强化混凝—接触氧化工艺处理农村生活污水的试验研究
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摘要
新农村建设全面深入地改变了我国农村的面貌,经济飞速发展,城镇化进程不断扩大。在农村发展的同时,人口的快速集中,生活用水量不断增加也导致生活污水排放量的不断增加,水资源短缺和水环境污染问题日益严重。因此,农村生活污水问题已经成为影响新农村建设成败的关键问题,是相关政府部门、专家学者及社会大众关注的焦点问题。
相对于城镇生活污水,农村生活污水具有分布散、污染物浓度相对较高、水量差异大等特点,因此不能按照常规城镇管网规划思路进行农村排水设施的建设,同时农村生活污水的排放量和污水水质也与当地经济生活水平和生活习惯密切相关,排放间歇明显,水质、水量波动大。针对农村污水的以上特点,比较分析了沼气池技术、人工湿地技术、稳定塘技术、生态技术、小型一体化处理等适宜在农村应用的污水综合处理技术的优缺点,最终确定以硅藻土复配剂为混凝剂的强化混凝——接触氧化小型一体化技术来处理农村生活污水,并在实验室进行小试试验。希望为实现农村生活污水的低成本收集和资源化利用农村水环境改善提供借鉴。
试验分为两个部分,第一部分,以硅藻土为主要原料与另外三种常用混凝剂复配,通过试验效果分析确定复配的最佳比例、投加量、搅拌时间和最佳pH值等参数和去除效果;第二部分,硅藻土复配剂混凝池与生物接触氧化柱组合联动试验,首先,采用生活污水为进水,对生物接触氧化微生物进行培养及填料挂膜,并进行必要的生物相检测和水质监测,生物接触氧化柱启动及挂膜成功后,与混凝搅拌池连接,进水改为沉淀池后出水。
通过试验研究得出硅藻土复配剂的最佳配比,通过正交试验确定最佳工艺参数为:聚合氯化铝:硅藻土(质量比)=1:11,投加量25mg/L,搅拌速度300r/min快速搅拌,慢速搅拌70r/min,其中快速搅拌2min慢速搅拌10min,pH为7-7.5。通过正交试验确定对混凝效果的影响因素为pH>投加量>搅拌时间,pH对于混凝效果的影响作用十分明显。一级二级反应联动运行期间,一级反应以最佳工艺参数运行,试验确定出了反应器的最优工艺参数为:二级生物接触氧化系统水力停留时间为4h;溶解氧浓度控制在2~3mg/L。在最佳工艺参数条件下,反应器对COD、NH_4~+-N、及浊度的平均去除率分别为85.83%、20.97%、及94.66%。
试验研究表明,强化混凝—接触氧化法处理农村生活污水可以实现对CODcr、NH_4~+-N和浊度的有效去除,且该工艺的运行方式与农村居民的生活习惯基本一致,并具有占地面积小、操作简单、抗冲击负荷能力强、处理出水水质稳定等优点,该工艺应用于农村生活污水处理是可行的。
The new age of rural construction which has further comprehensive changed the face of countryside; the development rapid of economy with expanding continually urbanization rate. With the progress of rural construction, the concentrates of population and water consumption in daily life were added could lead to increasing domestic sewage release. In these case the problem of water shortage and contaminate would getting worse.
The most country facing the same problem of drainage, which was poor and weak in basic constructed. Great majority polluted water was discharged in a simply way, which would contaminate subterranean river or infiltrate soil. Thus the issue of river water quality dropping, pollution and low soil quality indicator which could arouse flies breeding and pathophoresis will do bad influence on the country development and the healthy of peasant. If all no changing, the environmental effect by accumulation of contaminant would not be eliminated in short time. These were contradicting with the original intention of building good home for husbandman and new country. In this way, which most government, expert and the society focus on one tremendous problem: the village sanitary sewage.
