复合权力结构与分裂国家统一模式
摘要
二战后,国际社会中出现了越南、德国、朝鲜等分裂国家。其中,越南、德国分别通过武力、和平模式完成了国家统一。为什么两国能够完成国家统一?为什么两国采取了不同的统一模式?笔者认为,分裂国家统一及其模式选择不是“行为体取向”单一发展的逻辑,而是“结构性取向”综合作用的结果。本文尝试以“复合权力结构”为视角,通过对越南、德国的比较研究,论证“复合权力结构影响分裂国家统一及其模式选择”这一理论假设。
复合权力结构是一种多维力量的综合体系,横向上包含硬权力和软权力结构两大内涵,纵向上涉及国家、地区、全球权力结构三个层面,可以细化为国家—硬权力结构、国家—软权力结构、地区—硬权力结构、地区—软权力结构、全球—硬权力结构、全球—软权力结构六项内容。
越南武力统一、德国和平统一与“复合权力结构”密切相关。在国家层面,二者的国家—硬权力结构分别体现为南北越南、东西德国的“政治军事”关系:南北越南政治军事对立、北越武力主导政治军事统一;东西德国政治军事缓和、西德和平主导政治军事统一。二者的国家—软权力结构分别体现为南北越南、东西德国的“经济社会”关系:南北越南经济社会离散、北越武力主导经济社会统一;东西德国经济社会整合,西德和平主导经济社会统一。
在地区层面,越南与德国的地区—硬权力结构分别体现为中国、法国的“地区大国”因素:中国与南越处于敌对状态、中国默认北越武力主导统一;法国与东西德国关系缓和、法国默认西德和平主导统一。二者的地区—软权力结构分别体现为以东盟、欧共体为特征的“区域主义”状态:南北越南均处于东盟之外、地区局势呈现霍布斯主义文化状态;西德处于欧共体之内,地区局势呈现洛克主义文化状态。
在全球层面,越南与德国的全球—硬权力结构均体现为美苏两极的“极的关系”:美弱苏强、美国从东南亚实行战略撤退;苏弱美强、苏联从东欧实行战略撤退。二者的全球—软权力结构都体现为以社会主义和资本主义阵营关系为特征的“意识形态”:美国从南越收缩、美苏默认北越武力主导统一;苏联从东德收缩、美苏默认西德和平主导统一。
通过越南、德国比较研究,可以归纳出分裂国家统一问题的同质性与异质性复合权力结构。其中,分裂国家能实现国家统一与“同质性复合权力结构”密切相关:(1)在国家层面,国家—硬权力结构表现为内部主导政治军事统一进程;国家—软权力结构体现为内部主导经济社会统一进程。(2)在地区层面,地区—硬权力结构表现为地区大国默认分裂方主导统一进程。(3)在全球层面,全球—硬权力结构呈现为两极失衡、一极在地区的战略撤退;全球—软权力结构体现为一极在分裂一方收缩、两极默认分裂方主导统一进程。
分裂国家统一武力或和平模式选择与“异质性复合权力结构”密切相关:(1)在国家层面,国家—硬权力结构表现为政治军事“对立”或“缓和”、内部“武力”或“和平”主导政治军事统一。国家—软权力结构体现为经济社会“离散”或“整合”、内部“武力”或“和平”主导经济社会统一。(2)在地区层面,地区—硬权力结构呈现为地区大国与分裂“一方对立”或“双方缓和”、地区大国默认分裂方“武力”或“和平”主导统一进程;地区—软权力结构涉及分裂方处于区域组织“之外”或“之内”、分裂方“不受”或“受到”地区组织限制。(3)在全球层面,全球—软权力结构体现为美苏两极默认分裂方“武力”或“和平”主导。其中,国家、地区、全球层面每一项内容的前一因素影响了武力统一模式的选择,后一因素影响了和平统一模式的选择。
综上所述,复合权力结构影响分裂国家统一及其模式选择。其中,同质性复合权力结构影响分裂国家能否实现统一,异质性复合权力结构影响分裂国家统一进程中武力或和平模式的选择。该理论的研究对分析朝鲜、中国的统一问题具有一定的参考价值。
Among the Divided-Nations such as Vietnam,Germany and Korea arising after the Second World War,Vietnam was reunified by force,while Germany was reunified in a peaceful way.Why were they able to reunify? Why did they adopt different unification models? The author believes that these issues could not be explained in the logic of "actor orientation",but in the logic of "structure orientation".This dissertation attempts to compare the unification models of the two nations in the perspective of Complex Power Structure and support the hypothesis that "Complex Power Structure determines Divided-Nations' reunification and their model selection".
Complex Power Structure is a system of multi-powers.It contains hard power structure and soft power structure.It involves three levels——national power structure,regional power structure and global power structure.Therefore,Complex Power Structure includes six parts which are national-hard power structure, national-soft power structure,regional-hard power structure,regional-soft power structure,global-hard power structure,and global-soft power structure.
Vietnam's reunification by force and Germany's peaceful reunification were both the consequence of given complex power structure.On the national level,national -hard power structure included the "political and military" factors,involving the political and military relations between RVN and DRVN,GDR and FRG separately. The political and martial relationship between RVN and DRVN was in tension,and DRVN led the political and martial reunification process by force.While the political and martial relationship between GDR and FRG was in détente,and FRG led the political and martial reunification process in a peaceful way.National-soft power structure was embodied in the "economy and society",including the economic and social relations between DRVN and RVN,FRG and GDR correspondingly.The economic and social relations between RVN and DRVN were in separation,and DRVN led the economic and social reunification process by force.The economic and social relations between GDR and FRG were in integration,and FRG led the economic and social reunification process peacefully.
On the regional level,regional-hard power structure was reflected by the "regional big power",related to PRC and FR respectively.PRC and RVN were in hostility,and PRC admitted Vietnam's forceful reunification led by DRVN.While FR improved the relations with GDR and FRG,and accepted the Germany peaceful reunification led by FRG.Regional-soft power structure existed in "regionalism", including ASEAN,EC.Both DRVN and RVN were out of ASEAN,and the Hobbesian culture prevailed in East Asia.While FRG was one of the founders of EC, and the Europe owed Lockean culture.
On the global level,global-hard power structure was embodied in the "polar relations",both in the hi-polar characteristics led by U.S.and U.S.S.R.In Vietnam's reunification,U.S.was weaker than U.S.S.R.at that time,and U.S.'s strategic strength in East Asia was declining at that time.While in Germany's reunification,U.S.S.R. was weaker than U.S.,and U.S.S.R.'s influence in East Europe was trailing off. Global-soft power structure was concretely expressed as "ideology",which was characterized by the relationship between socialism and capitalism.As to Vietnam, U.S.army withdrew from RVN,and both U.S.and U.S.S.R.admitted Vietnam's forceful reunification by DRVN.While as to Germany,U.S.S.R.lost the control of GDR,and both U.S.and U.S.S.R.accepted the absorption of the GDR into the FRG.
By comparison,we can find the homogeneities and heterogeneities of "Complex Power Structure" in the process of Divided-Nations' reunification.1) Homogeneity is characterized by the followings:On the national level,both Vietnam's and Germany's national-hard power structures were that one of the divided parts led the political and martial reunification process;and both National-soft power structures were that one of the divided parts led the economic and social reunification process.On the regional level,both Vietnam's and Germany's regional-hard power structures were that the regional power accepted the divided nation's reunification process.On the global level,both Vietnam's and Germany's global-hard power structures were that the two poles were unbalanced,and one pole withdrew from the strategic region;and both of global-soft power structures were that one pole lost the control of the divided part, and two poles admitted the divided nations reunification by the divided part.
2) Heterogeneity is characterized by the followings:On the national level, nation-hard power structures were that political and martial relations were in tension or in détente,and one of the divided parts led the political and martial reunification process by force or in a peaceful way.National-soft power structures were that economic and social relations were in separation or in integration,and one of divided parts led the economic and social reunification process by force or peacefully.On the regional level,the regional-hard power structures were that the relationships between regional power and divided parts were in hostility or in friendship,and the regional power accepted the divided nation's reunification process by force or in a peaceful way.The regional-soft power structures were that the divided parts were in or out of the regional organization,and the regionalism was Hobbesian culture or Lockean culture.On the global level,the global-soft power structure was that global poles admitted the divided nation's reunification by force or in a peaceful way.In the above, the former factor led to the forceful reunification,and the latter factor led to the peaceful reunification.
All the works help us draw a conclusion:"Complex Power Structures determines Divided-Nations' reunification and their model selection".The homogeneities of Complex Power Structure determine whether the Divided-Nations could be reunified or not.The heterogeneities of Complex Power Structure determine whether the Divided-Nations' reunification would choose the force model or the peace model. These theories will count for the Korea and China unification studies to some extent.
复合权力结构是一种多维力量的综合体系,横向上包含硬权力和软权力结构两大内涵,纵向上涉及国家、地区、全球权力结构三个层面,可以细化为国家—硬权力结构、国家—软权力结构、地区—硬权力结构、地区—软权力结构、全球—硬权力结构、全球—软权力结构六项内容。
越南武力统一、德国和平统一与“复合权力结构”密切相关。在国家层面,二者的国家—硬权力结构分别体现为南北越南、东西德国的“政治军事”关系:南北越南政治军事对立、北越武力主导政治军事统一;东西德国政治军事缓和、西德和平主导政治军事统一。二者的国家—软权力结构分别体现为南北越南、东西德国的“经济社会”关系:南北越南经济社会离散、北越武力主导经济社会统一;东西德国经济社会整合,西德和平主导经济社会统一。
在地区层面,越南与德国的地区—硬权力结构分别体现为中国、法国的“地区大国”因素:中国与南越处于敌对状态、中国默认北越武力主导统一;法国与东西德国关系缓和、法国默认西德和平主导统一。二者的地区—软权力结构分别体现为以东盟、欧共体为特征的“区域主义”状态:南北越南均处于东盟之外、地区局势呈现霍布斯主义文化状态;西德处于欧共体之内,地区局势呈现洛克主义文化状态。
在全球层面,越南与德国的全球—硬权力结构均体现为美苏两极的“极的关系”:美弱苏强、美国从东南亚实行战略撤退;苏弱美强、苏联从东欧实行战略撤退。二者的全球—软权力结构都体现为以社会主义和资本主义阵营关系为特征的“意识形态”:美国从南越收缩、美苏默认北越武力主导统一;苏联从东德收缩、美苏默认西德和平主导统一。
通过越南、德国比较研究,可以归纳出分裂国家统一问题的同质性与异质性复合权力结构。其中,分裂国家能实现国家统一与“同质性复合权力结构”密切相关:(1)在国家层面,国家—硬权力结构表现为内部主导政治军事统一进程;国家—软权力结构体现为内部主导经济社会统一进程。(2)在地区层面,地区—硬权力结构表现为地区大国默认分裂方主导统一进程。(3)在全球层面,全球—硬权力结构呈现为两极失衡、一极在地区的战略撤退;全球—软权力结构体现为一极在分裂一方收缩、两极默认分裂方主导统一进程。
分裂国家统一武力或和平模式选择与“异质性复合权力结构”密切相关:(1)在国家层面,国家—硬权力结构表现为政治军事“对立”或“缓和”、内部“武力”或“和平”主导政治军事统一。国家—软权力结构体现为经济社会“离散”或“整合”、内部“武力”或“和平”主导经济社会统一。(2)在地区层面,地区—硬权力结构呈现为地区大国与分裂“一方对立”或“双方缓和”、地区大国默认分裂方“武力”或“和平”主导统一进程;地区—软权力结构涉及分裂方处于区域组织“之外”或“之内”、分裂方“不受”或“受到”地区组织限制。(3)在全球层面,全球—软权力结构体现为美苏两极默认分裂方“武力”或“和平”主导。其中,国家、地区、全球层面每一项内容的前一因素影响了武力统一模式的选择,后一因素影响了和平统一模式的选择。
综上所述,复合权力结构影响分裂国家统一及其模式选择。其中,同质性复合权力结构影响分裂国家能否实现统一,异质性复合权力结构影响分裂国家统一进程中武力或和平模式的选择。该理论的研究对分析朝鲜、中国的统一问题具有一定的参考价值。
Among the Divided-Nations such as Vietnam,Germany and Korea arising after the Second World War,Vietnam was reunified by force,while Germany was reunified in a peaceful way.Why were they able to reunify? Why did they adopt different unification models? The author believes that these issues could not be explained in the logic of "actor orientation",but in the logic of "structure orientation".This dissertation attempts to compare the unification models of the two nations in the perspective of Complex Power Structure and support the hypothesis that "Complex Power Structure determines Divided-Nations' reunification and their model selection".
Complex Power Structure is a system of multi-powers.It contains hard power structure and soft power structure.It involves three levels——national power structure,regional power structure and global power structure.Therefore,Complex Power Structure includes six parts which are national-hard power structure, national-soft power structure,regional-hard power structure,regional-soft power structure,global-hard power structure,and global-soft power structure.
Vietnam's reunification by force and Germany's peaceful reunification were both the consequence of given complex power structure.On the national level,national -hard power structure included the "political and military" factors,involving the political and military relations between RVN and DRVN,GDR and FRG separately. The political and martial relationship between RVN and DRVN was in tension,and DRVN led the political and martial reunification process by force.While the political and martial relationship between GDR and FRG was in détente,and FRG led the political and martial reunification process in a peaceful way.National-soft power structure was embodied in the "economy and society",including the economic and social relations between DRVN and RVN,FRG and GDR correspondingly.The economic and social relations between RVN and DRVN were in separation,and DRVN led the economic and social reunification process by force.The economic and social relations between GDR and FRG were in integration,and FRG led the economic and social reunification process peacefully.
On the regional level,regional-hard power structure was reflected by the "regional big power",related to PRC and FR respectively.PRC and RVN were in hostility,and PRC admitted Vietnam's forceful reunification led by DRVN.While FR improved the relations with GDR and FRG,and accepted the Germany peaceful reunification led by FRG.Regional-soft power structure existed in "regionalism", including ASEAN,EC.Both DRVN and RVN were out of ASEAN,and the Hobbesian culture prevailed in East Asia.While FRG was one of the founders of EC, and the Europe owed Lockean culture.
On the global level,global-hard power structure was embodied in the "polar relations",both in the hi-polar characteristics led by U.S.and U.S.S.R.In Vietnam's reunification,U.S.was weaker than U.S.S.R.at that time,and U.S.'s strategic strength in East Asia was declining at that time.While in Germany's reunification,U.S.S.R. was weaker than U.S.,and U.S.S.R.'s influence in East Europe was trailing off. Global-soft power structure was concretely expressed as "ideology",which was characterized by the relationship between socialism and capitalism.As to Vietnam, U.S.army withdrew from RVN,and both U.S.and U.S.S.R.admitted Vietnam's forceful reunification by DRVN.While as to Germany,U.S.S.R.lost the control of GDR,and both U.S.and U.S.S.R.accepted the absorption of the GDR into the FRG.
By comparison,we can find the homogeneities and heterogeneities of "Complex Power Structure" in the process of Divided-Nations' reunification.1) Homogeneity is characterized by the followings:On the national level,both Vietnam's and Germany's national-hard power structures were that one of the divided parts led the political and martial reunification process;and both National-soft power structures were that one of the divided parts led the economic and social reunification process.On the regional level,both Vietnam's and Germany's regional-hard power structures were that the regional power accepted the divided nation's reunification process.On the global level,both Vietnam's and Germany's global-hard power structures were that the two poles were unbalanced,and one pole withdrew from the strategic region;and both of global-soft power structures were that one pole lost the control of the divided part, and two poles admitted the divided nations reunification by the divided part.
2) Heterogeneity is characterized by the followings:On the national level, nation-hard power structures were that political and martial relations were in tension or in détente,and one of the divided parts led the political and martial reunification process by force or in a peaceful way.National-soft power structures were that economic and social relations were in separation or in integration,and one of divided parts led the economic and social reunification process by force or peacefully.On the regional level,the regional-hard power structures were that the relationships between regional power and divided parts were in hostility or in friendship,and the regional power accepted the divided nation's reunification process by force or in a peaceful way.The regional-soft power structures were that the divided parts were in or out of the regional organization,and the regionalism was Hobbesian culture or Lockean culture.On the global level,the global-soft power structure was that global poles admitted the divided nation's reunification by force or in a peaceful way.In the above, the former factor led to the forceful reunification,and the latter factor led to the peaceful reunification.
All the works help us draw a conclusion:"Complex Power Structures determines Divided-Nations' reunification and their model selection".The homogeneities of Complex Power Structure determine whether the Divided-Nations could be reunified or not.The heterogeneities of Complex Power Structure determine whether the Divided-Nations' reunification would choose the force model or the peace model. These theories will count for the Korea and China unification studies to some extent.
引文
1 学术界有观点认为,中国也属于二战后的分裂国家。笔者认为,中国的情况与越南、德国、朝鲜三国有所不同:1971年台湾退出联合国后,未被国际社会承认为主权国家,只是作为一个地区存在;而越南、德国、朝鲜分裂后,分裂双方先后成为了联合国会员国的成员,主权国家的身份受到国际社会的承认。因此,笔者认为中国不同于分裂国家。尽管如此,分裂国家统一的经验值得中国参考与借鉴。
2[美]约翰·罗尔克编著,宋伟等译:《世界舞台上的国际政治(第9版)》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第239页。
3 王浦劬主编:《政治学基础》,北京大学出版社,1998年版,第237页。
4 Philpott,Daniel "Westphalia,Authority,and International Society",PoIiticaI Studies,47/3,1999,pp.566-589.
5[英]戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺主编:《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书(The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science)》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1982年版,第490页。
6 Gregory Henderson,Richard Ned Lebow,John S.Stoessinger eds.,Divided Nations in a Divided World,The American Political Science Review,Vol.71,No.3,Sep.,1977,p.1233.
7[台]张五岳:《分裂国家互动模式与统一政策之比较研究》,台北:业强出版社,1992年,第2-3页,Wu Yu-Shan,"Theorizing on Relations across the Taiwan Strait:Nine Contending Approaches",Journal of Contemporary China,Sept.,2000,p.408.
8[台]邹文海:《政治学(第19版)》,台北:三民书局,1988年版,第151-154页。
9 《大不列颠百科全书(第17册)》,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1987年版,第533页。
10[台]赵国材:《从国际法观点论分裂国家之承认》,载《中国国际法与国际事务年报(第3卷)》,台北商务印书馆,1988年版,第28-29页。
11[台]张五岳:《分裂国家互动模式与统一政策之比较研究》,台北:业强出版社,1992年,第2-3页。
12[美]约翰·米尔斯海默著,王义桅、唐小松译:《大国政治的悲剧》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第43页。
13 Moe,"On the Scientific Status of Rational Models",American Journal of Political Science,No.1,February,1979,pp.215-243.
14 H.Butterfield and M.Wight eds.,Diplomatic Investigation,London:Geogre Allen & Unwin,pp.35-60.
15 Polanyi,Michael,"The Growth of Thought in Society." Economica,vol.8.New York:Harper Torchbooks,November 1941,pp.428-456.
16 无政府状态及它对国际政治的影响是由洛斯·迪金森(G.Lowes Dickinson)首先表述的,见G.Lowes Dickinson,The European Anarchy,New York:Macmillan,1916。关于对无政府状态更详细的论述,见Waltz,Theory of International Politics,Peking University Press,2004,pp.88-93;Robert J.Art and Robert Jervis,eds.,"Anarchy and its Consequence",International Politics:Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues,HaperCollins College Press,1996,pp.1-81.Helen Milner,"The Assumption of Anarchy in International Relations Theory:A Critique",Review of International Studies,17,No.1,January 1991,pp.67-85.
17 Barnard,Chester I."On Planning for World Government",in Chester I.Barnard.,Organization and Management.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1948,pp.148-152.
18[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第93页。
19 Stanley Hoffman:"Hedley Bull and His Contribution to International Relation",International Affairs,Vol.62,No.2,Spring,1986,p.180.
20 G..L.Dickinson:The International Anarchy,London:Allen &Unwin,1926,p.37.
21 Nicholas J.Wheeler,Timothy Dunne,"Hedley Bull's Pluralism of the Intellect and Solidarism of the Will",International Affairs,Vol.72,No.1,Jan.,1996,p.105.
22[英]赫德利·布尔著,张小明译:《无政府社会:世界政治秩序研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,第53-59页。
23 Spruyt,Hendrik,The Sovereign State and Its Competitors:A Analysis of Systems Change,Princeton,NJ:Prinston University Press,1994.p.1.
