低速永磁直驱风力发电变流器若干关键技术研究
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摘要
低速永磁直驱风力发电系统不需要齿轮箱、易于维护、可靠性高,且发电机和电网之间解耦,在电网电压跌落时可以快速的向电网提供无功支持,和电网之间具有柔性连接特性。因此永磁直驱变速恒频风力发电技术日益成为研究的热点。
本文对低速永磁直驱风力发电的若干关键技术进行了理论分析和实验研究,具体研究如下。
文章对基于载波移相并联的LCL输出滤波器的拓扑结构进行了理论分析和对比研究,包括变流器模块化、体积、环流、滤波性能。并基于LCL滤波器的物理意义分析了LCL滤波器三个元件选取的设计原则,为基于载波移相并联变流器的LCL输出滤波器设计提供了理论基础。
针对载波移相并联导致的环流问题,分析了环流产生的机理,并对环流进行了数学建模,提出了一种独立设计环流控制环的环流控制策略。控制策略分离环流并独立控制,有效提高了环流控制的稳态精度,环流控制策略在抑制低频环流的同时保持了对基波电流控制的良好动静态性能,具有良好的环流抑制效果。
实现载波移相并联变流器一个重要技术是PWM发生器的设计,文章基于FPGA开发了可灵活扩展的PWM发生器IP Core,在本系统的载波移相3模块并联应用中取得了良好的效果。
本文建立了基于载波移相并联的LCL滤波器的数学模型,并和单模块LCL滤波器模型进行了对比,建立了两种滤波器在本质上的等效关系,根据前述LCL滤波器的等效关系及数字控制采样延时的固有特性,提出了一种基于采样延时稳定LCL滤波器网侧和变流器侧电流反馈的控制策略。通过合理选择采样频率,配置系统的闭环零极点,保证系统的稳定性。理论和实验研究深入揭示了采样频率的选择和系统稳定性之间的关系,为载波移相并联LCL滤波器稳定控制奠定了基础。
风电场一般位于电力网末端,属于弱电网,针对电网电压跌落时风机脱网对电网造成的严重危害。本文提出了一种机电复合储能的控制策略,控制策略在电网电压跌落时能有效利用风力机大转动惯量储能,减弱了电网的动态过程对变流器可靠性运行的影响,同时风机储能的有效利用,和传统单制动电阻方案相比,提高了低电压穿越时系统的发电效率。
为了提高风电变流器运行的可靠性,基于载波移相并联变流器的容错能力,文章实验研究了载波移相并联单元的某一桥臂故障、故障模块的切除和冗余单元的投入对系统稳定的影响,仿真和实验结果表明,采用适当的保护控制,基于载波移相并联的变流器具有良好的冗余容错能力。
提出了一种基于电机端电压定向单位功率因数控制策略,该策略利用光电码盘实时准确跟踪电机转子磁场相位,根据转子磁场和电机端电压定向之间的数学关系,得到电机端电压定向的数学模型,使机侧变流器保持单位功率因数运行,提高变流器容量的利用率,并具有良好动静态性能。
为了验证风力发电系统特性,构建了一个小模型实验平台。根据MPPT最佳功率曲线指令,提出了一种直流电机跟踪最大功率配合永磁发电机跟踪最优转速的MPPT模拟运行控制策略,使系统工作在最佳功率曲线。
The low speed direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator system has a myriad of advantages, such as gearless, easy maintenance, high stability, decoupled between generator and grid. Moreover, the wind system could connect with powergrid flexibly and feed reactive power to the grid quickly. Thus, Low speed direct-drive wind generation system gains more and more attention.
This paper focuses on some key techniques about direct-drive wind generation system in theory and proposes novel methods to the generation system. Simulation and experimental results verify that the feasibility and excellent performances of these methods.
Comparing two topologies of the LCL filter, this paper studies on the characteristics of the converter based on carrier phase shifting parallel such as modularization, volume, circulating current, filtering performances. Based on the LCL filter physical theory, design principles about the three components are given in detail, which provide carrier phase shifting parallel LCL filter with fundamental theory.