The unique characteristic of rural drainage which displays in several parts: first, the residence was dispersing in the country. Thus the drainage facility could not be programmed as the same way of city because diseconomy. Second, the discharge value and water quality of domestic sewage were distinguished by the living standard and habit. Thirdly the obvious intermittence of discharging, the yield and quality of water waved largely. Because of these characters, we compared many techniques such as methane tank, constructed wetlands, aquatic systems, and ecotechnology which would be suitable for country sewage. Then study the powerful mixture coagulant based on diatomite which could be using as an integration technology in the country domestic sewage system. In order to achieve inexpensive collecting and resource recovering in country domestic sewage, and which could be solve the problem of people healthy and environmental pollution arising from water.
The experiment was divided into two parts. First using the diatomite as the major raw material and other three constant coagulants blended, this could confirm the best rate, content, time and pH parameter, dislodge effect in experiment. The second part diatomite and coagulation mixture were experimented with biological contact oxidation group. The first part was fostering microculture by contact oxidation and biofilm colonization, then detected water quality for biofacies. After the biological contact oxidation column and biofilm colonization were accomplished, then connecting the coagulation mixing system, changing inflow for depositing effluent.
Study shows the suitable diatomite and coagulation mixture rate was the best way to deal with domestic sewage, orthogonal test was used to ensure technological parameter for aluminium polychlorid (PAC): Diatomite (mass ratio) =1:11, the best technological parameters should be as follows:dosage 25mg/L, stirring quickly at 300r/min for 2min, slowly at 70r/min for 10min and pH 7-7.5. The conclusion by the orthogonal experiment showed that the influencing factors on the effect of coagulant have following order: pH> dosage >stirring time, which means pH plays an important role on the effect of coagulant. Between the first and second order reactions, optimum technological parameter was used to do as first order reaction, and studying was confirmed the date: HRT was 4h at the second order reaction biological contact oxidation stage; DO concentration was controlled at 2~3mg/l. During the best technological parameter, the strainaway rate of COD, Ammonia Nitrogen and turbidity was separately 85.83%, 20.97% and 94.66%.
The study shows, domestic sewage could be handled by strengthened coagulation with contact oxidation which would achieve effective dislodging CODcr, NH4+-N and turbidity. In addition this method of operation technique was consistently with country life, the advantage including little floor space, simplicity of operation, powerful impact load, the water stabilization, which was demonstrated the feasibility in country domestic sewage.
相对于城镇生活污水,农村生活污水具有分布散、污染物浓度相对较高、水量差异大等特点,因此不能按照常规城镇管网规划思路进行农村排水设施的建设,同时农村生活污水的排放量和污水水质也与当地经济生活水平和生活习惯密切相关,排放间歇明显,水质、水量波动大。针对农村污水的以上特点,比较分析了沼气池技术、人工湿地技术、稳定塘技术、生态技术、小型一体化处理等适宜在农村应用的污水综合处理技术的优缺点,最终确定以硅藻土复配剂为混凝剂的强化混凝——接触氧化小型一体化技术来处理农村生活污水,并在实验室进行小试试验。希望为实现农村生活污水的低成本收集和资源化利用农村水环境改善提供借鉴。
试验分为两个部分,第一部分,以硅藻土为主要原料与另外三种常用混凝剂复配,通过试验效果分析确定复配的最佳比例、投加量、搅拌时间和最佳pH值等参数和去除效果;第二部分,硅藻土复配剂混凝池与生物接触氧化柱组合联动试验,首先,采用生活污水为进水,对生物接触氧化微生物进行培养及填料挂膜,并进行必要的生物相检测和水质监测,生物接触氧化柱启动及挂膜成功后,与混凝搅拌池连接,进水改为沉淀池后出水。
通过试验研究得出硅藻土复配剂的最佳配比,通过正交试验确定最佳工艺参数为:聚合氯化铝:硅藻土(质量比)=1:11,投加量25mg/L,搅拌速度300r/min快速搅拌,慢速搅拌70r/min,其中快速搅拌2min慢速搅拌10min,pH为7-7.5。通过正交试验确定对混凝效果的影响因素为pH>投加量>搅拌时间,pH对于混凝效果的影响作用十分明显。一级二级反应联动运行期间,一级反应以最佳工艺参数运行,试验确定出了反应器的最优工艺参数为:二级生物接触氧化系统水力停留时间为4h;溶解氧浓度控制在2~3mg/L。在最佳工艺参数条件下,反应器对COD、NH_4~+-N、及浊度的平均去除率分别为85.83%、20.97%、及94.66%。
试验研究表明,强化混凝—接触氧化法处理农村生活污水可以实现对CODcr、NH_4~+-N和浊度的有效去除,且该工艺的运行方式与农村居民的生活习惯基本一致,并具有占地面积小、操作简单、抗冲击负荷能力强、处理出水水质稳定等优点,该工艺应用于农村生活污水处理是可行的。
The new age of rural construction which has further comprehensive changed the face of countryside; the development rapid of economy with expanding continually urbanization rate. With the progress of rural construction, the concentrates of population and water consumption in daily life were added could lead to increasing domestic sewage release. In these case the problem of water shortage and contaminate would getting worse.