24[美]约翰·罗尔克编著,宋伟等译:《世界舞台上的国际政治(第9版)》,北京人学出版社,2005年版,第248页。
25 Robert O.Keohane,and Joseph S.Nye,"Globalization:What's New? What's Not?(And So What?)",Foreign Policy,1999,p.118.
26 Fowler,Michael Ross,and Julie Marie Bunck,Law,Power and the Sovereign States:The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty,University Park:University of Pennsylvania Press,1995,p.163.
27 Weiss,Linda,The Myth of the Powerless State,Ithaca,Ny:Cornell University Press,1998,p.204.
28 Turner,Federick C.,and Alejandro L.Corbacho,"New Roles for the State ",International Social Science Journal,2000,pp.118-119.
29 Sorensen,George,"Sovereignty:Change and Continuity in a Fundamental Institution",Political Studies,1999,p.601.
30 王逸舟:“国家利益再思考”,载《中国社会科学》,2002年第2期,161页。
31[美]约翰·米尔斯海默著,王义桅、唐小松译:《大国政治的悲剧》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第44页。
32 同上,第44页。
33 同上,第190页。
34[英]爱德华·卡尔著,秦亚青译:《20年危机(1919-1939):国际关系研究导论》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年版,第98页。
35 New York Times,March 7,1996,p.A10.
36[美]汉斯·摩根索著,卢明华、时殷弘、林勇军译:《国际纵横策论——争强权,求和平》,上海译文出版社,1995年版,第151页。
37 同上,第152页。
38 关于人口和军事能力关系方面的著作,参见Kingsley Davis,“The Demographic Foundations of National Power",in Morroe Berger,Theodore Abel,and Charles H.Page,eds.,Freedom and Control in Modern Societies,New York:Van Nostrand,1954,pp.206-242;Katherine Organski and A.F.K.Organski,Population and World Power,New York:Knopf,1961;Michael S.Teitelbaum and Jay M.Winter,The Fear of Population Decline,Orlando,FL:Academic Press,1985.
39 Simon Kuznets,Modern Economic Growth:Rate,Structure,and Spread,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1996,chap.2.
40 Klaus Knorr,The War Potential of Nations,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1956,p.32.
41 Inis L.Claude,Jr.,Sword into Plowshares." The Problem and Progress of International Organizations,4~(th)ed.,New York:Random House,1971,p.14.
42 Johnston Alastair I.,and Robert S.Ross,eds.,Engaging China." The Management of Emerging,Power,New York:Routledge,1999,p.29.
43 叶立煊:《西方政治思想史》,福建人民出版社,1992年版,第173页。
44[韩]洪承勉:“分断国问题的再发现”,载安保统一问题研究所编:《东西德与南北韩》,汉城:东亚日报社,1973年。
45 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛:二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年版。
46 Hungdah Chiu and Robert Downen eds.,Multi-System Nations and International Status of Germany,Korea,and China,Baltimore:Occasional Pagers Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies,Univ.of Maryland School of Law,1981.
47 范宏云:“两德统一与两岸统一之国际法比较分析”,载《湖北行政学院学报》,2006年第3期,第21-26页。
48[台]朴光得:《从德国模式看韩国统一问题之研究》,国立台湾大学政治研究所硕士论文,1985年版。
49[台]梁锦文:《自德国模式研究中国统一问题》,国立台湾大学政治学研究所硕士论文,1988年版。
50[美]赵全胜、萨特R.:《分裂与统一:中国、韩国、德国、越南经验之比较研究》,台北:桂冠图书股份有限公司,1994年版,第4页。
51[台]张五岳:《分裂国家互动模式与统一政策之比较研究》,台北:业强出版社,1992年版。
52[美]赵全胜、萨特R.:《分裂与统一:中国、韩国、德国、越南经验之比较研究》,台 北:桂冠图书股份有限公司,1994年版,第4页。
53[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第132页。
54 Richard Little,"The Systems Approach",in Steve Smith,ed.,International Relations:British and American Perspective,Oxford,England:Basil Blackwell,in association with the British International Studies Association,1985,p.74.
55 Wendt,"The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations",International Organization 41,1987,pp.335-370.
56 David Dessler,"What's at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?",International Organization 43,1989,p.441.
57 Robert W.Cox,"Production,the State,and Changes in World Order",in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N.Rosenau,eds.,Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges:approaches to World Politics for the 1990s,Lexington,MA,and Toroto:Lexington Books,1989,pp.37-38
58 Anthony Giddens,The Constitution of Society,Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California,1984,p.25.
59[美]玛莎·费丽莫著,袁正清译:《国际社会中的国家利益》,浙江人民出版社,2001年版,第18页。
60 John Gerard Ruggie,"International Structure and International Transformation:Space,Time and Method",Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N.Rosenau eds.,Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges:Approach to World Politics for the 1990s,Lexighton,MA.And Toroto:Lexington Books,1989,p.21.
61 Richard Little,"Structuralism and Neo-Realism",in Margot Light and A.J.R.Groom eds.,International Relations:A Handbook of Current Theory,London:Frances Printer,1985,p.76.
62 William C.Olson and A.J.R.Groom,International Relations Then and Now:Origins and Trends in Interpretation,London:Harper Collins Academic,1991,pp.222-225.
63 Anthony Giddens,Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory,Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1982,p.8.
64 Anthony Giddens,The Constitution of Society,Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1984,p.2.
65 Eric Hobsbawn,Revolution,Paper Presented at the Fourteenth International Congress of Historical Science,San Francisco,August 1975,p.10.
66 Gordon Wood,"The American Revolution",in Lawrence Kaplan ed.Revolutions:A Comparative Study,New York:Vintage Books,1973,p.129.
67[美]西达·斯考切波著,何俊志、王学东译:《国家与社会革命:对法国、俄国和中国的比较分析》,上海人民出版社,2007年版,第41页。
68 同上,第41-42页。
69 Alex P.Schmid,Alert J.Jongman,Politics of Terrorism." A New Guide to Concepts,Theories,Data Bases and Literature,New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1998,p.38.
70[美]约瑟夫·S·奈著,门洪华译:《硬权力与软权力》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第 116页
71 Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,"Power and Interdependence Revisited",International Organization,Autumn 1987,pp.725-753.
72 Richard N.Rosecrance,The Rise of the Trading State,New York:Basic Books,1986,p.16.
73[美]汉斯·摩根索著,徐昕、郝望、李保平译:《国家间政治:权力斗争与和平》,北京大学出版社,2006年版,第478页。
74 同上,第481页。
75 同上,第485页。
1 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.1.
2 古小松主编:《2006年越南国情报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第4页。
3[越]陈重金著:《越南通史》,北京:商务印书馆,1992年版,第7页。
4 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第146页。
5 Dang Nghiem Van,Chu Thai Son,and Luu Hung,Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam,Hanoi:The Gioi,2000,pp.266-275.
6 Dennis J.Duncanson,Government and Revolution in Vietnam,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.40.
7 古小松主编:《2006年越南国情报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第6页。
8 季国兴主编:《东南亚概况——当今世界经济高速发展的热点地区》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994年版,第403页。
9 Joseph Buttinger,The Small Dragon:A Political History of Vietnam,New York:Praeger,1958,p.145.
10 D.G.E.Hall,A History of South-East Asia,New York:St.Martin's Press,1955,p.643.
11 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第151-183页。
12 Paul Mus,"The Role of the Village in Vietnamese Politics",Pacific Affairs,22,September,1949,pp.266-267.
13 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第204-211页。
14 Wesley R.Fishel,"Problems of Democratic Growth in Free Wietnam",Fishei ed.,Problems of Freedom,p.16.
16 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛——二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年,第112页。
16 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.130.
17 Bernard B.Fall,"Representative Government in the State of Vietnam",Far Eastern Survey,23,August 1954,pp.122-125.
18 何春超主编:《国际关系史(1945-1980年》,北京:法律出版社,1997年版,第145页。
19 季国兴主编:《东南亚概况——当今世界经济高速发展的热点地区》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994年版,第404-405页。
20 何春超主编:《国际关系史(1945-1980年》,北京:法律出版社,1997年版,第146页。
21 John F.Kennedy,The Strategy of Peace,Hamish Hamiltion,1960,p.89.
22 Ibid.,p.90.
23 Ellen J.Hammer,The Struggle for Indochina,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1954,p.48,p.86,p.245,p.286.
24 Nguyen Thai," The Government of Men in the Republic of Vietnam ",East Lansing,Michigan:Private Mineographing,June,1962,p.100.
25 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第216页。
26 在1945年日军撤退到1975年国家统一的三十年中,越南一直处于战争之中。越南战争, 又称“30年战争”或“万日战争”,是越南人民反殖反帝、争取国家独立和统一斗的争。1975年北越武力战胜南越的的统一战争在某种程度上是越南战争的延续和终结。越南战争可以分为三个阶段:第一次越南战争(1945—1954),越南与法国的战争;第二次越南战争(1961-1973),南越游击队、北越南下军队与美国、及其南越政权的斗争;第三次越南战争(1975),北越军队、南越人民与南越政权的武力冲突。
27 Donald Lancaster,The Emancipation of French Indochina,London:Oxford University Press,1961,pp.332-337.
28 United States,Department of State,Amercian Foreign Policy,1950-1955,Basic Documents,vol.Ⅰ.,Washington,July 1957.
29 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛——二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年,第131页。
30 姚宝、过文英:《当代德国社会与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,2002年版,第10页。
31 周惠民:《德国史:中欧强权的起伏》,台北:三民书局股份有限公司,2003年版,第7页。
32 Ludwig Dehio,Germany and World Politics in the Twentieth Century,New York,1959,p.39.
33 Peter Gay,Weimar Culture:The Outsider as Insider,New York,1970,p.2.
34 Department of State,Post-War Foreign Policy Preparation,Washington,DC.,1949,p.558.
35 James S.Sutterlin and David Klein,Berlin." From Symbol of Confrontation to Keystone of Stability,New York,1989,p.11.
36 George F.Kennan,Memoirs 1925-1950,Boston,1976,p.258.
37 Address by Secretary of State Byrnes on United States Policy Regarding Germany,Stuttgart,September 6,1946,Documents on Germany,1944-1985,pp.91-99.
38 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛——二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,中国广播电视出版社,2007年,第33页。
39 Henry Krisch,The German Democratic Republic:The Search for Identity,Boulder,1985,pp.9-10.
40 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.40.
41 Karl Deutsch and Lewis Edinger,Germany Rejoins the Powers,Stanford,Calif:Stanford University Press,1959,pp.25-26.
42 "Note From the Soviet Union to the United States Transmitting a Soviet Draft of a Peace Treaty with Germany,March 10,1952",in:Documents on Germany,1944-1985,pp.361-364.
43 Willy Brandt,People and Politics,London:William Collins,1978,p.20.
44 Peter G.J.Pulzer,"The German Party System in the Sixties",Political Studies 19,no.1,1971,p.9.
45 Geoffrey Pridham,Christian Democracy in Western Germany,New York:St.Martin's 1977,chap.6.
46 Clay Clemens,Reluctant Realist." The Christian Democrats and West German Ostpolitik,Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1989,p.129.
47 William Paterson,"The Christian Union Parties",in H.G.Peter Wallach and George Romoser,eds.,West German Politics in the Mid-Eighties,New York:Praeger,1985,p.77.
48 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided.From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.2.
49[越]武元甲:《越南民族解放战争》,河内:越南外文出版社,1971年版。
50[越]陈文茶著,严谊译:《三十年战争的终结》,北京:世界知识出版社,1983年版。
51 The Reunification of Viet Nam,Hanoi:Foreign Languages Publishing House,1975.
52 越南民主共和国外交部新闻司:《帝国主义破坏越南的和平统一的计划》,北京:世界知识出版社,1995年版。
53 Philippe Devillers,"The Struggle for the Unification of Vietnam",The China Quarterly,No.9(Jan.-Mar.,1962),pp.2-23.
54 Leitenberg Milton,The Vietnam Conflict.its Geographical Dimensions,Political Traumas,&Military Development,Santa Barbara,Calif.:ABC-Clio,1973.
55[越]武元甲:《越南民族解放战争》,河内:越南外文出版社,1971年版,第89-91页。
56 同上,第28-41页。
57 同上,第56页。
58 同上,第59页。
59[越]陈文茶:《铜墙铁壁B2战场的历程》,胡志明市文艺出版社,1982年版。(“B2”是一个代号,代表抗美战争时期越南最南端的一个地区。B2战场包括从原嘉义省(今多乐省部分地区)林同、顺海直至金瓯角、昆仑岛、河仙省、富国岛的南部地区。)
60[越]陈文茶著,严谊译:《二十年战争的终结》,北京:世界知识出版社,1983年版,第45页。
61 同上,第166页。
62 同上,第3页。
63 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994.
64 Gert-Joachim Glaessner,The Unification Process in Germany:from Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Pinter Publishers,1992.
65 Pekka Kalevi Hamalainen,Uniting Germany:Actions and Reactions,Cambridge:Great Britain at the University Press,1994.
66 Bernhard Heitger and Leonard Waverman,German Unification and the international Economy,New York:Routledge,1993.
67 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993.
68 H.G.Peter Wallach and Ronald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Poliitics,Prospects,Greenwood Press,1992.
69 晏小宝:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,1992年版。
70[台]洪丁福:《德国的分裂与统一》,台湾商务印书馆,1994年版。
71 萧汉森、黄正柏:《德国的分裂、统一与国际关系》,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1998年版。
72 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994.
73 Ibid.p245.
74 Ibid.p.246.
75 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993.
76 Ibid,pⅹⅱ.
77 H.G.Peter Wallach and Ronald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Poliitics,Prospects,Greenwood Press,1992,p.ⅰ.
78 Ibid.,p.25.
79 Ibid.p.76.
80[美]西达·斯考切波著,何俊志、王学东译:《国家与社会革命:对法国、俄国和中国的比较分析》,上海人民出版社,2007年版,第37页。
81 Neil J.Smelser,Comparative Methods in the Social Sciences,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall,1976,chap.2.
82 强调比较历史分析方法困难的著作是:Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune,The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry,New York:Wiley,1976.Smelser,Comparative Methods,chaps.6-7.passim,discusses ways to handle it.
83[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第108页。
84 同上,第109页。
1 Robert O.Keohane,"Theory of World Politics:Structural realism and Beyond",in R.Keohane,ed.,Neorealism and its Critics,New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.165.
2 Robert A.Dahl,Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an Amercian City,New Haven:Yale University Press,1961.
3[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第12页。
4 Michael Barnett,Raymond Duvall," Power in International Politics ",International Organization,59,Winter 2005,p.39.
5[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第80-89页。
6 同上,第97-98页。
7 同上,第133-134页。
8 同上,第109-132页。
9 Charles R.Beitz,Political Theory and International Relations,Princeton.N.J.:Princeton University Press,1999,p.36.
10[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第101-102页。
11 同上,第93页。
12 同上,第182页。
13 Bain,Joe S.Barriers to New Competition,Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1956.Baumol,WilliamJ.,Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State,London:Longmans,Green,1952.
14[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第217页。
15 Blainey,Geoffrey,The Causes of War,London:Macmillan,1970,p.119.
16[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第232-235页。
17[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第1页。
18 同上,第12页。
19 同上,第23页。
20 同上,第23-26页。
21 同上,第204-206页。
22 同上,第431页。
23 同上,第449页。
24 Watzlawick,Paul,Janet Helmick Beavin,and Don D.Jackson,Pragmatics of Human Communication,New York:Norton,1967,p.129.
25 Henry R.Nau.The Myth of America's Decline,New York:Oxford University Press,1990,p.19.
26 宋伟:“国际政治系统理论的真正架构——浅析肯尼思·沃尔兹的结构现实主义”,载《世界经济与政治》,2000年第8期,第23页。
27 Alexander Wendt and Raymond Duvall,"Institutions and International Order",in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N.Rosenau eds.,Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges:Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s,Lexington,MA,and Toroto:Lexington Books,1989,pp.58-59.
28[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第12-14页。
29 同上,第230页。
30 同上,第230页。
31 Kukla,Andre,"The Structure of Self-fulfilling and Self-negating Prophecies",Theory and Psychology,1994(4).pp.5-33.
32 Ashley,Richard,"Three Modes of Economism",International Studies Quarterly,1998(27),pp.463-496
33 Maynard,Douglas and Thomas Wilson,"On the Reification of Social Structure",in S.McNall and G.Howe,eds.,Current Perspectives in Social Theory,Vol.Ⅰ,Greenwich:JAI Press,1980,pp.287-322.
34[美]肯尼思·华尔兹:“反思《国际政治理论》——对我的批评者们的答复”,载[美]罗伯特·基欧汉编,郭树勇译:《新现实主义及其批判》,北京大学出版,2003年版,第304页。
35[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强虽译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第87页。
36[美]肯尼思·华尔兹:“反思《国际政治理论》——对我的批评者们的答复”,载[美]罗伯特·基欧汉编,郭树勇译:《新现实主义及其批判》,北京大学出版,2003年版,第304页。
37 Goldstein,Judith and Robert Keohan eds.,Ideas and Foreign Policy,Ithaca:Comell University Press,1993,p.6.
38 Ikenberry,G.John and Charles Kupchan,"Socialization and Hegemonic power",International Organization,1990(44),pp.283-315.
39 Dant,Tim," Fetishism and the Social Value of Objects",The Sociological Review,1996,p.496
40[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第127页。
41 同上,第140-141页。
42 同上,第162-164页。
43 同上,第166-167页。
44 同上,第95页。
45 同上,第9页。
46[美]罗伯特·基欧汉编,郭树勇译:《新现实主义及其批判》,北京大学出版,2003年版,第244页。
47 John G Ruggie,"Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity",in Robert O.Keohane ed.Neorealism and Bs Critics,New York:Columbia University Press,1980,p.151.
48 Fred Halliday,Rethinking International Relations,University of British Columbia:UBC Press,1944,p.31.
49 Horgan Terence,"From Supervenience to Superdupervenience",Mind,1993(102),pp.555-586.Currie,Gregory,"Individualism and Global Supervenience",British Journal for the Philosophy of Science,1984(35),pp.345-358.
50[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第197页。
51 J.David Singer,"The Level of Analysis in International Relation",in Klaus Knoor and Sidney Verba,The International System:Theoretical Essays,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1961,pp.78-80.
52 夏路:“从多重权力概念看东亚区域治理”,载《东南学术》,2006年第1期,第66页。
53 Robert W.Cox,"Production,the State,and Changes in World Order",in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N.Rosenau eds.,Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges:Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s,Lexington,MA,and Toroto:Lexington Books,1989.pp.37-38.
54 倪世雄等主编:《当代美国国际关系理论流派文选》,上海学林出版社,1987年版,第152页。
55 Richard Little,"Structuralism and Neo-Realism",in Margot Light and A.J.R.Groom eds.,International Relations." A Handbook of Current Theory,London:Frances Printer,1985,p.76.
56[美]罗伯特·基欧汉编,郭树勇译:《新现实主义及其批判》,北京大学出版,2003年版,第174页。
57 Richard Little,"The Systems Approach",in Steve Smith ed.,International Relations:British and American Perspectives,Oxford,England:Basil Blackwell,in association with the British International Studies Association,1985,p.74.
58 关于约瑟夫·奈的软权力理论参见:[美]约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《硬权力与软权力》,北京大学出版社,2005年版。[美]约瑟夫·奈著,吴晓辉、钱程译:《软力量:世界政坛成功之道》,北京:东方出版社,2005年版。
59 Peterson,M.J.,"The Multiple Knowledge Bases of the Study of International Relations",Manuscript,University of Massachusetts Amherst,1997,p.12
60 Ray S.Cline,World Power Assessment,Boulder:Westview Press,1977;Hans J.Morgenthau,Polities among Nations,New York:Alfred Knopf,1955;Klaus Knorr,The Power and Nations,New York:Basic Books,1975.
61 Hirshleifer,Jack,"Natural Economy versus Political Economy",Journal of Social and Biological Structures,1978,p.319.
62[美]威廉·内斯特编著,姚远、江恒等译:《国际关系:21世纪的政治与经济》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第61页。
63 Freudenberg,William,Scott Frickel and Robert Gramling,"Beyond the Nature/Society Divide:Learning to think about a Mountain",Sociological Forum,1995(10),pp.361-392.
64 Buzan,Barry," The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations Reconsidered",in Ken Booth & Steve Smith eds.,International Relations Theory Today,London:Polity1995,p.198.
