冬小麦—夏玉米产量性能动态特征及其主要栽培措施效应
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摘要
冬小麦—夏玉米一年两熟是黄淮海平原主要种植模式。小麦、玉米分别是典型的旱作C3与C4作物。研究两作物产量形成过程特点和高产产量性能指标以及两作周年优化配置对指导两作物周年一体化高产具有重要意义。本研究于2006—2008年连续两年对河北廊坊、2006—2007年河南温县及2007—2008年河南焦作两作物不同品种(冬小麦:藁城8901、烟农19、轮选987、豫麦49和FS230;夏玉米:益农103、郑单958、登海601和农华0379)、不同密度及不同播期与收获期的产量性能公式MLAI×D×MNAR×HI=EN×GN×GW中的7项指标动态进行系统测定并建模分析,结果表明:
1.在主要产量性能参数动态模型中,两作物的群体叶面积动态和冬小麦茎数动态均符合方程y= (a+bx)/ (1+cx+dx2);干物重和粒重动态模拟模型均为Logistic曲线y= a / (1+be-cx);而生育期动态模型符合方程y=(ab+cxd)/ (b+xd)曲线特征。并且模型的主要参数明显受品种类型、种植密度、生育期长短及播种收获期的影响,因而可通过这些主要栽培措施调节参数变化,进而对最终产量产生调节效应。
2.品种类型、种植密度和播种/收获时期对两作物产量性能均具有调控效应。高产品种主要表现在群体平均叶面积指数(MLAI)、生育期天数(D)、穗数(EN)、粒重(GW)和收获指数(HI)的明显提高。增加种植密度,群体MLAI和EN相应提高,而平均净同化率(MNAR)、穗粒数(GN)和GW减小。冬小麦推迟播种期MLAI、EN和GN降低,但MNAR、HI和GW显著提高;夏玉米推迟收获期MLAI、HI、D和GW均显著提高。
3.两作物不同产量层次的产量性能变化指标相同,变幅不同。冬小麦从高产(6000 kg hm-2)上升到超高产水平(9509 kg hm-2),及夏玉米从高产(8349kg hm-2)上升到超高产水平(13050kg hm-2),MLAI、D、EN、GW和HI均明显提高。其中冬小麦各项指标分别增加51.6%、20.6%、16.7%、23.6%和3.0%。夏玉米分别加了38.7%、21.6%、27.4%、13.2%和24.5%。这意味着实现超高产应走结构性增产为主协同功能性增产同步提高之路。
4.冬小麦晚播,夏玉米晚收的栽培技术体系具有明显的增产效果。该体系的产量性能特点为:小麦晚播MNAR、HI和GW显著提高;夏玉米晚收MLAI、HI、D和GW均显著提高。“双晚”资源利用效率特点为,周年光能资源籽粒生产效率提高2.22%～10.86%,≥10℃有效积温生产效率提高0.47%～11.56%,周年产量提高519～2575 kg hm-2。在黄淮平原,不增加任何生产成本,适当推迟冬小麦播期和夏玉米收获期是实现该地区周年高产高效的有效技术途径。
The winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation is the main crop system for whole-year high yield in North China plain. Quantifying the two crops yield performance are badly needed for whole year yield increasing. On the basis of the quantitative analysis formula of yield performance MLAI×D×MNAR×HI= EN×GN×GW, different cultivars of winter wheat (Gaocheng 890, Yannong19, Lunxuan 987, Yumai 49, and FS230) and summer maize(Yinong 103, Zhengdan 958, Denghai 601 and Nonghua 0379) were used in field experiments with three different densities and different sowing time and harveat time in Hebei Langfang in 2006-2008, Henan wen couty 2006-2007 and jiaozuo 2007-2008 respectively, and the yield performance parameters and the dynamic process of the two crops for different yield level were quantified. And the main results were as follows:
1. With the five yield performance parameters dynamic simulation models for two crops of winter and summer maize, leaf area index and ear number dynamic accorded with the same equation of y= (a+bx)/ (1+cx+dx2), and the Logistic equation y= a / (1+be-cx) could make a good estimation of dry matter accumulation and grain weight dynamic well, but the duration dynamic conformed to y= (ab+cxd)/ (b+xd). Whereas, the values of the above equations had differences among different cultivars, densities, duration and sowing with harvest time and so on.
2. The yield performance parameters varied with different densities, cultivars, sowing and harvest time. With the plant density increasing, mean eaf area index (MLAI) and ear number (EN) increased significantly, but the mean net assimilation rate (MNAR), grain number (GN) and grain weight (GW) decreased relatively, which means the yield performance parameters play the collaborative effect on high yield realization. Also higher yield cultivars with higher MLAI, duration (D), EN, GW and harvest index (HI) than the normal yield level.Meanwhile, delaying the sowing time of winter wheat, the MLAI, EN and GN decreased, MNAR, HI and GW were significantly promoted. Similarly, the MLAI, HI, D, andGW of summer maize significantly increased with late harvest.
3. The yield performance of winter wheat and summer mazie varied significantly with different yield levels. The yield performance of MLAI, D, EN, GW and HI increased 51.6%, 20.6%, 16.7%, 23.6% and 3.0% respectively when the yield of winter wheat increased from high yield 6000 kg ha-1 to higher yield 9509 kg ha-1. Similarly, the above parameters increased 38.7%, 21.6%, 27.4%, 13.2% and 24.5% respectively when the yield of summer maize increased from high yield 8349 kg ha-1 to higher yield 10530 kg ha-1. In conclusion, the two effective approaches,“structural exploration”and“functional exploration”were were put forward in exploring crop production potential.
