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车内噪声品质分析与选择性消声控制方法研究
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摘要
在汽车工业迅猛发展的今天,汽车车内噪声已经成为评价汽车乘坐舒适性和产品质量的重要指标之一,它的好坏对消费者购车取向和产品的市场竞争力会产生很大的影响。在以往的汽车噪声法规和标准中,多以A计权声级作为噪声评价指标,然而A声级没有深入考虑车内噪声声学品质特性,无法全面反应人对噪声的感受。在这种情况下,声品质这个现代噪声研究的全新概念应运而生,它指出人对噪声的感觉是受心理和生理因素的共同影响,反映了作为评价主体的人对特定条件下声音的主观感觉。
     采用被动和主动控制方法可以有效地控制车内噪声和声品质,传统被动降噪方法能在宽频范围内进行中高频噪声的降噪,但对低频噪声抑制效果乏力,且难以对车内噪声品质进行有效改善;主动降噪方法使噪声控制更具有针对性,可以对车内噪声实现分频段有选择性抵消,达到改善车内噪声品质的目的,且低频噪声控制效果好。
     本文结合课题组承担的国家自然科学基金项目《车内噪声品质分析评价及其自适应主动控制方法研究》(50975119),以车内噪声品质分析和自适应主动控制策略研究为主线,以偏好性和烦躁度为评价指标对我国国产轿车车内噪声品质进行了主观评价试验及客观量化分析;借助于数字滤波技术进行了噪声选择性主动消声控制理论与方法研究,研制车内噪声品质主动控制系统原理样机,构建车内噪声品质自适应主动控制系统,在某型国产轿车上进行了车内噪声选择性主动控制试验并对噪声品质进行了分析。论文主要完成了以下研究工作:
     首先,采集8种不同类型国产轿车在稳态工况匀速行驶时和匀加速行驶工况下的车内声音样本作为评价对象,组成了29人的评价组,分别采用自适应分组成对比较法和等级评分法进行了声品质偏好性和烦躁度主观评价试验。对主观评价试验数据进行了严格检验,并剔除了评价结果明显与众不同的评价者数据,最终得到了不同工况下声音样本的声品质偏好性排序值和烦躁度等级值;并将主观评价结果与五个心理声学客观参数及两种声压级进行相关性分析和多元线性回归分析,结果表明汽车在稳态匀速行驶工况下,响度和尖锐度对车内噪声品质的影响更为显著;而当汽车在匀加速行驶工况下,响度更适宜作为描述车内噪声品质优劣的指标。
     其次,采用选择性消减车内噪声成分中对声品质影响较大的频段幅值的方法,来调整和改善车内噪声品质特性。提出基于频率选择性滤波的归一化最小均方算法(NFSFLMS)的自适应控制方法,研究车内噪声自适应主动控制系统选择性消声的控制机理;在Matlab/Simulink环境中构建算法的仿真模型,通过合理地设置滤波器参数,对单频噪声信号和窄带随机噪声信号进行了自适应有源抵消的仿真分析,结果证明了上述算法的有效性。
     再次,基于上述理论和方法,自主设计开发了车内噪声选择性自适应主动控制系统。该系统的硬件部分由程控电荷放大及信号调理模块、程控前置放大模块、转速信号整形模块、A/D转换模块、主控制单元、D/A转换模块、编程及通讯接口、声功率放大模块以及电源模块等组成;通过汇编语言和C语言混合编程方式在开发环境SiliconLaboratories IDE中编写了控制系统初始化程序、子模块调用程序、自适应算法程序以及选择性数字滤波程序,最终完成了基于频率选择性滤波的车内噪声自适应主动控制系统硬件设计和软件开发工作。
     最后,以自主研制的控制器为核心,在某国产轿车上构建了车内噪声选择性自适应主动控制系统。在汽车稳态行驶工况下,利用NFSFLMS算法对车内副驾驶后排座椅乘员两耳旁噪声实施了选择性主动控制;结果表明,被抵消频率处噪声衰减明显,其它频率噪声成分受到的影响不大,相应的响度与尖锐度值也得到了有效降低,车内噪声品质评价指数SQ值也随之提高了14%以上。在加速行驶工况下,使用FXLMS算法对车内乘员两耳旁噪声实施主动控制,结果显示,噪声的能量及幅值都有所降低,影响加速行驶时车内噪声品质的响度也下降了近10%,车内噪声品质评价指数SQ值则提高了16%。可见,通过实施车内噪声品质选择性主动控制,取得了明显的车内声品质改善效果。
In the rapid development of automobile industry today, interior noise has become animportant evaluation index of ride comfort and product quality, it is good or bad will have agreat influence for the purchase intention of consumers and market competitiveness of theproduct. In the past the regulations and standards of car noise, mostly in A weighted soundlevel as noise evaluation, However, A level no in-depth consideration of vehicle interiornoise acoustic quality characteristics, not a comprehensive response to noise feeling.However, A-weighted sound level without deep considerations of the quality characteristicsof interior noise sound can not fully reflect the feelings of noise. In this case, the newconcept of modern noise-sound quality emerge as the times require, and it points out thatnoise of people's feel is affected by the psychological and physiological factors, reflected asthe subjects of evaluation on certain conditions the subjective perception of sound.