65[美]卡伦·明斯特著、潘忠岐译:《国际关系精要》,上海人民出版社,2007年版,61页。
66 国际政治研究的分析层次最初见于卡普兰的《国际政治的系统与过程》,他认为“体系”环境将影响“国家”的互动。华尔兹在《人、国家与战争》一书中首次提出了层次分析的框架,通过个人、国家和国际二个层次来分析战争的起源问题。辛格在《国际关系的分析层次问题》一文中,提出了“国家—国际”分析框架,将层次分为两类:由内向外的国家层次分析,以及由外向内的国际层次分析。见:Singer,J.David,“The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations",in Reprint in Phil Williams,Donald M.Goldstein,& Jay M.Sbafritz eds.,Classical Readings of International Relations,Belmont,CA:Wads -worth,1961/1994,pp.88-90.除了上述分析框架外,也有学者在“国际”与“国家”之间插入了“区域”等层次。见:Hughes Barry B.,Continuity and Change in the World Politics,Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall,3~(rd),2001,pp.230-236.随着国际关系研究对层次分析的重视和完善,分析层次间隔也变得细化。詹姆斯·罗斯瑙(James Rosenau)提出了五个 分析层次变量:个人、角色、政府、社会、国际系统。见:James N.Rosenau,The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy,London:France Printer,1980,pp.115-169.布鲁斯·拉西特(Russett Bruce)和哈维·斯塔尔(Harvey Start)提出了六个从宏观剑微观的分析层次:世界系统、国际关系、国内社会、国家政府、决策者角色、决策者个人。地Russett Bruce & Harvey Starr ed.,World Politics:The Menu fou Choice,New York& Oxford:Freeman,2~(nd),1985,pp.13-17.至90年代,重要的西方国际关系学教材都把层次分析作为重要的方法论,在书本谋篇布局中遵循层次分析方法提供的框架。见:K.J.Holsti ed.,International Politics:A Framework for Analysis 6~(th),Englewood Cliffs:Prentice Hall,1992;John T.Rouke,International Politics on the World Stage,Sluice Dock:Dushkin,1991;Russette and Starr,World Politics:A Menu for Choice,W.H.Freeman & Company;4th edition 1992;Nye,Understanding International Conflicts 6~(th),Longman,2006;James E.Dougherty and Robert L.Pfaltzgraff ed.,Contending Theories of International Reltions,3~(rd),New York:Haper and Row,1990;Karen A.Mingst,Essential of International Relations,3~(rd),W.W.Norton &Company,2004.
67 John Burton,"The Study of World Society:A London Perspective," in John A.Vasquez ed.,Classics of International Relations,Third Edition,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,Inc,1996,p.110.
68 Bueno de Mesquita,Bruce,"Domestic Politics and International Relations",International Studies Quarterly,2002,no.46,pp.1-10.
69 Hermann,Margaret G.and Joe D.Hagan,"International Decision Making:Leadership Matters",Foreign Policy,No.110,Spring 1998,p.133.
70 Lemke,Douglas,and Substance Warner,"Power Parity,Commitment to Change,and War",International Studies Quarterly,1996,no.40,p.237.
71 William R.Thompson,"The Regional Subsystem:A Conceptual Explication and Propositional Inventory",International Studies Quarterly,(17) 1,March,1973,p.96.
72 关于国际子系统的研究见J.David Singer,“The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations",in Knorr and Verba,Theoretical Essays,pp.77-92.Michael Brecher,"The States of Asia:A Political Analysis European Community as a Poltical System",Journal of Common Market Studies,V.June 1967,pp.348-386.Karl Kaiser,"The U.S.and EC in the Atlantic System:The Problem Atlantic Area as a Patial International System",in Francis O.Wilcox and H.Field Haviland,Jr.,ed.,The Atlantic Community:Progress and Prospects,New York:Praeger,1963,pp.3-31.
73[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第306页。
74[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂、小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通、陈寒溪等译:《争论中的国际关系理论(第五版)》,北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,第157页。
75 Eichengreen,Barry,"Geography as Destiny",Foreign Affairs,77/2,1998,pp.118-129.
76 Chittick,William O.,and Lee Ann Pingel,American Foreign Policy." History,Substance and Process,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002.
77 Michael W.Doyle," Liberalism and World Politics",American Political Science Review 80, December 1985,pp.1151-1169;Bruce Russett,Controlling the Sword." The Democratic Governance of National Security,Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1990;David A.Lake," Powerful Pacifists:Democratic States and War",American Political Science Review 86,March 1992,pp.24-37.
78[美]约翰·罗尔克编著,宋伟等译:《世界舞台上的国际政治(第9版)》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第102页。
79 Evans,Peter B.,Jacobson,Harold K.& Putnam,Robert D.eds.,Doulbe-Edged Diplomacy:International Bargaining and Domestic Politics,Berkeley& LA:University of California Press,1993.
80 Margaret G.Hermann,"Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders",International Studies Quarterly,24:1,March 1980.p.7-46.
81[美]卡伦·明斯特著、潘忠岐译:《国际关系精要》,上海人民出版社,2007年版,153页。
82 A.J.P.Taylor,The Struggle for Mastery in Europe,1948-1918,Oxford,Eng:Oxford University Press,1954,p.ⅹⅹⅸ.
83[美]约翰·米尔斯海默著,王义桅、唐小松译:《大国政治的悲剧》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第78-90页。
84 Buzan Barry and Richard Little,"The Idea of 'International System':Theory Meets History",International Political Science Review,1994(15),pp.231-255.
85 Kenneth K.Boulding,Conflict and Defense,New York:Harper&Row,1963;Patrick O'Sullivan,Geopolitics,New York:St.Martin's Press,1986.
86 Chalmers Johnson,John Zysman,and Laura Tyson,Politics and Productivity." The Real Story of Why Japan Works,Cambridge,MA:Ballinger,1989,pp.43-50.
87[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第9页。
88[美]约瑟夫·S·奈著,门洪华译:《硬权力与软权力》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第115页。
89[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第12-19页。
90 Mark Clayton,"Scholars Get Religion",The Christian Science Monitor,Feb.2002,p.26.
91 Theodore Von Laue,The Revolution of Westernization,New York Oxford University Press,1987,p.375.
92 Renan,Ernest,"Quest Nation?",in John Hutchinson and Anthony D.Smith eds.,Nationalism,New York:Oxford University Press,1995,p.7
93[美]丹尼尔·德德尼:“土地上的认同:民族主义中的自然、地方和距离”,载约瑟夫·拉彼德,弗里德里希·克拉托赫维尔主编,金烨译:《文化和认同:国际关系回归理论》,浙江人民出版社,2003年版,第181页。
94 Gellner Ernest," Introduction",Sukumar Periwal ed.,Notions of Nationalism,Budapest:Central European University Press,1995,p.2.
95 Taras,Ray,and Rajat Ganguly,Understanding Ethnic Conflict:The International Dimension.New York:Longman,1998,p.ⅹⅰ.
96 William R.Thompson,"The Regional Subsystem:A Conceptual Explication and Propositional Inventory",International Studies Quarterly,(17) 1,March,1973,p.101
97 R.Stubbs,G.Underhill eds,Political Economy and the Changing Global Order,London:Macmillan,1994,pp.70-71.
98 Louise Fawcett,"Regionalism in Historical Perspective",in Louise Fawcett,Andrew Hurrell eds.,Regionalism in World Politics:Regional Organization and International Order,Oxford University Press 1995,p.11.
99 David Campbell,Writing Security:United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p.4.
200[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第328-349页。
101 同上,第350-370页。
102 同上,第370-383页。
103[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第172-174页。
104[美]约翰·罗尔克编著,宋伟等译:《世界舞台上的国际政治(第9版)》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第78页。
105 同上,第78-79页。
106 David Huma,"of the Balance of Power",in Charles W.Hendel ed.,David Hume's Political Essays,Ind.:Bobbs-Merrill,1953,p.142.
107 关于历史上的均势讨论见Quincy Wright,A Study of International Relations,New York:Appleton,1995;Claude lnis,Power and International Relations,New York:Random House,1962.
108 阿尔都塞:《保卫马克思》,北京:商务印书馆,1984版,第202-203页。
109 Leon A.Festinger,A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance,Standford,CA:Stanford University Press,1957;Robert A.Wickland and Jack W.Brehm,Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance,Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1976;Eddie Harmon-Jones and Judson Mills eds.,Cognitive Dissonance:Progress on a Pivotal Theory in Social Psychology,Washington,DC:American Psychological Association,1999.
110 Robert Isaak,International Political Economy:Managing World Economic Change,Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall,1991,pp.30-31.
111 Vojtech Mastny,Russia's Road to the Cold War,New York:Columbia University Press,1978;William Taubman,Stalin's American Policy,New York:Norton,1982;John Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,New York:Oxford University Press,1982.
112 Hans Morgenthau,Politics Among Nations:The Struggle for Power and Peace,Peking University Press,2005,p.249.
113[美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著,周琪、刘绯等译:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,北京:新 华出版社,1999年版,第29-32页。
114 King C.Chen,Vietnam and China,1938-1954,Princeton University Press,1969,pp.50 -51.
115 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第204-211页。
116 Allan B.Cole and others eds.,Conflict in Indochina and International Repercussions,1945-1955,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1956,pp.227-228.
117 Dennis J.Duncanson,Government and Revolution in Vietnam,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.160.
118 石源华:《中华民国外交史》,上海人民出版社,1994年版,第569页。
119 "New China New Agency",16 November 1949,in M.Kennedy ed.,A History of Communism in East Asia,New York 1958,p.380.
120 Kwanggil Kay,"Korea and Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen From East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia)Ltd,1966,p.126.
121 J.H.Brimmell,Communism in Southeast Asia,Oxford 1959,p.259.
122 Kwanggil Kay,"Korea and Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen From East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia)Ltd,1966,p.129.
123 Anthony Eden,Full Circle Memoris,Cassell,1960,p.92.
124 Dwight D.Eisenhower,Mandate for Change,Heinemann,1963.
125 U.S.Department of Defense,United States-Vietnam Relations 1945-1967,Vol.8,pp.225-272.
126 FRUS,1950,Vol.6,East Asia and the Pacific,pp.745-747.
127 《关于美国国防部侵越秘密报告材料汇编》,北京:三联书店1973年版,第870页。
128 姚椿龄:“美国与东南亚条约组织的建立”,载《美国研究》,1995年第3期。
129 FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.12,East Asia and the Pacific,Part 1,pp.125-134.
130 FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.13,Indochina,Part 1,pp.1181-1182;
131 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.131.
132 David Calleo,The German Problem Reconsidered:Germany and the World Order,1870 to the Present,Cambridge,1978,p.1.
133[德]马克斯·韦伯:《欧洲世界强权中的德国》,拜耳主编:《马克斯·韦伯全集》,第1部分,第15卷。转引自:辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第68页。
134 朔尔德:《教会利第二帝国》,第Ⅰ卷,《幻想时代及前奏(1918-1934)》,第2卷,1977年。转引自:辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第68页。
135 Paul M.Kennedy,The Rise of and Fall of the Great Powers:Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000,New York,1987.
136 Henry Kissinger,A World Restored:The Problems of Peace,1812-1822,Boston,1957.
137 Glaessner Gert Joachim,The Unification Process in Germany:from Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Pinter Publishers,1992,p.18.
138 辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第66页。
139 George F.Kennan,"Disentangle Rethinking",Foreign Affairs,vol.37,Jaunary,1959,p.196.
140 关在汉编译:《罗斯福选集》,北京:商务印书馆,1982年版,第522、514-515页。由于罗斯福于4月12日逝世,他准备的讲演未能发表。
141 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第7页。
142 同上,第7-8页。
1 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第14页。
2 同上,第15-33页。
3 “政治报告”,载《胡志明选集(中文版)第二卷》,河内:越南外文出版社,1962年版,第160页。
4 “号召全国抗战”,载胡志明:《为了独立自由,为了社会主义(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1971年版,第68页。
5[澳]约翰·芬斯顿主编,张锡镇等译:《东南亚政府与政治》,北京大学出版社,2007年版,第358页。
6 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第66页。
7 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第84页。
8 《越南劳动党中央第十二次会议决议》,1965年12月。
9 关于越南人民军的相关讨论见:Thaveeporn Vasavakul,"Vietnam:From Revolutionary Heroes to Red Entrepreneurs",in Muthiah Alagappa ed.,Coercion,and Governance:The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia,Standford:Standford University Press,2001.
10 道格拉斯·派克:《越南:一个国家的研究》,美国政府出版社,1989年版,第250页。
11 同上,第250页。
12 美国国务院公共事务局:《背景材料:越南》,1990年5月,第1页。
13 Bernard B.Fall,"Anti-Americanism:Will South Viet Nam be Next?",The Nation,31 May,1958,p.490.
14 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛:二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年版,第137页。
15 同上,第153页。
16 《纽约先驱论坛报》,1957年4月1日。转引自:[越]国家科学委员会经济研究院编,韦平、郑卧龙、黄群译:《越南经济:1945-1960》,北京:世界知识出版社,1962年版,第238页。
17 Philippe Devillers,"Ngo Dinh Diem and the Struggle for Reunification in Vietnam",The China Quarterly,London,January,March,1962.
18 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第108页。
19 Tieng Mien Nam:Saigon Daily News Round-Up,October 18,1955,p.4.
20 Dayton D.Mckean,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964.
21 Luther A.Allen and Pham Ngoc An,A Vietnamese District Chief in Action,Saigon:Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group,1961,p.53.
22 Lam Le Trinh,"Village Councils-Yesterday and Today",Viet My,Saigon:The Journal of the Vietnamese-American Association,Part Ⅰ,August,1958,pp.36-44.
23 Truong Ngoc Giau and Lloyd Woodruff,My Thuan:Administrative and Financial Aspects of a Village in South Vietnam,Saigon:National Institute of Administration,Republic of Vietnam, 1961.
24 Roy Jumper,"The Communist Challenge to South Vietnam",Far Eastern Survey,25,November,1956,pp.164-165.
25 Nation Weekend,January,19,1962.
26 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第121页。
27 "A Report at Large",New Yorker,June 25,1955,p.48.
28 Ellen J.Hammer,The Struggle for Indochina Continues,Stanford:Standford University Press,1955,p.36.
29 Allan B.Cole and others,eds.,Conflict in Indochina and International Repercussions,1945-1955,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1956,p.209.
30 Regulations of the Labor Party of Vietnam,Translated,Mimeographed 1961.
31 United States,Department of State,A Threat to the Peace:North Vietnam's Effort to Conquer South Vietnam,Far Eastern Series 110,Washington,December,1961,PartⅠ,p.13.
32 New York Times,May 5,1961,p.10.
33 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.145.
34 New York Times,November 22,1961,p.1.
35 Times of Vietnam,February 10,1960,p.1.
36 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.135.
37[美]哈威·H·史密斯:《北越区域手册》,美国政府出版社,1967年6月,第402页。
38 Wesley R.Fishel,"Political Realities in Vietnam",Asian Survey,1,April,1961,p.17.
39 United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service(Saigon),Press and Radio Highlights,Supplement for September,25,1961.
40 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.145.
41 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛:二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年版,第155页。
42 同上,第156页。
43 Felix Greene,"President Ho Chi Minh is interviewed on War",The Washington Post,14December 1965.
44 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.42.
45[越]陈文茶著,严谊译:《二十年战争的终结》,世界知识出版社,1983年版,第284-287页。
46[澳]约翰·芬斯顿主编,张锡镇等译:《东南亚政府与政治》,北京大学出版社,2007年版,第344页。
47 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第61页。
48[越]国家科学委员会经济研究院编,韦平、郑卧龙、黄群译:《越南经济:1945-1960》, 北京:世界知识出版社,1962年版,第178页。
49 Melanie Beresford,Vietnam.Politics,Economics,and Society,London and New York:Pinter Publishers,1988.
50 Adam Fforde and Stefan De Vylder,From Plan to Market:The Economic Transition in Vietnam,Boulder:Westview Press,1996.
51[英]阮进兴著:《社会主义越南经济1955-1980》,1977年版,第98页。转引自郭明:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第12页。
52 郭明:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第12页。
53[澳]约翰·芬斯顿主编,张锡镇等译:《东南亚政府与政治》,北京大学出版社,2007年版,第343页。
54 Thaveeporn Vasavakul,"Vietnam:The Changing Model of Legitimatiion",in Muthiah Alagappa ed.,Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia." The Quest for Moral Authority,Stanford,CA.:Standford University Press,1995,p.257.
55 美国参议院法律委员会1974年1月27日向国会所作的报告。转引自《越南的战争破坏》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年,第20页。
56 《越南的战争破坏(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年,第20-21页。
57 同上,第20-21页。
58 Mien Tay Nghe An,1~(st) January 1965.See Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam." Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.38.
59 Hoang Van Chi,"Collectivization and the Rice Production",North Vietnam Today,Praeger,New York,1962.
60 The D.R.V.Ministry of Foreign Trade and the Service of Statistics,Economic Studies,Hanoi,December,1964.
61 P.J.Honey,"North Vietnam Looks Sick from the Outside",The Washington Post,21 March 1965.
62 Buu Hoan,"Impact of Military Expenditures on the South Vietnamese Economy",Far Eastern Economic Review,December 25,1958,p.839.
63 Buu Hoan,"Vietnam:Economic Consequences of the Geneva Peace",Far Eastern Economic Review,December 11,1958,pp.753-757.
64 Richard W.Lindholm ed.,Vietnam:The First Five Years,East Lansing:Michigan State University Press,1959,p.45.
65 Frank C.Child,Essays on Economic Growth,Capital Formation,and Public Policy in Vietnam,Saigon:Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group,May,1961,pp.6-9.
66 Nguyen Van Thuan,The Study of a Vietnamese Rural Community-Economic Activity,Saigon:Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group,December,1959,p.75.
67 U.S.Operation Mission to Vietnam,Annual Statistical Bulletin,Data through." 1961,Saigon,July,1962.
68 U.S.Operation Mission to Vietnam,Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1961,Saigon,1962,p.21.
69 Center of Vietnamese Studies,Profile on the Vietnamese Population,the Saigon Pilot Study,Preliminary Peport,Saigon,April,1961.
70 Vu Quoc Thuc,"Economic Outlook in 1962",Vietnam Review,Washington:Embassy of Vietnam,June 6,1962,pp.12-14.
71 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.109.
72 季国兴主编:《东南亚概览》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994年版,第416页。
73 《越南的战争破坏(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年,第16-18页。
74 同上,第16-19页。
75 郭明:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第64页。
76 J.P.Gittinger,Sudies on Land Tenure in Vietnam,Terminal Report,Saigon:U.S.Operations Mission to Vietnam,December,1959.
77 James B.Hendry,"Land Tenure in South Vietnam",Economic Development and Culture Change,9,October,1960,p.27-44.
78 David Hotham,Viet Nam:The First Five Years,Lindholm,p.360.
79 《越南的战争破坏(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年版,第19页。
80 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.133.
81 罗纳德·J·其玛:《越南:一个国家的研究》,美国政府出版社,1989年版,第124页。
82 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第279-280页。
83 高台教,1926年创立,越南本土宗教。其教义具有佛教、道教、儒教、基督教等多种成分,教徒多为农民,教徒约200万人。高台教模仿天主教的等级制度,建立了具有军事性质的教阶结构。每个宗教村舍、区、县、省、大区都创建了武装义勇军。到40年代,高台教已经成为一个巨大的军事联合体。1945-1955年间,高台教在南方的政治事务中发挥着重要的作用。它先后投靠日本和法国,其军队控制着西贡北部的很大地区,实际上是越南的“国中之国”。
84 和好教,1939年创立,越南的本土宗教,实际上是小乘佛教的变体。教义的四条圣训是:孝敬父母、热爱祖国、尊重佛教教义、爱护同道者。教徒150万人,主要分布在西南部的5个省。40年代中期,和好教发展成为一个武装的宗教派别,组织了2万多人的常备军。日本投降后,和好教组织了“社会民主党”卷入国家政治。1947年后,和好教逐渐分裂为许多派别,在西贡西南部的广大地区各自占地为王,号称“男爵领地”。1964年和好教重新将各派别统一起米。和好教主张国家统一,和好教的和尚拒绝服兵役,20名教徒集体断指拒服兵役,迫使南越阮文绍让步答应和尚免服兵役。
85 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第282-286页。
86 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,越南外文出版社,河内,1976年版,第8页。
87[法]伊·瓦·菲弗尔:《在关于印度支那战争和卫生问题的国际会议上的报告》,巴黎,1970年12月。转引自《越南的战争破坏》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年,第19页。
88[越]阮鸿峰、梁红奋、文庄:《越南村社》,云南省东南亚研究所,1983年版,第Ⅷ页。
89 Richard W.Lindholm ed.,Vietnam:The First Five Years,East Lansing:Michigan State University Press,1959,p.50.
90 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.133.
91 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第66页。
92 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.38.
93[美]戴维·霍罗威茨:《美国冷战时期的外交政策:从雅尔塔到越南》,上海人民出版社,1974年版,第129页。
94 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.101-102.
95 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.41.
96 Ibid.,p.35.
97 《美国对越南南方的干涉和侵略政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1963年版,第52页。
98 Bernard Fall,The Two Vietnams,London:Pall Mall Press,1967.
99 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam." Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.35.
