of mild steel and the generation of striations on the cut edge[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1994, 40(3-4): 359-374
[31] Hua Yinqun, Chen Ruifang, Zhang Yongkang et al.. Comparison inspection and control methods of surface quality of laser cutting [J]. Heat Treatment of Metals, 2001, 26(11): 25-27
[32] 张永康．激光加工技术．化学工业出版社，2004．7
[33] 万枝铭，朱敏生．有机玻璃切削加工[J]机械工人—刀具．2007．6：36-38
[34] 毛宽民，陈吉红，唐小琦．激光与透明类非金属材料相互作用的实验研究[J]．应用激光20001，10 20(5)：221-222