The most country facing the same problem of drainage, which was poor and weak in basic constructed. Great majority polluted water was discharged in a simply way, which would contaminate subterranean river or infiltrate soil. Thus the issue of river water quality dropping, pollution and low soil quality indicator which could arouse flies breeding and pathophoresis will do bad influence on the country development and the healthy of peasant. If all no changing, the environmental effect by accumulation of contaminant would not be eliminated in short time. These were contradicting with the original intention of building good home for husbandman and new country. In this way, which most government, expert and the society focus on one tremendous problem: the village sanitary sewage.
The unique characteristic of rural drainage which displays in several parts: first, the residence was dispersing in the country. Thus the drainage facility could not be programmed as the same way of city because diseconomy. Second, the discharge value and water quality of domestic sewage were distinguished by the living standard and habit. Thirdly the obvious intermittence of discharging, the yield and quality of water waved largely. Because of these characters, we compared many techniques such as methane tank, constructed wetlands, aquatic systems, and ecotechnology which would be suitable for country sewage. Then study the powerful mixture coagulant based on diatomite which could be using as an integration technology in the country domestic sewage system. In order to achieve inexpensive collecting and resource recovering in country domestic sewage, and which could be solve the problem of people healthy and environmental pollution arising from water.
The experiment was divided into two parts. First using the diatomite as the major raw material and other three constant coagulants blended, this could confirm the best rate, content, time and pH parameter, dislodge effect in experiment. The second part diatomite and coagulation mixture were experimented with biological contact oxidation group. The first part was fostering microculture by contact oxidation and biofilm colonization, then detected water quality for biofacies. After the biological contact oxidation column and biofilm colonization were accomplished, then connecting the coagulation mixing system, changing inflow for depositing effluent.
Study shows the suitable diatomite and coagulation mixture rate was the best way to deal with domestic sewage, orthogonal test was used to ensure technological parameter for aluminium polychlorid (PAC): Diatomite (mass ratio) =1:11, the best technological parameters should be as follows:dosage 25mg/L, stirring quickly at 300r/min for 2min, slowly at 70r/min for 10min and pH 7-7.5. The conclusion by the orthogonal experiment showed that the influencing factors on the effect of coagulant have following order: pH> dosage >stirring time, which means pH plays an important role on the effect of coagulant. Between the first and second order reactions, optimum technological parameter was used to do as first order reaction, and studying was confirmed the date: HRT was 4h at the second order reaction biological contact oxidation stage; DO concentration was controlled at 2~3mg/l. During the best technological parameter, the strainaway rate of COD, Ammonia Nitrogen and turbidity was separately 85.83%, 20.97% and 94.66%.
The study shows, domestic sewage could be handled by strengthened coagulation with contact oxidation which would achieve effective dislodging CODcr, NH4+-N and turbidity. In addition this method of operation technique was consistently with country life, the advantage including little floor space, simplicity of operation, powerful impact load, the water stabilization, which was demonstrated the feasibility in country domestic sewage.
引文
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