100[澳]约翰·芬斯顿主编,张锡镇等译:《东南亚政府与政治》,北京大学出版社,2007年版,第349页。
101 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam ",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam." Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.42.
102 Ibid.,p.35.
103 姚宝、过文英:《当代德国社会与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,2002年版,第330-331页。
104 晏小宝:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,1992年版,第41页。
105 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第16页。
106 Geoffrey Pridham,"The CDU Opposition in West Germany,1969-1972 ",Parliamentary Affairs 26,no.2,Spring 1973,pp.210-217.
107[德]卡利诺夫斯基(H.Kalinowsky):《极右主义与刑法》,联邦司法部主编,波恩,1985年,第245页。转引自辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第142页。
108 George Kennan,Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin,Boston:Little,Brown,1961,p.30.
109 Raymond Aron "Regimes built on words and on debates will always find difficulty in making radical choices and will always be inclined to prefer compromise",in Democracy and Totalitarianism,New York:Praeger,1968,p.107.
110 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.35.
111 Ronald Asmus,"The GDR and the German Nation:Sole Heir or Socialist Sibling?",Interna -tional Affairs,Vil.60,No.3,1984.p.403.
112 《军事平衡:1983-1984》,北京:国际战略问题研究所,1983年,第21页。
113 SergeSchmemann,"East Germans Act to Stem Exodus",International Herald Tribune,October 4,1989,p.1.
114 Ibid.p.8.
115 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第16页。
116 Peter J.Katzenstein,Policy and Politics in West Germany,Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1987,pp.6-7.
117 James March and Johhan Olsen,"The New Institutionalism:Organizational Factors in Political Life",American Political Science Review 78,no.3,September 1984,pp.734-779.
118 D.Kahneman,P.Slovic and A.Tversky,eds.,Judgment under Uncertainty,Cambridge,U.K,:Cambridge University Press,1982,pp.335-354.
119 F.Stephen Larrabee,ed.,The Two German States and European Security,New York:St.Martin's Press,1989,p.94.
120[德]玛尔吉特·罗特著:《德意志土地上的两个国家》,第40页。转引自:晏小宝主编:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,第3页。
121 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.154.
122 Clemens,Reluctant Realists,Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1989,p.257.
123 A.James McAdams,East Germany and Detente:Building Authority after the Wall,Cambridge,1985,p.176.
124 "Genscher for Econmic Aid for Poland",The Week in Germany,April 21,1989.p1.
125 A James McAdams,"The New Logic in Soviet-GDR Relations",Problems of Communism,Vol.37,September-October 1988,p.51.
126 Imre Kovacs,"The Present and Future of the Hungarian Economy",Figyelo,Budapest,July21,1988 p.3.
127 Michael Stefanek and Ivan Hlivka,"The National and the International in the Policy of the CPCZ ",Prague:Rude Pravo,Prague,April 30.19884.
128 "Commissioner:Ethnic Germans Are A Pus",The Week in Germany,April 7,1989.p1.
129 John Edwin Mroz,"Back Door Opens in the Iron Curtain",Los Angeles Times,September 15,1989.
130 The Wee in Germany,October 6,1989.p.1
131 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.57.
132 姚宝、过文英:《当代德国社会与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,2002年版,第157页。
133 Gerard Braunthal,The West German Social Democrats,1969-1982,Boulder,Colo.:Westview,1983,p.274.
134 夏伊勒(William L.Shirer)著、董乐山等译:《第三帝国的兴亡——纳粹德国史(第1卷)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1986年,第334-336页。
135[德]纳斯马赫尔(K.H.Nassmacher):《自由亚文化的裂解——奥尔登堡地区政党体系的变迁》,柯尔施泰因,1979年,第30-134页。
136[德]施密特(K.Schmitt):“选举行为的宗教决定因素——迟到的去宗教信仰化?”,载于奥伯德福(D.Oberdoerfer)等主编:《经济、社会和价值变迁——德意志联邦共和国政治行为的效果》,柏林1985年版,第39、54页。转引自辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第137页。
137 Geoffrey Pridham,Christian Democracy in West Germany,London:Croom Hehn,1977,pp.14-15.
138 Arnulf Baring,Uprising in East Germany,June,17,1953,Ithaca,N.Y.:Comell University Press,1972,pp.22-28.
139 Michael Sodaro,"Ulbricht's Grand Design:Economics,Ideology,and the GDR's Response to Detente",World Affair 142,no.3.Winter 1980,pp.147-168.
140 Martin McCauley,The German Democratic Republic since1945,New York:St.Martin's,1983,pp.180-183.
141[美]C·布雷德利·沙尔夫著,秦刚、蔡予民等译:《民主德国的政治与变革》,北京:春秋出版社,1988年,北京,第172页。
142 Pedro Ramet,"Church and Peace in the GDR",Problems of Com Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.47.
143 A.James McAdams,East Germany and Detente:Building Authority after the Wall,Cambridge,1985,p.182.
144 Pedro Ramet,"Church and Peace in the GDR",Problems of Communism,Vol.33,July-August 1984,p.51.
145 Ibid.,pp.52-53.
146 Robert English,"Eastern Europe's Doves ",Foreign Policy,No.56,Fall 1984,pp.44-60.
147 东德三大环保机构:教会研究中心(Churche Research Center)、福音教会联盟技术研究所(Theological Study Department ofthe League of Evangelical Churches)、宗教与社会委员会(the Church and Society Committee)。
148 Pedro Ramet,"Church and Peace in the GDR",Problems of Communism,Vol.33,July-August 1984,p54.
149 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.245.
150 F.Stephen Larrabee,"Instability and Change in East Germany",Draft Manuscript,Ebenhausen,1989,P.11.
151 Report of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany to the 11~(th) Congress of the SED,Dresden 1986,p.85.
152 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.57.
153 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.3.
154 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第16-17页。
155 Robert W.Dean,West German Trade with the East:The Political Dimension,New York:Praeger,1974,p.46.
156 联邦德国经济部:《从数字看成就》,1988年。 转引自:晏小宝主编:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,第9页。
157 Gerhard Schroder,"Germany Looks at Eastern Europe",Foreign Affairs,Vol.44,No.1,October 1965,pp.19-20.
158 Ronald Asmus,"The GDR and the German Nation:Sole Heir or Socialist Sibling?",International Affairs,Vil.60,No.3,1984.p.403.
159[德]玛尔吉特·罗特著:《德意志土地上的两个国家》,第67页。转引自:晏小宝主编:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,第6页。
160 Treuhandanstalt,The Chance of the 90's:Investing in Eastern Germany,Berlin,1991,p.7.
161 Thomas A.Baylis,"Explaining the GDR's Economic Strategy",International Organization 40,no.2,Spring 1986,p.391.
162 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.232.
163 Uchitelle,"East Europe Tries a Mild Capitalism"and "1991 Economic Trends in the Federal Republic of Germany:Implications for the United States",Position Paper,United States Embassy Bonn,August,1991,p.5.
164 "The New Superpower" Newsweek,February 26,1990,p.23.
165 Treuhandanstalt,The Chance of the 90's:Investing in Eastern Germany,Berlin,1991,p.7.
166 按东德官方价格,1个东马克兑换1个西马克,但是在西柏林的银行或东德黑市上5个东马克兑换1个西马克。
167 Clay Clemens,Reluctant Realists,Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1989,pp.196-197.
168 Pedro Ramet,"Church and Peace in the GDR",Problems of Communism,Vol.33,July-August 1984,p.49.
1 Dennis J.Duncanson,Government and Revolution in Vietnam,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.45.
2 Ibid.,p.140.
3 郭明主编:《中越关系演变四十年》,广西人民出版社,1992年版,第12页。
4 Dennis J.Duncanson,Government and Revolution in Vietnam,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.140.
5 Brian Crozier,"South-East Asia and Communist Subversion",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson (Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.75.
6 Bernard B.Fall,"Representative Government in the State of Vietnam",Far Eastern Survey,23,August 1954,p.125.
7 古小松编著:《越南国情与中越关系》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第228页。
8 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第222-223页。
9 古小松编著:《越南国情与中越关系》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第234页。
10 Brian Crozier,"South-East Asia and Communist Subversion",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson (Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.76.
11 M.R.Masani,"The Role of India in South-East Asia",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson (Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.149.
12 Brian Crozier,"South-East Asia and Communist Subversion",Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson(Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.77.
13 郭明、罗方明、李白茵编著:《现代中越关系资料选编(下)(1949.10-1978)》,北京:时事出版社,1978年版,第879-888页。
14 黄国安、杨万秀等著:《中越关系史简编》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第218-220页。
15 同上,第211-213页。
16 A.B.Shah,"Communist Insurgency and Guerrilla Warfare",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson (Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.80.
17 Charles W.Thayer,Guerrilla,Signet Books,New York,1965,p.29.
18 黄国安、杨万秀等著:《中越关系史简编》,广西人民出版社,第227-229页。
19 “热烈欢迎越南人民的光荣使者”,《人民日报》,1971年11月20日。
20 《中越两国人民牢不可破的战斗团结——越南党政代表团访问中国文件集》,北京:人民出版社,1971年版,第110页。
21 古小松编著:《越南国情与中越关系》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第240页。
22 USSR Foreign Ministry Memorandum,"Vietnam-China Relations",July 4,1973.SCCD,f.5,op.66,d.71,p.88.See The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War,p.231
23 郭明主编:《中越关系演变四十年》,广西人民出版社,1992年版,第103页。
24[澳]托马斯·艾伦著,郭彤译:《东南亚国家联盟》,北京:新华出版社,1981年版,第399页。
25 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第238页。
26 Hoang Van Chi,"Buddha Wept",The Fate of the Last Viets,Hoa Mai,Saigon,1956.
27 Arnfinn Jorgensen-Dahl,Regional Organization and Order in South-East Asia,The Macmillan Pree.Ltd.,1982,p.73.
28 陈乔之主编:《国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年版,第108-109页。
29 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第241页。
30 王士录、王国平:《从东盟到大东盟——东盟30年发展研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,1998年版,第332页。
31[越]南越国家统计院:《统计月刊》,1968年11期,1974年第7期,第9期。转引自:郭明、罗方明等著《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第76页。
32 同上,第68页。
33[越]《越南经济35年(1945-1980)》,河内:越南社会科学出版社,1980年版,第280页。转引自郭明、罗方明等著《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第78页。
34 Bilveer Singh,AOPFAN&the New Security Order in the Asia-Pacific Region,Malaysia Eagle Trading Sdn Bhd,1992,p.27.
35 ASEAN Documents Series 1967-1986,The ASEAN Secretariat Jakarta,1986,p.30.
36 Noordin Sopiee,"ASEAN and Regional Security",in Mohammed Ayoob ed.,Regional Security in the Third World,London:Croon Helm,1986,p.229.
37 Adam Malik,"Regional Cooperatiion in Internatiional Politics",Regionalism in Southeast Asia,Jakarta:CSIS,1975,p.160.
38[加拿大]阿米塔·阿查亚:《建构安全共同体:东盟与地区秩序》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第87页。
39 ASEAN,2~(nd) edition,Jakarta:ASEAN Secretariat,p.65.
40[加拿大]阿米塔·阿查亚:《建构安全共同体:东盟与地区秩序》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第66页。
41 David Irivine,"Making Haste Slowly:ASEAN from 1975",in Alison Broinowski ed.,Understanding ASEAN,London:Macmillan 1982,p.40.
42 ASEAN Documents Series,1967-1988,3~(rd) edition,Jakarta:ASEAN Secretariat,1988.
43 Heiner Hanggi,ASEAN and the ZOPFAN Concept,Chongmoh Offset Printing Pte Ltd.,Singapore,1999,pp.22-24.
44 New Straits Times,1 April,1976.
45 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.60.
46 Arthur M.Schlesinger,Jr.,A Thousand Days.Greenwich,Conn:Fawcett,1965,p.811.
47 F.Roy Willis,France,Germany,and the New Europe,London:Oxford University Press,1968,pp.314-316.
48 Helmut Kohl,"Policy Statement by Helmut Kohl,Federal Chancellor,to the Bundestay",European Political Co-operation,Bonn:Press and Information Office,1998,p.378.
49 李寒秋:“两德统一棋局中的大国博弈”,载《世界军事》,2006年第11期。
50 F.Roy Willis,France,Germany,and the New Europe,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.340.
51 李寒秋:“两德统一棋局中的大国博弈”,载《世界军事》,2006年第11期。
52 Lily Gardner Feldman,"Germany and the EC:Realism and Responsibility",Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.531,Jan.,1994,p.35.
53 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.22.
54 Christian Deubner,"The Role of the French-German Couple in European Integration in the 1990s:Disruption or Continuity?",Third Biennial International Conference of the European Community Studies Association,Washtington,DC,May 1993.
55 Eduard Shevardnadze,The Future Belongs to Freedom,New York:The Free Press,1991,p.131.
56 A.W.deporte,Europe between the Superpowers." The Enduring Balance,New Haven,Conn:Yale University Press,1979.
57 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.147.
58 Ibid.,p.76.
59 Glaessner Gert Joachim,The Unification Process in Germany:from Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Pinter Publishers,1992,p.18.
60 Ronald Asmus,German Unification and Its Ramifications,Sanata Monica,Calif.:RAND Corporation,1991,p.60.
61 Richard Ullman,Securing Europe,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton Unversity Press,1991,pp.31-36.
62 Edwina S.Campbell,Germany's Past and Europe's Future,Washington,D.C.:Pergamon Brassey's International Dfense Publishers,1989.p.188.
63 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.144.
64 Randolph S.Churchill,The Sinews of Peace:Post-War Speeches by W.S.Churchill,Cambridge,1949,pp.198-199.
65 Mark Cioc,Pax Atomica,New York:Columbia University Press,1988,pp.6-11.
66 "London and Paris Agreements",U.S.Department of State,September-October 1954,Washington,D.C.:GPO,1954,p.17.
67 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.246.
68 Gert-Joachim Galessner,The Unification Process in Germany:From Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Guildford and King's Lynn Press,1992,p.18.
69 Hajo Holborn,Germany and Europe,Garden City,N.Y.:Dobleday/Anchor,1971,pp.4-5.
70 James L.Richardson,Germany and the Atlantic Alliance:The Interaction of Strategy and Politics,Cambridge,MA,1966,pp.11-23.
71 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.145.
72 Paolo Cecchini et al.,The European Challenge 1992:The Benefits of a Single Market,Aldershot,U.K.:Gower,1988.
73 "Stitching Together a United States of Europe?"The Economist,December 1,1990,p.45-47.
74 晏小宝:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,1992年版,第39页。
75[苏联]《真理报》,1949年1月25日、1971年8月7日、1965年2月6日。转引自王文修等编译:《苏修推行新殖民主义的工具——经互会》,北京:三联书店出版社,1978年版(内部发行),第1-2页。
76 王文修等编译:《苏修推行新殖民主义的工具——经互会》,北京:三联书店出版社,1978年版(内部发行),第2页。
77 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.144.
78 Ibid.,p.145.
79 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.232.
80 上海国际问题研究所编:《1989国际形势年鉴》,中国大百科全书出版社上海分社,第 187-188页。
81 F.Stephen Larrabee,"Instability and Change in East Germany",Draft Manuscript,Ebenhausen,1989,p.3.
82 Ibid.,p.4.
83 Edwina Moreton,ed.,Germany between East and West,Cambridge,U.K.:Cambridge University Press,1987.
84 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.6.
85 Ernest D.Plock,The Basic Treaty and the Evolution of East-West German Relations,Boulder,Colo:Westview,1986,pp.138-140.
86 Kenneth Oye,"Explaining Cooperation under Anarchy",World Politics 38,no.1,October 1985,p.7.
87 Jonathan Carr,Helmut Scbmidt:Helmsman of Germany,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1985,p.104.
88 Lily Gardner Feldman,"Germany and the EC:Realism and Responsibility",Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.531,Jan.,1994,p.32.
89 Division and Detente:The Germanys and Their Alliances,New York,Praeger,1987,p.xv.
90 Edwina Moreton,"The German question in the 1980s',in Moreton Germany,p.4.
91 Helmut Kohl,"Healing the Wounds of the Past to Build a Better Future",in Statement and Speeches,German Information Center,New York,25,Oct.1988.
92 Lily Gardner Feldman,"The EC and German Unification",in Leon Hurwitz and Christian Lequesne eds.,The State of the European Community:Policies,Institutions,and Debates in the Transition Years,Boulder,Co:Lynne Rienner,1991.
93 Simon Bulmer and William Paterson,The Federal Republic of Germany and the European Community,London:Allen & Unwin,1987.
94 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.65.
95 Robert Gerald Livingston,"United Germany:Bigger and Better",Foreign Policy,No.87.Summer,1992,p.158.
96 Sir Lvone A.Kirkpatrick,"German Unity",Memorandum,December 16,1955,File WG1071/G1374,Public Record Office.
97 Gert-Joachim Galessner,The Unification Process in Germany:From Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Guildford and King's Lynn Press,1992,p.19.
98 Hans-Dietrich Genscher,"GermanResponsibility for a Peaceful Order in Europe",in Daniel Rotfeld and Walther Stuetzle eds.,Germany and Europe in Transition,New York:Oxford University Press,1991,p.26.,
99 "Fostering Detente and Disarmament",Statements and Speeches 10,no.13.August 12,1987.
100 Hans-Dietrich Genscher,"Speech at the 44~(th) Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations",New York,September 27,1989,Statements& Speeches,Vol.12,No.20,p.2.
101 Lily Gardner Feldman,"Germany and the EC:Realism and Responsibility",Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.531,Jan.,1994,p.25.
102 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.246.
103 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.118.
104 Hans-Dietrich Genscher,"Speech at the 44~(th) Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations",New York,September 27,1989,Statements& Speeches,Vol.12,No.20,p.2.
105 Der Spiegel,Vol.43,No.39,September 25,1989.
106 Robert Gerald Livingston,"United Germany:Bigger and Better" Foreign Policy,No.87.Summer,1992,p.159.
1 Adam Ulam,Expansion and coexistence,New York:Praeger,1968,p.669.
2 Jean Edward Smith,The Defense of Berlin,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1963,p.333.
3 Public Papers of the Presidents:John F.Kennedy,1963,Washington,D.C.:GPO,1964,p.459-464.
何春超主编:《国际关系史(1945-1980》,北京:法律出版社,1997年版,第295-320页。
5 Geoge Shultz,"Nicaragua:Will Democracy Prevail?",Current Policy,no.97,February 27,1986.
6 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.136.
7 Wolfram Hanrieder,Germany,American,Europe,New Haven,Conn:Yale University Press,1989,pp.109-113.
8 Jonathan Carr,Helmut Schmidt:Helmsman of Germany,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1985,p.128.
9 Tom G.Palmer,"Why Socialism Collapsed in Eastern Europe",Cato Policy Report,Vol.12,No.5,September/October 1990,pp.6-13.
10 关于冷战结束的时间学术界有不同的观点。[美]小约瑟夫·奈在《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》一书中提出,冷战结束的时间为1989年。其原因在于:冷战的起源同欧洲的分裂密切相关,因此冷战结束的时间应该是欧洲分裂结束的时间。1989年11月苏联决定不使用武力支持民主德国的共产党政权、以及东德对柏林墙的拆毁,表明欧洲的分裂不复存在,冷战也随之结束。[美]约翰·罗尔克在《世界舞台上的国际政治》一书中认为,冷战的终结为1991年。其原因在于:冷战的兴起根源于美苏两极的对峙,因此冷战的结束应该以两极体系的终结为标准。1991年12月25日苏联的解体、美苏两极的对峙的消散标志着冷战的结束。本文以“极的关系”来分析全球权力结构的变化,故而采取罗尔克以两极终结为冷战结束的学术观点,认同冷战的结束为1991年。
11 解放军报编辑部编:《苏联全球战略初探》,北京:长征出版社,1981年版,第86页。
12 陈乔支主编:《国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年版,第106页。
13 《中美关系》,北京人民出版社,1971年版,第237页。
14 FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.13,Indochina,Part 1,pp.1181-1182.
15 Ibid.,pp.1280-1281.
16 解放军报编辑部编:《苏联全球战略初探》,北京:长征出版社,1981年版,第41-42页。
17 John Gaddis,"Great Illusions,the Long Peace,and the Future of the International System",in Charles Kegley,ed.,The Long Postwar Peace,New York.Harper Collins,1991,p.34.
18 何春超主编:《国际关系史(1945-1980》,北京:法律出版社,1997年版,第318页。
19[美]沃尔特·拉费尔:《美苏冷战史话》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年版,第227页。
20[美]内斯特编著,姚远、汪恒译:《国际关系:21世纪的政治与经济》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第245页。
21 《中美关系》,北京人民出版社,1971年版,第237页。
22 陈乔之主编:《国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年版,第110页。
23 杨生茂主编:《美国外交政策史(1775-1989)》,北京:人民出版社,1991年版,第558页。
24 陈乔之主编:《国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年版,第111页。
25 Thai Van Kiem,"The First Amercian in Vietnam",in Viet-My,Saigon:The Jouranal of the Vietnamese-American Association,September,1958,p.40.