     By using both passive and active control method can effectively control the interiornoise of vehicle sound quality. The traditional passive noise method can be in a widefrequency range for medium and high frequency noise reduction, but the low frequencynoise suppression effect is weak, and it is difficult for interior sound quality to be improved.The method of active noise reduction to make the noise control is more targeted, can beachieved interior noise frequency segments are selectively cancel, used to achieve thepurpose of improving sound quality inside vehicle, and the low frequency noise controleffect is good.
     Based on the National Natural Science Fund Project “the car interior noise qualityanalysis and method research of adaptive active control ", car interior noise sound qualityanalysis and control strategy as the main lines, preference and annoyance as an index to China's domestic car interior noise of subjective evaluation and objective quantitativeanalysis. By means of digital filtering techniques were noise selectively active noise controltheory and method research,, developed the active noise control in vehicle principleprototype, constructed inside the adaptive active noise control system, and in some types ofChina-made cars was carried out on the car interior noise selectively active controlexperiment and the noise quality were analyzed. The paper mainly completed the followingresearch work:
     First, collect eight different types of domestic car in the uniform steady state drivingand the driving cycles of a uniformly accelerating car sound samples as evaluation object,29men formed the evaluation team, adopts adaptive grouped pair-wise comparison methodOn the subjective evaluation of the test data has been rigorously tested, and weed out theevaluation result was out of the ordinary evaluation, finally obtained the sound samplesound quality preference performance value and annoyance rating value in differentconditions; and the subjective evaluation results and five psychoacoustic parameters andtwo kinds of A-weighted sound pressure level carried out correlation analysis and multiplelinear regression analysis. The results show that the loudness and sharpness of interiorsound quality are more significant effect in steady state conditions; and when the loudnessis more suitable as vehicle is describing the good-bad index of interior sound quality inuniformly accelerated conditions.
     Secondly, by means of selective subtraction of vehicle interior noise componentthat the sound quality is greatly influenced by the band amplitude method, adjustment andimprovement of interior noise quality characteristics。Adaptive control method is proposedbased on frequency selective filtering of NFSFLMS algorithm,study on the controlmechanism of selective noise elimination for adaptive active control system in vehicleinterior noise; The simulation model constructed of algorithm in Matlab/Simulink andrational setup of filter’s parameters, single frequency noise signal and narrowbandrandom signal noise signal carry out the simulation analysis of adaptive elimination, theresults proved that the algorithm is efficient.
     Again, based on the above theory, the selective adaptive active control system of vehicle interior noise is designed and developed. The hardware of the system consisting byprogrammable preamplifier module and signal adjusting module、 programmablepreamplifier module、 programmable preamplifier module、plastic module of speedsignal、A/D conversion module、main controller、D/A conversion module、programmingand communication interface、sound power amplifier module and the power supply modulecomposed the hardware of an adaptive active controller. The control system isprogrammed by C language and assembly language mixed programming method in SiliconLaboratories IDE of the development environment, which includes the initializationprocedure, module call procedures, adaptive algorithm and selective program of digitalfiltering. Finally, based on adaptive active control system of interior noise of thefrequency selective filter, hardware design and software development work havecompleted.
     Finally, that was independently developed the controller as the core, adaptive activenoise control system of interior sound quality was constructed in a certain domestic car. Insteady-state conditions, using the NFSFLMS algorithm was implementing selective activecontrol for noise of the occupant ears. The results show that, the noise of cancellationfrequency decreases obviously, other frequency components are almost uninfluenced; theloudness and sharpness value has been effectively reduced; the SQ value of evaluationindex will increase14%above for interior sound quality。In the acceleration runningcondition, the noise near the driver's ears was made active control by the FXLMS algorithm.The results showed the energy of noise and amplitude was decreased, acceleration ofinterior sound quality is affected, which the loudness has fallen by nearly10%, theevaluation index-SQ value of sound quality increased by16%.
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