In order to suppress the circulating current caused by carrier phase shifting parallel, this paper proposes a novel control strategy based on circulating current mathematical model. Experimental results verify that the proposed control strategy could not only suppress circulating current effectively but also aquire good steady state as well as dynamic performances.
Since many PWM driving signals are required for converters in the system, this paper develops an expandable PWM IP Core, which could conbine the number of PWM driving signals arbitrary. Experimental results verify that the PWM IP Core is flexible and effective in power electronics applications with complicated topologies.
Due to the complicated structure of carrier phase-shifting parallel LCL filter, the mathematic model needs to be simplified to design controllers properly. This paper builds the LCL filter model based carrier phase shifting parallel and makes comparison with the single LCL filter which contributes to the fundamental theory of carrier phase shifting parallel LCL filter.
In addition, this paper proposes a new grid side current feedback control method for LCL filters by adopting proper sampling frequency without active or passive damping. This control strategy is proposed based on the poles distribution and root locus diagram of the current feedback control system. By studying the stability trends in different sample frequencies, this paper gives a direction for LCL filter stability. Simulation and experiment results verify that the control method is feasible in practical application.
To deal with LVRT, this paper proposes a new LVRT control strategy based on the power balance as the grid voltage drops. This control strategy stores part of power into the turbine inertia and smoothes the grid dynamic response. It also improves the system efficiency during LVRT. In addition, this paper studies the redundancy capability and the control method during faulting status, like arm faults, backup unit working, fault unit cutting off etc. Simulation and experiments indicate the converter based on carrier phase shifting parallel has very strong fault tolerant ability.
In order to improve the utilization ratio of the converter capacity, this paper proposes a new unit power factor control method, which could make use of the converter capacity completely and gain good steady and dynamic state performance.
The DC motor is adopted to emulate the wind turbine in the system. This paper proposes a MPPT control strategy in which the DC motor and permanent generator aims at tracking the input power and regulating rotation speed respectively. Based the control method, this paper constructs a model platform to verify the wind system performances by emulating various operating conditions, which can save developing time and cost significantly. Simulation and experiment results verify its feasibility.
本文对低速永磁直驱风力发电的若干关键技术进行了理论分析和实验研究,具体研究如下。
文章对基于载波移相并联的LCL输出滤波器的拓扑结构进行了理论分析和对比研究,包括变流器模块化、体积、环流、滤波性能。并基于LCL滤波器的物理意义分析了LCL滤波器三个元件选取的设计原则,为基于载波移相并联变流器的LCL输出滤波器设计提供了理论基础。
针对载波移相并联导致的环流问题,分析了环流产生的机理,并对环流进行了数学建模,提出了一种独立设计环流控制环的环流控制策略。控制策略分离环流并独立控制,有效提高了环流控制的稳态精度,环流控制策略在抑制低频环流的同时保持了对基波电流控制的良好动静态性能,具有良好的环流抑制效果。
实现载波移相并联变流器一个重要技术是PWM发生器的设计,文章基于FPGA开发了可灵活扩展的PWM发生器IP Core,在本系统的载波移相3模块并联应用中取得了良好的效果。
本文建立了基于载波移相并联的LCL滤波器的数学模型,并和单模块LCL滤波器模型进行了对比,建立了两种滤波器在本质上的等效关系,根据前述LCL滤波器的等效关系及数字控制采样延时的固有特性,提出了一种基于采样延时稳定LCL滤波器网侧和变流器侧电流反馈的控制策略。通过合理选择采样频率,配置系统的闭环零极点,保证系统的稳定性。理论和实验研究深入揭示了采样频率的选择和系统稳定性之间的关系,为载波移相并联LCL滤波器稳定控制奠定了基础。
风电场一般位于电力网末端,属于弱电网,针对电网电压跌落时风机脱网对电网造成的严重危害。本文提出了一种机电复合储能的控制策略,控制策略在电网电压跌落时能有效利用风力机大转动惯量储能,减弱了电网的动态过程对变流器可靠性运行的影响,同时风机储能的有效利用,和传统单制动电阻方案相比,提高了低电压穿越时系统的发电效率。
为了提高风电变流器运行的可靠性,基于载波移相并联变流器的容错能力,文章实验研究了载波移相并联单元的某一桥臂故障、故障模块的切除和冗余单元的投入对系统稳定的影响,仿真和实验结果表明,采用适当的保护控制,基于载波移相并联的变流器具有良好的冗余容错能力。
提出了一种基于电机端电压定向单位功率因数控制策略,该策略利用光电码盘实时准确跟踪电机转子磁场相位,根据转子磁场和电机端电压定向之间的数学关系,得到电机端电压定向的数学模型,使机侧变流器保持单位功率因数运行,提高变流器容量的利用率,并具有良好动静态性能。
为了验证风力发电系统特性,构建了一个小模型实验平台。根据MPPT最佳功率曲线指令,提出了一种直流电机跟踪最大功率配合永磁发电机跟踪最优转速的MPPT模拟运行控制策略,使系统工作在最佳功率曲线。