26 Allan B.Cole and others eds.,Conflict in Indochina and International Repercussions,1945-1955,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1956,pp.47-48.
27 Ellen J.Hammer,The Struggle for Indochina,Stanford:Standford University Press,1954,p.97.
28 Agency for Internaitonal Development,Statistics and Reports Division,U.S.Foreign Assistance and Assistance from International Organizatiions,July 1,1945-June30,1961,Washington,March 21,1962,p.32.
29 New York Times,March 30,1954,p.1.
30 Anthony Eden,Memoirs:Full Circle,Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1960,pp.143-144.
31 Dayton D.Mckean,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.192.
32[美]斯特芬·T·霍斯梅尔:《南越的陷落》,纽约,1980年版。
33 《越南、老挝、柬埔寨手册》,北京:时事出版社,1988年,第206页。
34 Ellen J.Hammer,The Struggle for Indochina,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1954,p.286.
35 Hoang Van Chi,From Colonialism to Communism,Pall Mall,London,1964.George Carmack,"VC Pursue Policy of Terror",The Washington Daily News,13 December 1965.
36 Bernard B.Fall,"Anti-Americanism:Will South Viet Nam be Next?",The Nation,31 May,1958,p.490.
37 Ibid.,p.490.
38 New York Times,July 8,1962,p.15.
39 郭明、罗方明等著:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第59页。
40 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第214-216页。
41 《莫洛托夫就南越形势给苏共中央的报告(1955年5月19日)》http://www.shenzhihua.net/ynzz/000038_2.htm 2008-01-08。
42 《齐米亚宁与中国驻越临时代办李志敏谈话备忘录(1957年9月18日)》、《葛罗米柯给苏共中央的报告(1956年10月17日)》 http://www.shenzhihua.net/ynzz/000038_2.htm 2008-01-08。
43 《苏联外交部东南亚司关于南越形势的报告((1961年12月22日))》http://www.shenzhihua.net/ynzz/000038_5.htm 2008-01-08。
44 王书中主编:《美苏争霸战略问题》,北京:国防大学出版社,1998年版,第442页。
45 《观察家报》,1965年2月21日。
46 Nation Weekend,Novermber,3,1962.
47 George C Herring,America's Longest War:the United States and Vietnam,1950-1975,New York:Mcgraw-hill,1986,p.222.
48 Hoc Tap,September 1965,P.11.See Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.43.
49 上海市直属机关“五·七”干校六连国际班编译:《尼克松向美国国会提出的对外政策报告》,上海人民出版社1972年版,第145、149-153页。
50 郭明、罗方明等著:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第60页。
51 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第204页。
52 Hadley Arkes,Bureaucracy,The Marshall Plan and the National Interest,Princeton,New Sersey,1972,P51.
53 王书中主编:《美苏争霸战略问题》,北京:国防大学出版社,1998年版,第227页。
54 同上,第230页。
55 同上,第259页。
56 Tad Szulc,"Poland's Path",Foreign Policy,No.72,Fall 1988,p.221.
57 March Kramer,"Beyond the Brezhnev Doctrine:A New Era in Soviet-East European Relations",International Security,Winter 1989,pp.25-67.
58 西纳特拉主义一词源于来自于美国流行歌手弗兰克·西纳特拉(Frank Sinatra)。西纳特拉的演唱主要宣扬“我行我素”,“听其自然”,其歌曲《我的道路(My Way)》是苏联戈尔巴乔夫政府用来形容苏联允许周边华沙条约组织成员国自己决定国内政策的代名词。
59 The New York Times,October 26,1989.
60 李兴:《从全面结盟到分道扬镳——冷战时期的苏联与东欧关系研究》,武汉大学出版社,2000年版,第215页。
61 Charles Gati,"Gorbachev and Eastern Europe",Foreign Affairs,Vol.65,No.5,Summer 1987,p.689.
62 Andrzej Fils,"Crisis and Political Ritual in Postwar Poland",Problems of Communism,Vol.37,May-Augest 1988,pp.43-54.
63 BelaCsikos-Nagy,"Position and Future of the Hungarian Economy",Volosag,Budapest,Vol.9.1984,p.91.
64 Susan Tifft,"Facing the Cold Realities",Time,June 6,1988,p.18.
65 Ronald D.Asmus,"East Berlin and Moscow:The Documentation of a Dispute",Radio Free Europe-Radio Liberty,RFE Occasional Papers,Munich,No.1,1984.
66 1998年10月24日,戈尔巴乔夫与联邦德国总理科尔的讲话。
67 Gobachev's Speech at the Parliamentary Assembly of the European Council in Strasbourg on July 6,1989,in:Eruopa-Archiv,Vol.44,1989.p.D588.
68 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛:二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年版,第69页。
69 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第154页。
70 Charles R.Planck,The Changing Status of German Reunification in Western Diplomacy,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1967,p.10.
71 R.H.Immerman,ed.,John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University,1990,pp.121-122.
72 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.18.
73 Joseph Joffe,"The View from Bonn",in Lincoln Gordon,ed.,Eroding Empire:Western Relations with Eastern Europe,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Istitution,1987,pp.138-141.
74 Khrushchev's Press Conference on November 27,in CDSP 10,no.48,pp.17-19.
75 Arthur Schlesinger,Jr.,A Thousand Days,Greenwich,Conn.:Fawcett,1965,pp.347-348.
76 R.Morsey and Konrad Repgen,eds.,Adenauer Study Ⅲ,Mainz:Matthias,1971,p.149.
77 Jean E.Smith,The Defense of Berlin,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1963,p.163.
78 Public Papers of the Prsidents:John F.Kennedy,1961,Washing,D.C.:GPO,1962,pp.533-540.
79 Robert Slusser,The Berlin Crisis of 1961,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1963,p.207.
80 Current Digest of the Soviet Press,CDSP 13,no.41.p.5.
81 Wolfram Hanrieder,Germany,American,Europe,New Haven,Conn:Yale University Press,1989,pp.209-210.
82 WilliamBurr,"Avoiding the Slippery Slope:The Eisenhower Administration and the Berlin Crisis,November 1958-January 1959",Diplomatic History,Vol.18.No.2.,Spring 1994,p.185.
83 Jack M.Schick,The Berlin Crisis,1958-1962,Philadelphia,1971,p.37.
84 Mark J.White,Kennedy,The New Frontier Revisited,New York,1998,p.112.
85 DeanRusk,AslSawlt,New York,1990,p.223.
86 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.36.
87 "Let's hope Walter lets us know if we are at war",Stern,Carola,Ubrticht,Cologne Press,1964,p.133.
88 Heinz Brandt,The Search for a Third Way,Garden City,N.Y.:Doubleday,1970,pp.186-187.
89 Wolfgang Leonhard,Child of the Revolution,Chicgo:Henry Regnery,1967,chap.8.
90 Martin McCauley,The German Democratic Republic,New York:St.Martin's,1983,p.70.
91 N.Edwina Moreton,East Germany and the Warsaw Alliance,Boulder,Colo.:Westview,1978,p.19.
92 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.38.
93 A.James McAdams,East Germany and Detente:Building Authority after the Wall,Cambridge,1985,p.171.
94 戈尔巴乔夫:《改革与新思维》,北京:新华出版社,1987年版,第184页。
95 李兴:《从全面结盟到分道扬镳——冷战时期的苏联与东欧关系研究》,武汉大学出版社,2000年版,第209页。
96 F.Stephen Larrabee,"Eastern Europe:A Generational Change",Foreign Policy,No.70.Spring 1988,pp.49-50.
97 Charles Gati,"Gorbachev and Eastern Europe",Foreign Affairs,Vol.65,No.5,Summer 1987,p.963.
98 戈比即戈尔巴乔夫的昵称。
99 Heinz Loppmann,Honecker and the New Politics of Europe,New York:Macmillan,1972,pp.160-161.
100 New York Times,March,26,1954.
101 Marc Trachtenberg,History and Strategy,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1991,chap.5.
102 Karl Kaiser,German Foreign Policy in Transition,London:Oxford University Press,1968,pp.90-95.
103 Thomas A.Baylis,"Explaining the GDR's Economic Strategy",International Organization 40,no.2,Spring 1986,p.391.
104 Ronald D.Asmus,"East Berlin and Moscow:The Documentation of a Dispute",RFE Occasional Papers,Munich,no.1,1985,pp.25-30.
105 Current Digest of the Soviet Press,CDSP10,no.45,pp.7-9.
106 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第151页。
107 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.245.
108 Ibid.,p.47.
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5[英]戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺主编:《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书(The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science)》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1982年版,第490页。
6 Gregory Henderson,Richard Ned Lebow,John S.Stoessinger eds.,Divided Nations in a Divided World,The American Political Science Review,Vol.71,No.3,Sep.,1977,p.1233.
7[台]张五岳:《分裂国家互动模式与统一政策之比较研究》,台北:业强出版社,1992年,第2-3页,Wu Yu-Shan,"Theorizing on Relations across the Taiwan Strait:Nine Contending Approaches",Journal of Contemporary China,Sept.,2000,p.408.
8[台]邹文海:《政治学(第19版)》,台北:三民书局,1988年版,第151-154页。
9 《大不列颠百科全书(第17册)》,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1987年版,第533页。
10[台]赵国材:《从国际法观点论分裂国家之承认》,载《中国国际法与国际事务年报(第3卷)》,台北商务印书馆,1988年版,第28-29页。
11[台]张五岳:《分裂国家互动模式与统一政策之比较研究》,台北:业强出版社,1992年,第2-3页。
12[美]约翰·米尔斯海默著,王义桅、唐小松译:《大国政治的悲剧》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第43页。
13 Moe,"On the Scientific Status of Rational Models",American Journal of Political Science,No.1,February,1979,pp.215-243.
14 H.Butterfield and M.Wight eds.,Diplomatic Investigation,London:Geogre Allen & Unwin,pp.35-60.
15 Polanyi,Michael,"The Growth of Thought in Society." Economica,vol.8.New York:Harper Torchbooks,November 1941,pp.428-456.
16 无政府状态及它对国际政治的影响是由洛斯·迪金森(G.Lowes Dickinson)首先表述的,见G.Lowes Dickinson,The European Anarchy,New York:Macmillan,1916。关于对无政府状态更详细的论述,见Waltz,Theory of International Politics,Peking University Press,2004,pp.88-93;Robert J.Art and Robert Jervis,eds.,"Anarchy and its Consequence",International Politics:Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues,HaperCollins College Press,1996,pp.1-81.Helen Milner,"The Assumption of Anarchy in International Relations Theory:A Critique",Review of International Studies,17,No.1,January 1991,pp.67-85.
17 Barnard,Chester I."On Planning for World Government",in Chester I.Barnard.,Organization and Management.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1948,pp.148-152.
18[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第93页。
19 Stanley Hoffman:"Hedley Bull and His Contribution to International Relation",International Affairs,Vol.62,No.2,Spring,1986,p.180.
20 G..L.Dickinson:The International Anarchy,London:Allen &Unwin,1926,p.37.
21 Nicholas J.Wheeler,Timothy Dunne,"Hedley Bull's Pluralism of the Intellect and Solidarism of the Will",International Affairs,Vol.72,No.1,Jan.,1996,p.105.
22[英]赫德利·布尔著,张小明译:《无政府社会:世界政治秩序研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,第53-59页。
23 Spruyt,Hendrik,The Sovereign State and Its Competitors:A Analysis of Systems Change,Princeton,NJ:Prinston University Press,1994.p.1.
24[美]约翰·罗尔克编著,宋伟等译:《世界舞台上的国际政治(第9版)》,北京人学出版社,2005年版,第248页。
25 Robert O.Keohane,and Joseph S.Nye,"Globalization:What's New? What's Not?(And So What?)",Foreign Policy,1999,p.118.
26 Fowler,Michael Ross,and Julie Marie Bunck,Law,Power and the Sovereign States:The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty,University Park:University of Pennsylvania Press,1995,p.163.
27 Weiss,Linda,The Myth of the Powerless State,Ithaca,Ny:Cornell University Press,1998,p.204.
28 Turner,Federick C.,and Alejandro L.Corbacho,"New Roles for the State ",International Social Science Journal,2000,pp.118-119.
29 Sorensen,George,"Sovereignty:Change and Continuity in a Fundamental Institution",Political Studies,1999,p.601.
30 王逸舟:“国家利益再思考”,载《中国社会科学》,2002年第2期,161页。
31[美]约翰·米尔斯海默著,王义桅、唐小松译:《大国政治的悲剧》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第44页。
32 同上,第44页。
33 同上,第190页。
34[英]爱德华·卡尔著,秦亚青译:《20年危机(1919-1939):国际关系研究导论》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年版,第98页。
35 New York Times,March 7,1996,p.A10.
36[美]汉斯·摩根索著,卢明华、时殷弘、林勇军译:《国际纵横策论——争强权,求和平》,上海译文出版社,1995年版,第151页。
37 同上,第152页。
38 关于人口和军事能力关系方面的著作,参见Kingsley Davis,“The Demographic Foundations of National Power",in Morroe Berger,Theodore Abel,and Charles H.Page,eds.,Freedom and Control in Modern Societies,New York:Van Nostrand,1954,pp.206-242;Katherine Organski and A.F.K.Organski,Population and World Power,New York:Knopf,1961;Michael S.Teitelbaum and Jay M.Winter,The Fear of Population Decline,Orlando,FL:Academic Press,1985.
39 Simon Kuznets,Modern Economic Growth:Rate,Structure,and Spread,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1996,chap.2.
40 Klaus Knorr,The War Potential of Nations,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1956,p.32.
41 Inis L.Claude,Jr.,Sword into Plowshares." The Problem and Progress of International Organizations,4~(th)ed.,New York:Random House,1971,p.14.
42 Johnston Alastair I.,and Robert S.Ross,eds.,Engaging China." The Management of Emerging,Power,New York:Routledge,1999,p.29.
43 叶立煊:《西方政治思想史》,福建人民出版社,1992年版,第173页。
44[韩]洪承勉:“分断国问题的再发现”,载安保统一问题研究所编:《东西德与南北韩》,汉城:东亚日报社,1973年。
45 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛:二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年版。
46 Hungdah Chiu and Robert Downen eds.,Multi-System Nations and International Status of Germany,Korea,and China,Baltimore:Occasional Pagers Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies,Univ.of Maryland School of Law,1981.
47 范宏云:“两德统一与两岸统一之国际法比较分析”,载《湖北行政学院学报》,2006年第3期,第21-26页。
48[台]朴光得:《从德国模式看韩国统一问题之研究》,国立台湾大学政治研究所硕士论文,1985年版。
49[台]梁锦文:《自德国模式研究中国统一问题》,国立台湾大学政治学研究所硕士论文,1988年版。
50[美]赵全胜、萨特R.:《分裂与统一:中国、韩国、德国、越南经验之比较研究》,台北:桂冠图书股份有限公司,1994年版,第4页。
51[台]张五岳:《分裂国家互动模式与统一政策之比较研究》,台北:业强出版社,1992年版。
52[美]赵全胜、萨特R.:《分裂与统一:中国、韩国、德国、越南经验之比较研究》,台 北:桂冠图书股份有限公司,1994年版,第4页。
53[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第132页。
54 Richard Little,"The Systems Approach",in Steve Smith,ed.,International Relations:British and American Perspective,Oxford,England:Basil Blackwell,in association with the British International Studies Association,1985,p.74.
55 Wendt,"The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations",International Organization 41,1987,pp.335-370.
56 David Dessler,"What's at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?",International Organization 43,1989,p.441.
57 Robert W.Cox,"Production,the State,and Changes in World Order",in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N.Rosenau,eds.,Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges:approaches to World Politics for the 1990s,Lexington,MA,and Toroto:Lexington Books,1989,pp.37-38
58 Anthony Giddens,The Constitution of Society,Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California,1984,p.25.
59[美]玛莎·费丽莫著,袁正清译:《国际社会中的国家利益》,浙江人民出版社,2001年版,第18页。
60 John Gerard Ruggie,"International Structure and International Transformation:Space,Time and Method",Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N.Rosenau eds.,Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges:Approach to World Politics for the 1990s,Lexighton,MA.And Toroto:Lexington Books,1989,p.21.
61 Richard Little,"Structuralism and Neo-Realism",in Margot Light and A.J.R.Groom eds.,International Relations:A Handbook of Current Theory,London:Frances Printer,1985,p.76.
62 William C.Olson and A.J.R.Groom,International Relations Then and Now:Origins and Trends in Interpretation,London:Harper Collins Academic,1991,pp.222-225.
63 Anthony Giddens,Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory,Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1982,p.8.
64 Anthony Giddens,The Constitution of Society,Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1984,p.2.
65 Eric Hobsbawn,Revolution,Paper Presented at the Fourteenth International Congress of Historical Science,San Francisco,August 1975,p.10.
66 Gordon Wood,"The American Revolution",in Lawrence Kaplan ed.Revolutions:A Comparative Study,New York:Vintage Books,1973,p.129.
67[美]西达·斯考切波著,何俊志、王学东译:《国家与社会革命:对法国、俄国和中国的比较分析》,上海人民出版社,2007年版,第41页。
68 同上,第41-42页。
69 Alex P.Schmid,Alert J.Jongman,Politics of Terrorism." A New Guide to Concepts,Theories,Data Bases and Literature,New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1998,p.38.
70[美]约瑟夫·S·奈著,门洪华译:《硬权力与软权力》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第 116页
71 Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,"Power and Interdependence Revisited",International Organization,Autumn 1987,pp.725-753.
72 Richard N.Rosecrance,The Rise of the Trading State,New York:Basic Books,1986,p.16.
73[美]汉斯·摩根索著,徐昕、郝望、李保平译:《国家间政治:权力斗争与和平》,北京大学出版社,2006年版,第478页。
74 同上,第481页。
75 同上,第485页。
1 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.1.
2 古小松主编:《2006年越南国情报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第4页。
3[越]陈重金著:《越南通史》,北京:商务印书馆,1992年版,第7页。
4 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第146页。
5 Dang Nghiem Van,Chu Thai Son,and Luu Hung,Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam,Hanoi:The Gioi,2000,pp.266-275.
6 Dennis J.Duncanson,Government and Revolution in Vietnam,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.40.
7 古小松主编:《2006年越南国情报告》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006年版,第6页。
8 季国兴主编:《东南亚概况——当今世界经济高速发展的热点地区》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994年版,第403页。
9 Joseph Buttinger,The Small Dragon:A Political History of Vietnam,New York:Praeger,1958,p.145.
10 D.G.E.Hall,A History of South-East Asia,New York:St.Martin's Press,1955,p.643.
11 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第151-183页。
12 Paul Mus,"The Role of the Village in Vietnamese Politics",Pacific Affairs,22,September,1949,pp.266-267.
13 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第204-211页。
14 Wesley R.Fishel,"Problems of Democratic Growth in Free Wietnam",Fishei ed.,Problems of Freedom,p.16.
16 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛——二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年,第112页。
16 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.130.
17 Bernard B.Fall,"Representative Government in the State of Vietnam",Far Eastern Survey,23,August 1954,pp.122-125.
18 何春超主编:《国际关系史(1945-1980年》,北京:法律出版社,1997年版,第145页。
19 季国兴主编:《东南亚概况——当今世界经济高速发展的热点地区》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994年版,第404-405页。
20 何春超主编:《国际关系史(1945-1980年》,北京:法律出版社,1997年版,第146页。
21 John F.Kennedy,The Strategy of Peace,Hamish Hamiltion,1960,p.89.
22 Ibid.,p.90.
23 Ellen J.Hammer,The Struggle for Indochina,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1954,p.48,p.86,p.245,p.286.
24 Nguyen Thai," The Government of Men in the Republic of Vietnam ",East Lansing,Michigan:Private Mineographing,June,1962,p.100.
25 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第216页。
26 在1945年日军撤退到1975年国家统一的三十年中,越南一直处于战争之中。越南战争, 又称“30年战争”或“万日战争”,是越南人民反殖反帝、争取国家独立和统一斗的争。1975年北越武力战胜南越的的统一战争在某种程度上是越南战争的延续和终结。越南战争可以分为三个阶段:第一次越南战争(1945—1954),越南与法国的战争;第二次越南战争(1961-1973),南越游击队、北越南下军队与美国、及其南越政权的斗争;第三次越南战争(1975),北越军队、南越人民与南越政权的武力冲突。
27 Donald Lancaster,The Emancipation of French Indochina,London:Oxford University Press,1961,pp.332-337.
28 United States,Department of State,Amercian Foreign Policy,1950-1955,Basic Documents,vol.Ⅰ.,Washington,July 1957.
29 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛——二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年,第131页。
30 姚宝、过文英:《当代德国社会与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,2002年版,第10页。
31 周惠民:《德国史:中欧强权的起伏》,台北:三民书局股份有限公司,2003年版,第7页。
32 Ludwig Dehio,Germany and World Politics in the Twentieth Century,New York,1959,p.39.
33 Peter Gay,Weimar Culture:The Outsider as Insider,New York,1970,p.2.
34 Department of State,Post-War Foreign Policy Preparation,Washington,DC.,1949,p.558.
35 James S.Sutterlin and David Klein,Berlin." From Symbol of Confrontation to Keystone of Stability,New York,1989,p.11.
36 George F.Kennan,Memoirs 1925-1950,Boston,1976,p.258.
37 Address by Secretary of State Byrnes on United States Policy Regarding Germany,Stuttgart,September 6,1946,Documents on Germany,1944-1985,pp.91-99.
38 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛——二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,中国广播电视出版社,2007年,第33页。
39 Henry Krisch,The German Democratic Republic:The Search for Identity,Boulder,1985,pp.9-10.
40 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.40.
41 Karl Deutsch and Lewis Edinger,Germany Rejoins the Powers,Stanford,Calif:Stanford University Press,1959,pp.25-26.
42 "Note From the Soviet Union to the United States Transmitting a Soviet Draft of a Peace Treaty with Germany,March 10,1952",in:Documents on Germany,1944-1985,pp.361-364.
43 Willy Brandt,People and Politics,London:William Collins,1978,p.20.
44 Peter G.J.Pulzer,"The German Party System in the Sixties",Political Studies 19,no.1,1971,p.9.
45 Geoffrey Pridham,Christian Democracy in Western Germany,New York:St.Martin's 1977,chap.6.
46 Clay Clemens,Reluctant Realist." The Christian Democrats and West German Ostpolitik,Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1989,p.129.
47 William Paterson,"The Christian Union Parties",in H.G.Peter Wallach and George Romoser,eds.,West German Politics in the Mid-Eighties,New York:Praeger,1985,p.77.
48 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided.From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.2.
49[越]武元甲:《越南民族解放战争》,河内:越南外文出版社,1971年版。
50[越]陈文茶著,严谊译:《三十年战争的终结》,北京:世界知识出版社,1983年版。
51 The Reunification of Viet Nam,Hanoi:Foreign Languages Publishing House,1975.
52 越南民主共和国外交部新闻司:《帝国主义破坏越南的和平统一的计划》,北京:世界知识出版社,1995年版。
53 Philippe Devillers,"The Struggle for the Unification of Vietnam",The China Quarterly,No.9(Jan.-Mar.,1962),pp.2-23.
54 Leitenberg Milton,The Vietnam Conflict.its Geographical Dimensions,Political Traumas,&Military Development,Santa Barbara,Calif.:ABC-Clio,1973.
55[越]武元甲:《越南民族解放战争》,河内:越南外文出版社,1971年版,第89-91页。
56 同上,第28-41页。
57 同上,第56页。
58 同上,第59页。
59[越]陈文茶:《铜墙铁壁B2战场的历程》,胡志明市文艺出版社,1982年版。(“B2”是一个代号,代表抗美战争时期越南最南端的一个地区。B2战场包括从原嘉义省(今多乐省部分地区)林同、顺海直至金瓯角、昆仑岛、河仙省、富国岛的南部地区。)
60[越]陈文茶著,严谊译:《二十年战争的终结》,北京:世界知识出版社,1983年版,第45页。
61 同上,第166页。
62 同上,第3页。
63 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994.
64 Gert-Joachim Glaessner,The Unification Process in Germany:from Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Pinter Publishers,1992.
65 Pekka Kalevi Hamalainen,Uniting Germany:Actions and Reactions,Cambridge:Great Britain at the University Press,1994.
66 Bernhard Heitger and Leonard Waverman,German Unification and the international Economy,New York:Routledge,1993.
67 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993.
68 H.G.Peter Wallach and Ronald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Poliitics,Prospects,Greenwood Press,1992.
69 晏小宝:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,1992年版。
70[台]洪丁福:《德国的分裂与统一》,台湾商务印书馆,1994年版。
71 萧汉森、黄正柏:《德国的分裂、统一与国际关系》,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1998年版。
72 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994.
73 Ibid.p245.
74 Ibid.p.246.
75 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993.
76 Ibid,pⅹⅱ.
77 H.G.Peter Wallach and Ronald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Poliitics,Prospects,Greenwood Press,1992,p.ⅰ.
78 Ibid.,p.25.
79 Ibid.p.76.
80[美]西达·斯考切波著,何俊志、王学东译:《国家与社会革命:对法国、俄国和中国的比较分析》,上海人民出版社,2007年版,第37页。
81 Neil J.Smelser,Comparative Methods in the Social Sciences,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall,1976,chap.2.
82 强调比较历史分析方法困难的著作是:Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune,The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry,New York:Wiley,1976.Smelser,Comparative Methods,chaps.6-7.passim,discusses ways to handle it.
83[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第108页。
84 同上,第109页。
1 Robert O.Keohane,"Theory of World Politics:Structural realism and Beyond",in R.Keohane,ed.,Neorealism and its Critics,New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.165.
2 Robert A.Dahl,Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an Amercian City,New Haven:Yale University Press,1961.
3[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第12页。
4 Michael Barnett,Raymond Duvall," Power in International Politics ",International Organization,59,Winter 2005,p.39.
5[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第80-89页。
6 同上,第97-98页。
7 同上,第133-134页。
8 同上,第109-132页。
9 Charles R.Beitz,Political Theory and International Relations,Princeton.N.J.:Princeton University Press,1999,p.36.
10[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第101-102页。
11 同上,第93页。
12 同上,第182页。
13 Bain,Joe S.Barriers to New Competition,Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1956.Baumol,WilliamJ.,Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State,London:Longmans,Green,1952.
14[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第217页。
15 Blainey,Geoffrey,The Causes of War,London:Macmillan,1970,p.119.
16[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第232-235页。
17[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第1页。
18 同上,第12页。
19 同上,第23页。
20 同上,第23-26页。
21 同上,第204-206页。
22 同上,第431页。
23 同上,第449页。
24 Watzlawick,Paul,Janet Helmick Beavin,and Don D.Jackson,Pragmatics of Human Communication,New York:Norton,1967,p.129.
25 Henry R.Nau.The Myth of America's Decline,New York:Oxford University Press,1990,p.19.
26 宋伟:“国际政治系统理论的真正架构——浅析肯尼思·沃尔兹的结构现实主义”,载《世界经济与政治》,2000年第8期,第23页。
27 Alexander Wendt and Raymond Duvall,"Institutions and International Order",in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N.Rosenau eds.,Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges:Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s,Lexington,MA,and Toroto:Lexington Books,1989,pp.58-59.
28[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第12-14页。
29 同上,第230页。
30 同上,第230页。
31 Kukla,Andre,"The Structure of Self-fulfilling and Self-negating Prophecies",Theory and Psychology,1994(4).pp.5-33.
32 Ashley,Richard,"Three Modes of Economism",International Studies Quarterly,1998(27),pp.463-496
33 Maynard,Douglas and Thomas Wilson,"On the Reification of Social Structure",in S.McNall and G.Howe,eds.,Current Perspectives in Social Theory,Vol.Ⅰ,Greenwich:JAI Press,1980,pp.287-322.
34[美]肯尼思·华尔兹:“反思《国际政治理论》——对我的批评者们的答复”,载[美]罗伯特·基欧汉编,郭树勇译:《新现实主义及其批判》,北京大学出版,2003年版,第304页。
35[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强虽译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第87页。
36[美]肯尼思·华尔兹:“反思《国际政治理论》——对我的批评者们的答复”,载[美]罗伯特·基欧汉编,郭树勇译:《新现实主义及其批判》,北京大学出版,2003年版,第304页。
37 Goldstein,Judith and Robert Keohan eds.,Ideas and Foreign Policy,Ithaca:Comell University Press,1993,p.6.
38 Ikenberry,G.John and Charles Kupchan,"Socialization and Hegemonic power",International Organization,1990(44),pp.283-315.
39 Dant,Tim," Fetishism and the Social Value of Objects",The Sociological Review,1996,p.496
40[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第127页。
41 同上,第140-141页。
42 同上,第162-164页。
43 同上,第166-167页。
44 同上,第95页。
45 同上,第9页。
46[美]罗伯特·基欧汉编,郭树勇译:《新现实主义及其批判》,北京大学出版,2003年版,第244页。
47 John G Ruggie,"Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity",in Robert O.Keohane ed.Neorealism and Bs Critics,New York:Columbia University Press,1980,p.151.
48 Fred Halliday,Rethinking International Relations,University of British Columbia:UBC Press,1944,p.31.
49 Horgan Terence,"From Supervenience to Superdupervenience",Mind,1993(102),pp.555-586.Currie,Gregory,"Individualism and Global Supervenience",British Journal for the Philosophy of Science,1984(35),pp.345-358.
50[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第197页。
51 J.David Singer,"The Level of Analysis in International Relation",in Klaus Knoor and Sidney Verba,The International System:Theoretical Essays,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1961,pp.78-80.
52 夏路:“从多重权力概念看东亚区域治理”,载《东南学术》,2006年第1期,第66页。
53 Robert W.Cox,"Production,the State,and Changes in World Order",in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N.Rosenau eds.,Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges:Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s,Lexington,MA,and Toroto:Lexington Books,1989.pp.37-38.
54 倪世雄等主编:《当代美国国际关系理论流派文选》,上海学林出版社,1987年版,第152页。
55 Richard Little,"Structuralism and Neo-Realism",in Margot Light and A.J.R.Groom eds.,International Relations." A Handbook of Current Theory,London:Frances Printer,1985,p.76.
56[美]罗伯特·基欧汉编,郭树勇译:《新现实主义及其批判》,北京大学出版,2003年版,第174页。
57 Richard Little,"The Systems Approach",in Steve Smith ed.,International Relations:British and American Perspectives,Oxford,England:Basil Blackwell,in association with the British International Studies Association,1985,p.74.
58 关于约瑟夫·奈的软权力理论参见:[美]约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《硬权力与软权力》,北京大学出版社,2005年版。[美]约瑟夫·奈著,吴晓辉、钱程译:《软力量:世界政坛成功之道》,北京:东方出版社,2005年版。
59 Peterson,M.J.,"The Multiple Knowledge Bases of the Study of International Relations",Manuscript,University of Massachusetts Amherst,1997,p.12
60 Ray S.Cline,World Power Assessment,Boulder:Westview Press,1977;Hans J.Morgenthau,Polities among Nations,New York:Alfred Knopf,1955;Klaus Knorr,The Power and Nations,New York:Basic Books,1975.
61 Hirshleifer,Jack,"Natural Economy versus Political Economy",Journal of Social and Biological Structures,1978,p.319.
62[美]威廉·内斯特编著,姚远、江恒等译:《国际关系:21世纪的政治与经济》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第61页。
63 Freudenberg,William,Scott Frickel and Robert Gramling,"Beyond the Nature/Society Divide:Learning to think about a Mountain",Sociological Forum,1995(10),pp.361-392.
64 Buzan,Barry," The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations Reconsidered",in Ken Booth & Steve Smith eds.,International Relations Theory Today,London:Polity1995,p.198.
65[美]卡伦·明斯特著、潘忠岐译:《国际关系精要》,上海人民出版社,2007年版,61页。
66 国际政治研究的分析层次最初见于卡普兰的《国际政治的系统与过程》,他认为“体系”环境将影响“国家”的互动。华尔兹在《人、国家与战争》一书中首次提出了层次分析的框架,通过个人、国家和国际二个层次来分析战争的起源问题。辛格在《国际关系的分析层次问题》一文中,提出了“国家—国际”分析框架,将层次分为两类:由内向外的国家层次分析,以及由外向内的国际层次分析。见:Singer,J.David,“The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations",in Reprint in Phil Williams,Donald M.Goldstein,& Jay M.Sbafritz eds.,Classical Readings of International Relations,Belmont,CA:Wads -worth,1961/1994,pp.88-90.除了上述分析框架外,也有学者在“国际”与“国家”之间插入了“区域”等层次。见:Hughes Barry B.,Continuity and Change in the World Politics,Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall,3~(rd),2001,pp.230-236.随着国际关系研究对层次分析的重视和完善,分析层次间隔也变得细化。詹姆斯·罗斯瑙(James Rosenau)提出了五个 分析层次变量:个人、角色、政府、社会、国际系统。见:James N.Rosenau,The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy,London:France Printer,1980,pp.115-169.布鲁斯·拉西特(Russett Bruce)和哈维·斯塔尔(Harvey Start)提出了六个从宏观剑微观的分析层次:世界系统、国际关系、国内社会、国家政府、决策者角色、决策者个人。地Russett Bruce & Harvey Starr ed.,World Politics:The Menu fou Choice,New York& Oxford:Freeman,2~(nd),1985,pp.13-17.至90年代,重要的西方国际关系学教材都把层次分析作为重要的方法论,在书本谋篇布局中遵循层次分析方法提供的框架。见:K.J.Holsti ed.,International Politics:A Framework for Analysis 6~(th),Englewood Cliffs:Prentice Hall,1992;John T.Rouke,International Politics on the World Stage,Sluice Dock:Dushkin,1991;Russette and Starr,World Politics:A Menu for Choice,W.H.Freeman & Company;4th edition 1992;Nye,Understanding International Conflicts 6~(th),Longman,2006;James E.Dougherty and Robert L.Pfaltzgraff ed.,Contending Theories of International Reltions,3~(rd),New York:Haper and Row,1990;Karen A.Mingst,Essential of International Relations,3~(rd),W.W.Norton &Company,2004.
67 John Burton,"The Study of World Society:A London Perspective," in John A.Vasquez ed.,Classics of International Relations,Third Edition,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,Inc,1996,p.110.
68 Bueno de Mesquita,Bruce,"Domestic Politics and International Relations",International Studies Quarterly,2002,no.46,pp.1-10.
69 Hermann,Margaret G.and Joe D.Hagan,"International Decision Making:Leadership Matters",Foreign Policy,No.110,Spring 1998,p.133.
70 Lemke,Douglas,and Substance Warner,"Power Parity,Commitment to Change,and War",International Studies Quarterly,1996,no.40,p.237.
71 William R.Thompson,"The Regional Subsystem:A Conceptual Explication and Propositional Inventory",International Studies Quarterly,(17) 1,March,1973,p.96.
72 关于国际子系统的研究见J.David Singer,“The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations",in Knorr and Verba,Theoretical Essays,pp.77-92.Michael Brecher,"The States of Asia:A Political Analysis European Community as a Poltical System",Journal of Common Market Studies,V.June 1967,pp.348-386.Karl Kaiser,"The U.S.and EC in the Atlantic System:The Problem Atlantic Area as a Patial International System",in Francis O.Wilcox and H.Field Haviland,Jr.,ed.,The Atlantic Community:Progress and Prospects,New York:Praeger,1963,pp.3-31.
73[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第306页。
74[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂、小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通、陈寒溪等译:《争论中的国际关系理论(第五版)》,北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,第157页。
75 Eichengreen,Barry,"Geography as Destiny",Foreign Affairs,77/2,1998,pp.118-129.
76 Chittick,William O.,and Lee Ann Pingel,American Foreign Policy." History,Substance and Process,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002.
77 Michael W.Doyle," Liberalism and World Politics",American Political Science Review 80, December 1985,pp.1151-1169;Bruce Russett,Controlling the Sword." The Democratic Governance of National Security,Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1990;David A.Lake," Powerful Pacifists:Democratic States and War",American Political Science Review 86,March 1992,pp.24-37.
78[美]约翰·罗尔克编著,宋伟等译:《世界舞台上的国际政治(第9版)》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第102页。
79 Evans,Peter B.,Jacobson,Harold K.& Putnam,Robert D.eds.,Doulbe-Edged Diplomacy:International Bargaining and Domestic Politics,Berkeley& LA:University of California Press,1993.
80 Margaret G.Hermann,"Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders",International Studies Quarterly,24:1,March 1980.p.7-46.
81[美]卡伦·明斯特著、潘忠岐译:《国际关系精要》,上海人民出版社,2007年版,153页。
82 A.J.P.Taylor,The Struggle for Mastery in Europe,1948-1918,Oxford,Eng:Oxford University Press,1954,p.ⅹⅹⅸ.
83[美]约翰·米尔斯海默著,王义桅、唐小松译:《大国政治的悲剧》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第78-90页。
84 Buzan Barry and Richard Little,"The Idea of 'International System':Theory Meets History",International Political Science Review,1994(15),pp.231-255.
85 Kenneth K.Boulding,Conflict and Defense,New York:Harper&Row,1963;Patrick O'Sullivan,Geopolitics,New York:St.Martin's Press,1986.
86 Chalmers Johnson,John Zysman,and Laura Tyson,Politics and Productivity." The Real Story of Why Japan Works,Cambridge,MA:Ballinger,1989,pp.43-50.
87[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第9页。
88[美]约瑟夫·S·奈著,门洪华译:《硬权力与软权力》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第115页。
89[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京大学出版社,2003年版,第12-19页。
90 Mark Clayton,"Scholars Get Religion",The Christian Science Monitor,Feb.2002,p.26.
91 Theodore Von Laue,The Revolution of Westernization,New York Oxford University Press,1987,p.375.
92 Renan,Ernest,"Quest Nation?",in John Hutchinson and Anthony D.Smith eds.,Nationalism,New York:Oxford University Press,1995,p.7
93[美]丹尼尔·德德尼:“土地上的认同:民族主义中的自然、地方和距离”,载约瑟夫·拉彼德,弗里德里希·克拉托赫维尔主编,金烨译:《文化和认同:国际关系回归理论》,浙江人民出版社,2003年版,第181页。
94 Gellner Ernest," Introduction",Sukumar Periwal ed.,Notions of Nationalism,Budapest:Central European University Press,1995,p.2.
95 Taras,Ray,and Rajat Ganguly,Understanding Ethnic Conflict:The International Dimension.New York:Longman,1998,p.ⅹⅰ.
96 William R.Thompson,"The Regional Subsystem:A Conceptual Explication and Propositional Inventory",International Studies Quarterly,(17) 1,March,1973,p.101
97 R.Stubbs,G.Underhill eds,Political Economy and the Changing Global Order,London:Macmillan,1994,pp.70-71.
98 Louise Fawcett,"Regionalism in Historical Perspective",in Louise Fawcett,Andrew Hurrell eds.,Regionalism in World Politics:Regional Organization and International Order,Oxford University Press 1995,p.11.
99 David Campbell,Writing Security:United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p.4.
200[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第328-349页。
101 同上,第350-370页。
102 同上,第370-383页。
103[美]肯尼思·华尔兹著,信强译:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第172-174页。
104[美]约翰·罗尔克编著,宋伟等译:《世界舞台上的国际政治(第9版)》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第78页。
105 同上,第78-79页。
106 David Huma,"of the Balance of Power",in Charles W.Hendel ed.,David Hume's Political Essays,Ind.:Bobbs-Merrill,1953,p.142.
107 关于历史上的均势讨论见Quincy Wright,A Study of International Relations,New York:Appleton,1995;Claude lnis,Power and International Relations,New York:Random House,1962.
108 阿尔都塞:《保卫马克思》,北京:商务印书馆,1984版,第202-203页。
109 Leon A.Festinger,A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance,Standford,CA:Stanford University Press,1957;Robert A.Wickland and Jack W.Brehm,Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance,Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1976;Eddie Harmon-Jones and Judson Mills eds.,Cognitive Dissonance:Progress on a Pivotal Theory in Social Psychology,Washington,DC:American Psychological Association,1999.
110 Robert Isaak,International Political Economy:Managing World Economic Change,Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall,1991,pp.30-31.
111 Vojtech Mastny,Russia's Road to the Cold War,New York:Columbia University Press,1978;William Taubman,Stalin's American Policy,New York:Norton,1982;John Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,New York:Oxford University Press,1982.
112 Hans Morgenthau,Politics Among Nations:The Struggle for Power and Peace,Peking University Press,2005,p.249.
113[美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著,周琪、刘绯等译:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,北京:新 华出版社,1999年版,第29-32页。
114 King C.Chen,Vietnam and China,1938-1954,Princeton University Press,1969,pp.50 -51.
115 余富兆:《越南历史》,北京:军事谊文出版社,2001年版,第204-211页。
116 Allan B.Cole and others eds.,Conflict in Indochina and International Repercussions,1945-1955,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1956,pp.227-228.