The low speed direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator system has a myriad of advantages, such as gearless, easy maintenance, high stability, decoupled between generator and grid. Moreover, the wind system could connect with powergrid flexibly and feed reactive power to the grid quickly. Thus, Low speed direct-drive wind generation system gains more and more attention.
This paper focuses on some key techniques about direct-drive wind generation system in theory and proposes novel methods to the generation system. Simulation and experimental results verify that the feasibility and excellent performances of these methods.
Comparing two topologies of the LCL filter, this paper studies on the characteristics of the converter based on carrier phase shifting parallel such as modularization, volume, circulating current, filtering performances. Based on the LCL filter physical theory, design principles about the three components are given in detail, which provide carrier phase shifting parallel LCL filter with fundamental theory.
In order to suppress the circulating current caused by carrier phase shifting parallel, this paper proposes a novel control strategy based on circulating current mathematical model. Experimental results verify that the proposed control strategy could not only suppress circulating current effectively but also aquire good steady state as well as dynamic performances.
Since many PWM driving signals are required for converters in the system, this paper develops an expandable PWM IP Core, which could conbine the number of PWM driving signals arbitrary. Experimental results verify that the PWM IP Core is flexible and effective in power electronics applications with complicated topologies.
Due to the complicated structure of carrier phase-shifting parallel LCL filter, the mathematic model needs to be simplified to design controllers properly. This paper builds the LCL filter model based carrier phase shifting parallel and makes comparison with the single LCL filter which contributes to the fundamental theory of carrier phase shifting parallel LCL filter.
In addition, this paper proposes a new grid side current feedback control method for LCL filters by adopting proper sampling frequency without active or passive damping. This control strategy is proposed based on the poles distribution and root locus diagram of the current feedback control system. By studying the stability trends in different sample frequencies, this paper gives a direction for LCL filter stability. Simulation and experiment results verify that the control method is feasible in practical application.
To deal with LVRT, this paper proposes a new LVRT control strategy based on the power balance as the grid voltage drops. This control strategy stores part of power into the turbine inertia and smoothes the grid dynamic response. It also improves the system efficiency during LVRT. In addition, this paper studies the redundancy capability and the control method during faulting status, like arm faults, backup unit working, fault unit cutting off etc. Simulation and experiments indicate the converter based on carrier phase shifting parallel has very strong fault tolerant ability.
In order to improve the utilization ratio of the converter capacity, this paper proposes a new unit power factor control method, which could make use of the converter capacity completely and gain good steady and dynamic state performance.
The DC motor is adopted to emulate the wind turbine in the system. This paper proposes a MPPT control strategy in which the DC motor and permanent generator aims at tracking the input power and regulating rotation speed respectively. Based the control method, this paper constructs a model platform to verify the wind system performances by emulating various operating conditions, which can save developing time and cost significantly. Simulation and experiment results verify its feasibility.
引文
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