117 Dennis J.Duncanson,Government and Revolution in Vietnam,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.160.
118 石源华:《中华民国外交史》,上海人民出版社,1994年版,第569页。
119 "New China New Agency",16 November 1949,in M.Kennedy ed.,A History of Communism in East Asia,New York 1958,p.380.
120 Kwanggil Kay,"Korea and Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen From East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia)Ltd,1966,p.126.
121 J.H.Brimmell,Communism in Southeast Asia,Oxford 1959,p.259.
122 Kwanggil Kay,"Korea and Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen From East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia)Ltd,1966,p.129.
123 Anthony Eden,Full Circle Memoris,Cassell,1960,p.92.
124 Dwight D.Eisenhower,Mandate for Change,Heinemann,1963.
125 U.S.Department of Defense,United States-Vietnam Relations 1945-1967,Vol.8,pp.225-272.
126 FRUS,1950,Vol.6,East Asia and the Pacific,pp.745-747.
127 《关于美国国防部侵越秘密报告材料汇编》,北京:三联书店1973年版,第870页。
128 姚椿龄:“美国与东南亚条约组织的建立”,载《美国研究》,1995年第3期。
129 FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.12,East Asia and the Pacific,Part 1,pp.125-134.
130 FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.13,Indochina,Part 1,pp.1181-1182;
131 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.131.
132 David Calleo,The German Problem Reconsidered:Germany and the World Order,1870 to the Present,Cambridge,1978,p.1.
133[德]马克斯·韦伯:《欧洲世界强权中的德国》,拜耳主编:《马克斯·韦伯全集》,第1部分,第15卷。转引自:辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第68页。
134 朔尔德:《教会利第二帝国》,第Ⅰ卷,《幻想时代及前奏(1918-1934)》,第2卷,1977年。转引自:辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第68页。
135 Paul M.Kennedy,The Rise of and Fall of the Great Powers:Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000,New York,1987.
136 Henry Kissinger,A World Restored:The Problems of Peace,1812-1822,Boston,1957.
137 Glaessner Gert Joachim,The Unification Process in Germany:from Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Pinter Publishers,1992,p.18.
138 辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第66页。
139 George F.Kennan,"Disentangle Rethinking",Foreign Affairs,vol.37,Jaunary,1959,p.196.
140 关在汉编译:《罗斯福选集》,北京:商务印书馆,1982年版,第522、514-515页。由于罗斯福于4月12日逝世,他准备的讲演未能发表。
141 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第7页。
142 同上,第7-8页。
1 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第14页。
2 同上,第15-33页。
3 “政治报告”,载《胡志明选集(中文版)第二卷》,河内:越南外文出版社,1962年版,第160页。
4 “号召全国抗战”,载胡志明:《为了独立自由,为了社会主义(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1971年版,第68页。
5[澳]约翰·芬斯顿主编,张锡镇等译:《东南亚政府与政治》,北京大学出版社,2007年版,第358页。
6 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第66页。
7 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第84页。
8 《越南劳动党中央第十二次会议决议》,1965年12月。
9 关于越南人民军的相关讨论见:Thaveeporn Vasavakul,"Vietnam:From Revolutionary Heroes to Red Entrepreneurs",in Muthiah Alagappa ed.,Coercion,and Governance:The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia,Standford:Standford University Press,2001.
10 道格拉斯·派克:《越南:一个国家的研究》,美国政府出版社,1989年版,第250页。
11 同上,第250页。
12 美国国务院公共事务局:《背景材料:越南》,1990年5月,第1页。
13 Bernard B.Fall,"Anti-Americanism:Will South Viet Nam be Next?",The Nation,31 May,1958,p.490.
14 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛:二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年版,第137页。
15 同上,第153页。
16 《纽约先驱论坛报》,1957年4月1日。转引自:[越]国家科学委员会经济研究院编,韦平、郑卧龙、黄群译:《越南经济:1945-1960》,北京:世界知识出版社,1962年版,第238页。
17 Philippe Devillers,"Ngo Dinh Diem and the Struggle for Reunification in Vietnam",The China Quarterly,London,January,March,1962.
18 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第108页。
19 Tieng Mien Nam:Saigon Daily News Round-Up,October 18,1955,p.4.
20 Dayton D.Mckean,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964.
21 Luther A.Allen and Pham Ngoc An,A Vietnamese District Chief in Action,Saigon:Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group,1961,p.53.
22 Lam Le Trinh,"Village Councils-Yesterday and Today",Viet My,Saigon:The Journal of the Vietnamese-American Association,Part Ⅰ,August,1958,pp.36-44.
23 Truong Ngoc Giau and Lloyd Woodruff,My Thuan:Administrative and Financial Aspects of a Village in South Vietnam,Saigon:National Institute of Administration,Republic of Vietnam, 1961.
24 Roy Jumper,"The Communist Challenge to South Vietnam",Far Eastern Survey,25,November,1956,pp.164-165.
25 Nation Weekend,January,19,1962.
26 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第121页。
27 "A Report at Large",New Yorker,June 25,1955,p.48.
28 Ellen J.Hammer,The Struggle for Indochina Continues,Stanford:Standford University Press,1955,p.36.
29 Allan B.Cole and others,eds.,Conflict in Indochina and International Repercussions,1945-1955,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1956,p.209.
30 Regulations of the Labor Party of Vietnam,Translated,Mimeographed 1961.
31 United States,Department of State,A Threat to the Peace:North Vietnam's Effort to Conquer South Vietnam,Far Eastern Series 110,Washington,December,1961,PartⅠ,p.13.
32 New York Times,May 5,1961,p.10.
33 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.145.
34 New York Times,November 22,1961,p.1.
35 Times of Vietnam,February 10,1960,p.1.
36 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.135.
37[美]哈威·H·史密斯:《北越区域手册》,美国政府出版社,1967年6月,第402页。
38 Wesley R.Fishel,"Political Realities in Vietnam",Asian Survey,1,April,1961,p.17.
39 United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service(Saigon),Press and Radio Highlights,Supplement for September,25,1961.
40 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.145.
41 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛:二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年版,第155页。
42 同上,第156页。
43 Felix Greene,"President Ho Chi Minh is interviewed on War",The Washington Post,14December 1965.
44 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.42.
45[越]陈文茶著,严谊译:《二十年战争的终结》,世界知识出版社,1983年版,第284-287页。
46[澳]约翰·芬斯顿主编,张锡镇等译:《东南亚政府与政治》,北京大学出版社,2007年版,第344页。
47 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第61页。
48[越]国家科学委员会经济研究院编,韦平、郑卧龙、黄群译:《越南经济:1945-1960》, 北京:世界知识出版社,1962年版,第178页。
49 Melanie Beresford,Vietnam.Politics,Economics,and Society,London and New York:Pinter Publishers,1988.
50 Adam Fforde and Stefan De Vylder,From Plan to Market:The Economic Transition in Vietnam,Boulder:Westview Press,1996.
51[英]阮进兴著:《社会主义越南经济1955-1980》,1977年版,第98页。转引自郭明:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第12页。
52 郭明:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第12页。
53[澳]约翰·芬斯顿主编,张锡镇等译:《东南亚政府与政治》,北京大学出版社,2007年版,第343页。
54 Thaveeporn Vasavakul,"Vietnam:The Changing Model of Legitimatiion",in Muthiah Alagappa ed.,Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia." The Quest for Moral Authority,Stanford,CA.:Standford University Press,1995,p.257.
55 美国参议院法律委员会1974年1月27日向国会所作的报告。转引自《越南的战争破坏》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年,第20页。
56 《越南的战争破坏(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年,第20-21页。
57 同上,第20-21页。
58 Mien Tay Nghe An,1~(st) January 1965.See Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam." Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.38.
59 Hoang Van Chi,"Collectivization and the Rice Production",North Vietnam Today,Praeger,New York,1962.
60 The D.R.V.Ministry of Foreign Trade and the Service of Statistics,Economic Studies,Hanoi,December,1964.
61 P.J.Honey,"North Vietnam Looks Sick from the Outside",The Washington Post,21 March 1965.
62 Buu Hoan,"Impact of Military Expenditures on the South Vietnamese Economy",Far Eastern Economic Review,December 25,1958,p.839.
63 Buu Hoan,"Vietnam:Economic Consequences of the Geneva Peace",Far Eastern Economic Review,December 11,1958,pp.753-757.
64 Richard W.Lindholm ed.,Vietnam:The First Five Years,East Lansing:Michigan State University Press,1959,p.45.
65 Frank C.Child,Essays on Economic Growth,Capital Formation,and Public Policy in Vietnam,Saigon:Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group,May,1961,pp.6-9.
66 Nguyen Van Thuan,The Study of a Vietnamese Rural Community-Economic Activity,Saigon:Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group,December,1959,p.75.
67 U.S.Operation Mission to Vietnam,Annual Statistical Bulletin,Data through." 1961,Saigon,July,1962.
68 U.S.Operation Mission to Vietnam,Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1961,Saigon,1962,p.21.
69 Center of Vietnamese Studies,Profile on the Vietnamese Population,the Saigon Pilot Study,Preliminary Peport,Saigon,April,1961.
70 Vu Quoc Thuc,"Economic Outlook in 1962",Vietnam Review,Washington:Embassy of Vietnam,June 6,1962,pp.12-14.
71 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.109.
72 季国兴主编:《东南亚概览》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994年版,第416页。
73 《越南的战争破坏(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年,第16-18页。
74 同上,第16-19页。
75 郭明:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第64页。
76 J.P.Gittinger,Sudies on Land Tenure in Vietnam,Terminal Report,Saigon:U.S.Operations Mission to Vietnam,December,1959.
77 James B.Hendry,"Land Tenure in South Vietnam",Economic Development and Culture Change,9,October,1960,p.27-44.
78 David Hotham,Viet Nam:The First Five Years,Lindholm,p.360.
79 《越南的战争破坏(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年版,第19页。
80 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.133.
81 罗纳德·J·其玛:《越南:一个国家的研究》,美国政府出版社,1989年版,第124页。
82 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第279-280页。
83 高台教,1926年创立,越南本土宗教。其教义具有佛教、道教、儒教、基督教等多种成分,教徒多为农民,教徒约200万人。高台教模仿天主教的等级制度,建立了具有军事性质的教阶结构。每个宗教村舍、区、县、省、大区都创建了武装义勇军。到40年代,高台教已经成为一个巨大的军事联合体。1945-1955年间,高台教在南方的政治事务中发挥着重要的作用。它先后投靠日本和法国,其军队控制着西贡北部的很大地区,实际上是越南的“国中之国”。
84 和好教,1939年创立,越南的本土宗教,实际上是小乘佛教的变体。教义的四条圣训是:孝敬父母、热爱祖国、尊重佛教教义、爱护同道者。教徒150万人,主要分布在西南部的5个省。40年代中期,和好教发展成为一个武装的宗教派别,组织了2万多人的常备军。日本投降后,和好教组织了“社会民主党”卷入国家政治。1947年后,和好教逐渐分裂为许多派别,在西贡西南部的广大地区各自占地为王,号称“男爵领地”。1964年和好教重新将各派别统一起米。和好教主张国家统一,和好教的和尚拒绝服兵役,20名教徒集体断指拒服兵役,迫使南越阮文绍让步答应和尚免服兵役。
85 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第282-286页。
86 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,越南外文出版社,河内,1976年版,第8页。
87[法]伊·瓦·菲弗尔:《在关于印度支那战争和卫生问题的国际会议上的报告》,巴黎,1970年12月。转引自《越南的战争破坏》,河内:越南外文出版社,1977年,第19页。
88[越]阮鸿峰、梁红奋、文庄:《越南村社》,云南省东南亚研究所,1983年版,第Ⅷ页。
89 Richard W.Lindholm ed.,Vietnam:The First Five Years,East Lansing:Michigan State University Press,1959,p.50.
90 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.133.
91 《越南劳动党的四十五年活动(中文版)》,河内:越南外文出版社,1976年版,第66页。
92 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.38.
93[美]戴维·霍罗威茨:《美国冷战时期的外交政策:从雅尔塔到越南》,上海人民出版社,1974年版,第129页。
94 Robert Scigliano,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.101-102.
95 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.41.
96 Ibid.,p.35.
97 《美国对越南南方的干涉和侵略政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1963年版,第52页。
98 Bernard Fall,The Two Vietnams,London:Pall Mall Press,1967.
99 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam." Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.35.
100[澳]约翰·芬斯顿主编,张锡镇等译:《东南亚政府与政治》,北京大学出版社,2007年版,第349页。
101 Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam ",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam." Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.42.
102 Ibid.,p.35.
103 姚宝、过文英:《当代德国社会与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,2002年版,第330-331页。
104 晏小宝:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,1992年版,第41页。
105 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第16页。
106 Geoffrey Pridham,"The CDU Opposition in West Germany,1969-1972 ",Parliamentary Affairs 26,no.2,Spring 1973,pp.210-217.
107[德]卡利诺夫斯基(H.Kalinowsky):《极右主义与刑法》,联邦司法部主编,波恩,1985年,第245页。转引自辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第142页。
108 George Kennan,Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin,Boston:Little,Brown,1961,p.30.
109 Raymond Aron "Regimes built on words and on debates will always find difficulty in making radical choices and will always be inclined to prefer compromise",in Democracy and Totalitarianism,New York:Praeger,1968,p.107.
110 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.35.
111 Ronald Asmus,"The GDR and the German Nation:Sole Heir or Socialist Sibling?",Interna -tional Affairs,Vil.60,No.3,1984.p.403.
112 《军事平衡:1983-1984》,北京:国际战略问题研究所,1983年,第21页。
113 SergeSchmemann,"East Germans Act to Stem Exodus",International Herald Tribune,October 4,1989,p.1.
114 Ibid.p.8.
115 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第16页。
116 Peter J.Katzenstein,Policy and Politics in West Germany,Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1987,pp.6-7.
117 James March and Johhan Olsen,"The New Institutionalism:Organizational Factors in Political Life",American Political Science Review 78,no.3,September 1984,pp.734-779.
118 D.Kahneman,P.Slovic and A.Tversky,eds.,Judgment under Uncertainty,Cambridge,U.K,:Cambridge University Press,1982,pp.335-354.
119 F.Stephen Larrabee,ed.,The Two German States and European Security,New York:St.Martin's Press,1989,p.94.
120[德]玛尔吉特·罗特著:《德意志土地上的两个国家》,第40页。转引自:晏小宝主编:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,第3页。
121 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.154.
122 Clemens,Reluctant Realists,Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1989,p.257.
123 A.James McAdams,East Germany and Detente:Building Authority after the Wall,Cambridge,1985,p.176.
124 "Genscher for Econmic Aid for Poland",The Week in Germany,April 21,1989.p1.
125 A James McAdams,"The New Logic in Soviet-GDR Relations",Problems of Communism,Vol.37,September-October 1988,p.51.
126 Imre Kovacs,"The Present and Future of the Hungarian Economy",Figyelo,Budapest,July21,1988 p.3.
127 Michael Stefanek and Ivan Hlivka,"The National and the International in the Policy of the CPCZ ",Prague:Rude Pravo,Prague,April 30.19884.
128 "Commissioner:Ethnic Germans Are A Pus",The Week in Germany,April 7,1989.p1.
129 John Edwin Mroz,"Back Door Opens in the Iron Curtain",Los Angeles Times,September 15,1989.
130 The Wee in Germany,October 6,1989.p.1
131 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.57.
132 姚宝、过文英:《当代德国社会与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,2002年版,第157页。
133 Gerard Braunthal,The West German Social Democrats,1969-1982,Boulder,Colo.:Westview,1983,p.274.
134 夏伊勒(William L.Shirer)著、董乐山等译:《第三帝国的兴亡——纳粹德国史(第1卷)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1986年,第334-336页。
135[德]纳斯马赫尔(K.H.Nassmacher):《自由亚文化的裂解——奥尔登堡地区政党体系的变迁》,柯尔施泰因,1979年,第30-134页。
136[德]施密特(K.Schmitt):“选举行为的宗教决定因素——迟到的去宗教信仰化?”,载于奥伯德福(D.Oberdoerfer)等主编:《经济、社会和价值变迁——德意志联邦共和国政治行为的效果》,柏林1985年版,第39、54页。转引自辛蔷:《融入欧洲:二战后德国社会的转向》,上海社会科学院出版社,2005年版,第137页。
137 Geoffrey Pridham,Christian Democracy in West Germany,London:Croom Hehn,1977,pp.14-15.
138 Arnulf Baring,Uprising in East Germany,June,17,1953,Ithaca,N.Y.:Comell University Press,1972,pp.22-28.
139 Michael Sodaro,"Ulbricht's Grand Design:Economics,Ideology,and the GDR's Response to Detente",World Affair 142,no.3.Winter 1980,pp.147-168.
140 Martin McCauley,The German Democratic Republic since1945,New York:St.Martin's,1983,pp.180-183.
141[美]C·布雷德利·沙尔夫著,秦刚、蔡予民等译:《民主德国的政治与变革》,北京:春秋出版社,1988年,北京,第172页。
142 Pedro Ramet,"Church and Peace in the GDR",Problems of Com Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.47.
143 A.James McAdams,East Germany and Detente:Building Authority after the Wall,Cambridge,1985,p.182.
144 Pedro Ramet,"Church and Peace in the GDR",Problems of Communism,Vol.33,July-August 1984,p.51.
145 Ibid.,pp.52-53.
146 Robert English,"Eastern Europe's Doves ",Foreign Policy,No.56,Fall 1984,pp.44-60.
147 东德三大环保机构:教会研究中心(Churche Research Center)、福音教会联盟技术研究所(Theological Study Department ofthe League of Evangelical Churches)、宗教与社会委员会(the Church and Society Committee)。
148 Pedro Ramet,"Church and Peace in the GDR",Problems of Communism,Vol.33,July-August 1984,p54.
149 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.245.
150 F.Stephen Larrabee,"Instability and Change in East Germany",Draft Manuscript,Ebenhausen,1989,P.11.
151 Report of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany to the 11~(th) Congress of the SED,Dresden 1986,p.85.
152 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.57.
153 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.3.
154 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第16-17页。
155 Robert W.Dean,West German Trade with the East:The Political Dimension,New York:Praeger,1974,p.46.
156 联邦德国经济部:《从数字看成就》,1988年。 转引自:晏小宝主编:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,第9页。
157 Gerhard Schroder,"Germany Looks at Eastern Europe",Foreign Affairs,Vol.44,No.1,October 1965,pp.19-20.
158 Ronald Asmus,"The GDR and the German Nation:Sole Heir or Socialist Sibling?",International Affairs,Vil.60,No.3,1984.p.403.
159[德]玛尔吉特·罗特著:《德意志土地上的两个国家》,第67页。转引自:晏小宝主编:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,第6页。
160 Treuhandanstalt,The Chance of the 90's:Investing in Eastern Germany,Berlin,1991,p.7.
161 Thomas A.Baylis,"Explaining the GDR's Economic Strategy",International Organization 40,no.2,Spring 1986,p.391.
162 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.232.
163 Uchitelle,"East Europe Tries a Mild Capitalism"and "1991 Economic Trends in the Federal Republic of Germany:Implications for the United States",Position Paper,United States Embassy Bonn,August,1991,p.5.
164 "The New Superpower" Newsweek,February 26,1990,p.23.
165 Treuhandanstalt,The Chance of the 90's:Investing in Eastern Germany,Berlin,1991,p.7.
166 按东德官方价格,1个东马克兑换1个西马克,但是在西柏林的银行或东德黑市上5个东马克兑换1个西马克。
167 Clay Clemens,Reluctant Realists,Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1989,pp.196-197.
168 Pedro Ramet,"Church and Peace in the GDR",Problems of Communism,Vol.33,July-August 1984,p.49.
1 Dennis J.Duncanson,Government and Revolution in Vietnam,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.45.
2 Ibid.,p.140.
3 郭明主编:《中越关系演变四十年》,广西人民出版社,1992年版,第12页。
4 Dennis J.Duncanson,Government and Revolution in Vietnam,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.140.
5 Brian Crozier,"South-East Asia and Communist Subversion",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson (Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.75.
6 Bernard B.Fall,"Representative Government in the State of Vietnam",Far Eastern Survey,23,August 1954,p.125.
7 古小松编著:《越南国情与中越关系》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第228页。
8 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第222-223页。
9 古小松编著:《越南国情与中越关系》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第234页。
10 Brian Crozier,"South-East Asia and Communist Subversion",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson (Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.76.
11 M.R.Masani,"The Role of India in South-East Asia",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson (Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.149.
12 Brian Crozier,"South-East Asia and Communist Subversion",Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson(Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.77.
13 郭明、罗方明、李白茵编著:《现代中越关系资料选编(下)(1949.10-1978)》,北京:时事出版社,1978年版,第879-888页。
14 黄国安、杨万秀等著:《中越关系史简编》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第218-220页。
15 同上,第211-213页。
16 A.B.Shah,"Communist Insurgency and Guerrilla Warfare",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam,Seen from East and West:an International Symposium,Melbourne and Sydney:Thomas Nelson (Asutralia) LTD,1996,p.80.
17 Charles W.Thayer,Guerrilla,Signet Books,New York,1965,p.29.
18 黄国安、杨万秀等著:《中越关系史简编》,广西人民出版社,第227-229页。
19 “热烈欢迎越南人民的光荣使者”,《人民日报》,1971年11月20日。
20 《中越两国人民牢不可破的战斗团结——越南党政代表团访问中国文件集》,北京:人民出版社,1971年版,第110页。
21 古小松编著:《越南国情与中越关系》,北京:世界知识出版社,2007年版,第240页。
22 USSR Foreign Ministry Memorandum,"Vietnam-China Relations",July 4,1973.SCCD,f.5,op.66,d.71,p.88.See The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War,p.231
23 郭明主编:《中越关系演变四十年》,广西人民出版社,1992年版,第103页。
24[澳]托马斯·艾伦著,郭彤译:《东南亚国家联盟》,北京:新华出版社,1981年版,第399页。
25 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第238页。
26 Hoang Van Chi,"Buddha Wept",The Fate of the Last Viets,Hoa Mai,Saigon,1956.
27 Arnfinn Jorgensen-Dahl,Regional Organization and Order in South-East Asia,The Macmillan Pree.Ltd.,1982,p.73.
28 陈乔之主编:《国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年版,第108-109页。
29 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第241页。
30 王士录、王国平:《从东盟到大东盟——东盟30年发展研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,1998年版,第332页。
31[越]南越国家统计院:《统计月刊》,1968年11期,1974年第7期,第9期。转引自:郭明、罗方明等著《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第76页。
32 同上,第68页。
33[越]《越南经济35年(1945-1980)》,河内:越南社会科学出版社,1980年版,第280页。转引自郭明、罗方明等著《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第78页。
34 Bilveer Singh,AOPFAN&the New Security Order in the Asia-Pacific Region,Malaysia Eagle Trading Sdn Bhd,1992,p.27.
35 ASEAN Documents Series 1967-1986,The ASEAN Secretariat Jakarta,1986,p.30.
36 Noordin Sopiee,"ASEAN and Regional Security",in Mohammed Ayoob ed.,Regional Security in the Third World,London:Croon Helm,1986,p.229.
37 Adam Malik,"Regional Cooperatiion in Internatiional Politics",Regionalism in Southeast Asia,Jakarta:CSIS,1975,p.160.
38[加拿大]阿米塔·阿查亚:《建构安全共同体:东盟与地区秩序》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第87页。
39 ASEAN,2~(nd) edition,Jakarta:ASEAN Secretariat,p.65.
40[加拿大]阿米塔·阿查亚:《建构安全共同体:东盟与地区秩序》,上海人民出版社,2004年版,第66页。
41 David Irivine,"Making Haste Slowly:ASEAN from 1975",in Alison Broinowski ed.,Understanding ASEAN,London:Macmillan 1982,p.40.
42 ASEAN Documents Series,1967-1988,3~(rd) edition,Jakarta:ASEAN Secretariat,1988.
43 Heiner Hanggi,ASEAN and the ZOPFAN Concept,Chongmoh Offset Printing Pte Ltd.,Singapore,1999,pp.22-24.
44 New Straits Times,1 April,1976.
45 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.60.
46 Arthur M.Schlesinger,Jr.,A Thousand Days.Greenwich,Conn:Fawcett,1965,p.811.
47 F.Roy Willis,France,Germany,and the New Europe,London:Oxford University Press,1968,pp.314-316.
48 Helmut Kohl,"Policy Statement by Helmut Kohl,Federal Chancellor,to the Bundestay",European Political Co-operation,Bonn:Press and Information Office,1998,p.378.
49 李寒秋:“两德统一棋局中的大国博弈”,载《世界军事》,2006年第11期。
50 F.Roy Willis,France,Germany,and the New Europe,London:Oxford University Press,1968,p.340.
51 李寒秋:“两德统一棋局中的大国博弈”,载《世界军事》,2006年第11期。
52 Lily Gardner Feldman,"Germany and the EC:Realism and Responsibility",Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.531,Jan.,1994,p.35.
53 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.22.
54 Christian Deubner,"The Role of the French-German Couple in European Integration in the 1990s:Disruption or Continuity?",Third Biennial International Conference of the European Community Studies Association,Washtington,DC,May 1993.
55 Eduard Shevardnadze,The Future Belongs to Freedom,New York:The Free Press,1991,p.131.
56 A.W.deporte,Europe between the Superpowers." The Enduring Balance,New Haven,Conn:Yale University Press,1979.
57 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.147.
58 Ibid.,p.76.
59 Glaessner Gert Joachim,The Unification Process in Germany:from Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Pinter Publishers,1992,p.18.
60 Ronald Asmus,German Unification and Its Ramifications,Sanata Monica,Calif.:RAND Corporation,1991,p.60.
61 Richard Ullman,Securing Europe,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton Unversity Press,1991,pp.31-36.
62 Edwina S.Campbell,Germany's Past and Europe's Future,Washington,D.C.:Pergamon Brassey's International Dfense Publishers,1989.p.188.
63 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.144.
64 Randolph S.Churchill,The Sinews of Peace:Post-War Speeches by W.S.Churchill,Cambridge,1949,pp.198-199.
65 Mark Cioc,Pax Atomica,New York:Columbia University Press,1988,pp.6-11.
66 "London and Paris Agreements",U.S.Department of State,September-October 1954,Washington,D.C.:GPO,1954,p.17.
67 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.246.
68 Gert-Joachim Galessner,The Unification Process in Germany:From Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Guildford and King's Lynn Press,1992,p.18.
69 Hajo Holborn,Germany and Europe,Garden City,N.Y.:Dobleday/Anchor,1971,pp.4-5.
70 James L.Richardson,Germany and the Atlantic Alliance:The Interaction of Strategy and Politics,Cambridge,MA,1966,pp.11-23.
71 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.145.
72 Paolo Cecchini et al.,The European Challenge 1992:The Benefits of a Single Market,Aldershot,U.K.:Gower,1988.
73 "Stitching Together a United States of Europe?"The Economist,December 1,1990,p.45-47.
74 晏小宝:《德国的统一》,上海远东出版社,1992年版,第39页。
75[苏联]《真理报》,1949年1月25日、1971年8月7日、1965年2月6日。转引自王文修等编译:《苏修推行新殖民主义的工具——经互会》,北京:三联书店出版社,1978年版(内部发行),第1-2页。
76 王文修等编译:《苏修推行新殖民主义的工具——经互会》,北京:三联书店出版社,1978年版(内部发行),第2页。
77 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.144.
78 Ibid.,p.145.
79 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.232.
80 上海国际问题研究所编:《1989国际形势年鉴》,中国大百科全书出版社上海分社,第 187-188页。
81 F.Stephen Larrabee,"Instability and Change in East Germany",Draft Manuscript,Ebenhausen,1989,p.3.
82 Ibid.,p.4.
83 Edwina Moreton,ed.,Germany between East and West,Cambridge,U.K.:Cambridge University Press,1987.
84 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.6.
85 Ernest D.Plock,The Basic Treaty and the Evolution of East-West German Relations,Boulder,Colo:Westview,1986,pp.138-140.
86 Kenneth Oye,"Explaining Cooperation under Anarchy",World Politics 38,no.1,October 1985,p.7.
87 Jonathan Carr,Helmut Scbmidt:Helmsman of Germany,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1985,p.104.
88 Lily Gardner Feldman,"Germany and the EC:Realism and Responsibility",Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.531,Jan.,1994,p.32.
89 Division and Detente:The Germanys and Their Alliances,New York,Praeger,1987,p.xv.
90 Edwina Moreton,"The German question in the 1980s',in Moreton Germany,p.4.
91 Helmut Kohl,"Healing the Wounds of the Past to Build a Better Future",in Statement and Speeches,German Information Center,New York,25,Oct.1988.
92 Lily Gardner Feldman,"The EC and German Unification",in Leon Hurwitz and Christian Lequesne eds.,The State of the European Community:Policies,Institutions,and Debates in the Transition Years,Boulder,Co:Lynne Rienner,1991.
93 Simon Bulmer and William Paterson,The Federal Republic of Germany and the European Community,London:Allen & Unwin,1987.
94 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.65.
95 Robert Gerald Livingston,"United Germany:Bigger and Better",Foreign Policy,No.87.Summer,1992,p.158.
96 Sir Lvone A.Kirkpatrick,"German Unity",Memorandum,December 16,1955,File WG1071/G1374,Public Record Office.
97 Gert-Joachim Galessner,The Unification Process in Germany:From Dictatorship to Democracy,London:Guildford and King's Lynn Press,1992,p.19.
98 Hans-Dietrich Genscher,"GermanResponsibility for a Peaceful Order in Europe",in Daniel Rotfeld and Walther Stuetzle eds.,Germany and Europe in Transition,New York:Oxford University Press,1991,p.26.,
99 "Fostering Detente and Disarmament",Statements and Speeches 10,no.13.August 12,1987.
100 Hans-Dietrich Genscher,"Speech at the 44~(th) Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations",New York,September 27,1989,Statements& Speeches,Vol.12,No.20,p.2.
101 Lily Gardner Feldman,"Germany and the EC:Realism and Responsibility",Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.531,Jan.,1994,p.25.
102 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.246.
103 H.G.Peter Wallach and R nald A.Francisco,United Germany:The Past,Politics,Prospects,Praeger:Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc.1992,p.118.
104 Hans-Dietrich Genscher,"Speech at the 44~(th) Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations",New York,September 27,1989,Statements& Speeches,Vol.12,No.20,p.2.
105 Der Spiegel,Vol.43,No.39,September 25,1989.
106 Robert Gerald Livingston,"United Germany:Bigger and Better" Foreign Policy,No.87.Summer,1992,p.159.
1 Adam Ulam,Expansion and coexistence,New York:Praeger,1968,p.669.
2 Jean Edward Smith,The Defense of Berlin,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1963,p.333.
3 Public Papers of the Presidents:John F.Kennedy,1963,Washington,D.C.:GPO,1964,p.459-464.
何春超主编:《国际关系史(1945-1980》,北京:法律出版社,1997年版,第295-320页。
5 Geoge Shultz,"Nicaragua:Will Democracy Prevail?",Current Policy,no.97,February 27,1986.
6 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.136.
7 Wolfram Hanrieder,Germany,American,Europe,New Haven,Conn:Yale University Press,1989,pp.109-113.
8 Jonathan Carr,Helmut Schmidt:Helmsman of Germany,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1985,p.128.
9 Tom G.Palmer,"Why Socialism Collapsed in Eastern Europe",Cato Policy Report,Vol.12,No.5,September/October 1990,pp.6-13.
10 关于冷战结束的时间学术界有不同的观点。[美]小约瑟夫·奈在《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》一书中提出,冷战结束的时间为1989年。其原因在于:冷战的起源同欧洲的分裂密切相关,因此冷战结束的时间应该是欧洲分裂结束的时间。1989年11月苏联决定不使用武力支持民主德国的共产党政权、以及东德对柏林墙的拆毁,表明欧洲的分裂不复存在,冷战也随之结束。[美]约翰·罗尔克在《世界舞台上的国际政治》一书中认为,冷战的终结为1991年。其原因在于:冷战的兴起根源于美苏两极的对峙,因此冷战的结束应该以两极体系的终结为标准。1991年12月25日苏联的解体、美苏两极的对峙的消散标志着冷战的结束。本文以“极的关系”来分析全球权力结构的变化,故而采取罗尔克以两极终结为冷战结束的学术观点,认同冷战的结束为1991年。
11 解放军报编辑部编:《苏联全球战略初探》,北京:长征出版社,1981年版,第86页。
12 陈乔支主编:《国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年版,第106页。
13 《中美关系》,北京人民出版社,1971年版,第237页。
14 FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.13,Indochina,Part 1,pp.1181-1182.
15 Ibid.,pp.1280-1281.
16 解放军报编辑部编:《苏联全球战略初探》,北京:长征出版社,1981年版,第41-42页。
17 John Gaddis,"Great Illusions,the Long Peace,and the Future of the International System",in Charles Kegley,ed.,The Long Postwar Peace,New York.Harper Collins,1991,p.34.
18 何春超主编:《国际关系史(1945-1980》,北京:法律出版社,1997年版,第318页。
19[美]沃尔特·拉费尔:《美苏冷战史话》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年版,第227页。
20[美]内斯特编著,姚远、汪恒译:《国际关系:21世纪的政治与经济》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第245页。
21 《中美关系》,北京人民出版社,1971年版,第237页。
22 陈乔之主编:《国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年版,第110页。
23 杨生茂主编:《美国外交政策史(1775-1989)》,北京:人民出版社,1991年版,第558页。
24 陈乔之主编:《国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年版,第111页。
25 Thai Van Kiem,"The First Amercian in Vietnam",in Viet-My,Saigon:The Jouranal of the Vietnamese-American Association,September,1958,p.40.
26 Allan B.Cole and others eds.,Conflict in Indochina and International Repercussions,1945-1955,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1956,pp.47-48.
27 Ellen J.Hammer,The Struggle for Indochina,Stanford:Standford University Press,1954,p.97.
28 Agency for Internaitonal Development,Statistics and Reports Division,U.S.Foreign Assistance and Assistance from International Organizatiions,July 1,1945-June30,1961,Washington,March 21,1962,p.32.
29 New York Times,March 30,1954,p.1.
30 Anthony Eden,Memoirs:Full Circle,Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1960,pp.143-144.
31 Dayton D.Mckean,South Vietnam:Nation under Stress,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,1964,p.192.
32[美]斯特芬·T·霍斯梅尔:《南越的陷落》,纽约,1980年版。
33 《越南、老挝、柬埔寨手册》,北京:时事出版社,1988年,第206页。
34 Ellen J.Hammer,The Struggle for Indochina,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1954,p.286.
35 Hoang Van Chi,From Colonialism to Communism,Pall Mall,London,1964.George Carmack,"VC Pursue Policy of Terror",The Washington Daily News,13 December 1965.
36 Bernard B.Fall,"Anti-Americanism:Will South Viet Nam be Next?",The Nation,31 May,1958,p.490.
37 Ibid.,p.490.
38 New York Times,July 8,1962,p.15.
39 郭明、罗方明等著:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第59页。
40 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第214-216页。
41 《莫洛托夫就南越形势给苏共中央的报告(1955年5月19日)》http://www.shenzhihua.net/ynzz/000038_2.htm 2008-01-08。
42 《齐米亚宁与中国驻越临时代办李志敏谈话备忘录(1957年9月18日)》、《葛罗米柯给苏共中央的报告(1956年10月17日)》 http://www.shenzhihua.net/ynzz/000038_2.htm 2008-01-08。
43 《苏联外交部东南亚司关于南越形势的报告((1961年12月22日))》http://www.shenzhihua.net/ynzz/000038_5.htm 2008-01-08。
44 王书中主编:《美苏争霸战略问题》,北京:国防大学出版社,1998年版,第442页。
45 《观察家报》,1965年2月21日。
46 Nation Weekend,Novermber,3,1962.
47 George C Herring,America's Longest War:the United States and Vietnam,1950-1975,New York:Mcgraw-hill,1986,p.222.
48 Hoc Tap,September 1965,P.11.See Hoang Van Chi,"Why No Peace in Vietnam",in Sibnarayan Ray ed.,Vietnam:Seen from East and West,Thomas Nelson(Australia) Ltd,1966,p.43.
49 上海市直属机关“五·七”干校六连国际班编译:《尼克松向美国国会提出的对外政策报告》,上海人民出版社1972年版,第145、149-153页。
50 郭明、罗方明等著:《越南经济》,广西人民出版社,1986年版,第60页。
51 王士录主编:《当代越南》,四川人民出版社,1992年版,第204页。
52 Hadley Arkes,Bureaucracy,The Marshall Plan and the National Interest,Princeton,New Sersey,1972,P51.
53 王书中主编:《美苏争霸战略问题》,北京:国防大学出版社,1998年版,第227页。
54 同上,第230页。
55 同上,第259页。
56 Tad Szulc,"Poland's Path",Foreign Policy,No.72,Fall 1988,p.221.
57 March Kramer,"Beyond the Brezhnev Doctrine:A New Era in Soviet-East European Relations",International Security,Winter 1989,pp.25-67.
58 西纳特拉主义一词源于来自于美国流行歌手弗兰克·西纳特拉(Frank Sinatra)。西纳特拉的演唱主要宣扬“我行我素”,“听其自然”,其歌曲《我的道路(My Way)》是苏联戈尔巴乔夫政府用来形容苏联允许周边华沙条约组织成员国自己决定国内政策的代名词。
59 The New York Times,October 26,1989.
60 李兴:《从全面结盟到分道扬镳——冷战时期的苏联与东欧关系研究》,武汉大学出版社,2000年版,第215页。
61 Charles Gati,"Gorbachev and Eastern Europe",Foreign Affairs,Vol.65,No.5,Summer 1987,p.689.
62 Andrzej Fils,"Crisis and Political Ritual in Postwar Poland",Problems of Communism,Vol.37,May-Augest 1988,pp.43-54.
63 BelaCsikos-Nagy,"Position and Future of the Hungarian Economy",Volosag,Budapest,Vol.9.1984,p.91.
64 Susan Tifft,"Facing the Cold Realities",Time,June 6,1988,p.18.
65 Ronald D.Asmus,"East Berlin and Moscow:The Documentation of a Dispute",Radio Free Europe-Radio Liberty,RFE Occasional Papers,Munich,No.1,1984.
66 1998年10月24日,戈尔巴乔夫与联邦德国总理科尔的讲话。
67 Gobachev's Speech at the Parliamentary Assembly of the European Council in Strasbourg on July 6,1989,in:Eruopa-Archiv,Vol.44,1989.p.D588.
68 李毅臻主编:《统一之路与分裂之痛:二战后分裂国家统一的启示与统一国家分裂的教训》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,2007年版,第69页。
69 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第154页。
70 Charles R.Planck,The Changing Status of German Reunification in Western Diplomacy,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1967,p.10.
71 R.H.Immerman,ed.,John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University,1990,pp.121-122.
72 A.James McAdams,Germany Divided:From the Wall to Reunification,Princeton University Press,1993,p.18.
73 Joseph Joffe,"The View from Bonn",in Lincoln Gordon,ed.,Eroding Empire:Western Relations with Eastern Europe,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Istitution,1987,pp.138-141.
74 Khrushchev's Press Conference on November 27,in CDSP 10,no.48,pp.17-19.
75 Arthur Schlesinger,Jr.,A Thousand Days,Greenwich,Conn.:Fawcett,1965,pp.347-348.
76 R.Morsey and Konrad Repgen,eds.,Adenauer Study Ⅲ,Mainz:Matthias,1971,p.149.
77 Jean E.Smith,The Defense of Berlin,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1963,p.163.
78 Public Papers of the Prsidents:John F.Kennedy,1961,Washing,D.C.:GPO,1962,pp.533-540.
79 Robert Slusser,The Berlin Crisis of 1961,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1963,p.207.
80 Current Digest of the Soviet Press,CDSP 13,no.41.p.5.
81 Wolfram Hanrieder,Germany,American,Europe,New Haven,Conn:Yale University Press,1989,pp.209-210.
82 WilliamBurr,"Avoiding the Slippery Slope:The Eisenhower Administration and the Berlin Crisis,November 1958-January 1959",Diplomatic History,Vol.18.No.2.,Spring 1994,p.185.
83 Jack M.Schick,The Berlin Crisis,1958-1962,Philadelphia,1971,p.37.
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98 戈比即戈尔巴乔夫的昵称。
99 Heinz Loppmann,Honecker and the New Politics of Europe,New York:Macmillan,1972,pp.160-161.
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105 Current Digest of the Soviet Press,CDSP10,no.45,pp.7-9.
106 《德国统一纵横》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第151页。
107 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.245.
108 Ibid.,p.47.
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19 《人民日报》2005年3月5日,第一版。
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22 同上,118页。
23 "The New Superpower",Newsweek,February 26,1990,p18.
24 Manfred Gortemaker,Unifying Germany 1989-1990,New York:St.Martin's Press,1994,p.231-232.
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28[德]《星期日世界报》,2005年10月2日。
29 Luois Uchitelle,"East Europe Tries a Mild Capitalism",New York Times,December,11,1989,p.D10.
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31 李昌芳:《德国:统一十年仍待整合》,载《光明日报》,2000年10月14日。
32 Bibow,Jorg.The Economic Consequences of German Unification:The Impact of Misguided Macroeconomic Policies,Annandale-on-Hudson,New York:Levy Economics Institute,Public Policy Brief No.67.
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