4. The double late-cropping system with winter wheat–summer maize is important for whole-year higher yields. The yield performance quantitative parameters of the double late-cropping system showed that MNAR, HI, and GW were significantly promoted of winter wheat in the double late-cropping system. Similarly, the MLAI, HI, D, GW of maize significantly increased in the double late-cropping system. The light and temperature use efficiency were 2.22%–10.86% and 0.47%–11.56% higher in the double late-cropping system with 442–2575 kg ha?1 of additional yield than the control. Without any increase cost, based on late sowing of winter wheat, early-maturing wheat cultivars are suggested to be used in the double cropping system in North China, resulting in longer grain-filling period of the following maize crop and ultimately higher yield.
1.在主要产量性能参数动态模型中,两作物的群体叶面积动态和冬小麦茎数动态均符合方程y= (a+bx)/ (1+cx+dx2);干物重和粒重动态模拟模型均为Logistic曲线y= a / (1+be-cx);而生育期动态模型符合方程y=(ab+cxd)/ (b+xd)曲线特征。并且模型的主要参数明显受品种类型、种植密度、生育期长短及播种收获期的影响,因而可通过这些主要栽培措施调节参数变化,进而对最终产量产生调节效应。
2.品种类型、种植密度和播种/收获时期对两作物产量性能均具有调控效应。高产品种主要表现在群体平均叶面积指数(MLAI)、生育期天数(D)、穗数(EN)、粒重(GW)和收获指数(HI)的明显提高。增加种植密度,群体MLAI和EN相应提高,而平均净同化率(MNAR)、穗粒数(GN)和GW减小。冬小麦推迟播种期MLAI、EN和GN降低,但MNAR、HI和GW显著提高;夏玉米推迟收获期MLAI、HI、D和GW均显著提高。
3.两作物不同产量层次的产量性能变化指标相同,变幅不同。冬小麦从高产(6000 kg hm-2)上升到超高产水平(9509 kg hm-2),及夏玉米从高产(8349kg hm-2)上升到超高产水平(13050kg hm-2),MLAI、D、EN、GW和HI均明显提高。其中冬小麦各项指标分别增加51.6%、20.6%、16.7%、23.6%和3.0%。夏玉米分别加了38.7%、21.6%、27.4%、13.2%和24.5%。这意味着实现超高产应走结构性增产为主协同功能性增产同步提高之路。
4.冬小麦晚播,夏玉米晚收的栽培技术体系具有明显的增产效果。该体系的产量性能特点为:小麦晚播MNAR、HI和GW显著提高;夏玉米晚收MLAI、HI、D和GW均显著提高。“双晚”资源利用效率特点为,周年光能资源籽粒生产效率提高2.22%～10.86%,≥10℃有效积温生产效率提高0.47%～11.56%,周年产量提高519～2575 kg hm-2。在黄淮平原,不增加任何生产成本,适当推迟冬小麦播期和夏玉米收获期是实现该地区周年高产高效的有效技术途径。
The winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation is the main crop system for whole-year high yield in North China plain. Quantifying the two crops yield performance are badly needed for whole year yield increasing. On the basis of the quantitative analysis formula of yield performance MLAI×D×MNAR×HI= EN×GN×GW, different cultivars of winter wheat (Gaocheng 890, Yannong19, Lunxuan 987, Yumai 49, and FS230) and summer maize(Yinong 103, Zhengdan 958, Denghai 601 and Nonghua 0379) were used in field experiments with three different densities and different sowing time and harveat time in Hebei Langfang in 2006-2008, Henan wen couty 2006-2007 and jiaozuo 2007-2008 respectively, and the yield performance parameters and the dynamic process of the two crops for different yield level were quantified. And the main results were as follows:
1. With the five yield performance parameters dynamic simulation models for two crops of winter and summer maize, leaf area index and ear number dynamic accorded with the same equation of y= (a+bx)/ (1+cx+dx2), and the Logistic equation y= a / (1+be-cx) could make a good estimation of dry matter accumulation and grain weight dynamic well, but the duration dynamic conformed to y= (ab+cxd)/ (b+xd). Whereas, the values of the above equations had differences among different cultivars, densities, duration and sowing with harvest time and so on.
2. The yield performance parameters varied with different densities, cultivars, sowing and harvest time. With the plant density increasing, mean eaf area index (MLAI) and ear number (EN) increased significantly, but the mean net assimilation rate (MNAR), grain number (GN) and grain weight (GW) decreased relatively, which means the yield performance parameters play the collaborative effect on high yield realization. Also higher yield cultivars with higher MLAI, duration (D), EN, GW and harvest index (HI) than the normal yield level.Meanwhile, delaying the sowing time of winter wheat, the MLAI, EN and GN decreased, MNAR, HI and GW were significantly promoted. Similarly, the MLAI, HI, D, andGW of summer maize significantly increased with late harvest.
3. The yield performance of winter wheat and summer mazie varied significantly with different yield levels. The yield performance of MLAI, D, EN, GW and HI increased 51.6%, 20.6%, 16.7%, 23.6% and 3.0% respectively when the yield of winter wheat increased from high yield 6000 kg ha-1 to higher yield 9509 kg ha-1. Similarly, the above parameters increased 38.7%, 21.6%, 27.4%, 13.2% and 24.5% respectively when the yield of summer maize increased from high yield 8349 kg ha-1 to higher yield 10530 kg ha-1. In conclusion, the two effective approaches,“structural exploration”and“functional exploration”were were put forward in exploring crop production potential.
4. The double late-cropping system with winter wheat–summer maize is important for whole-year higher yields. The yield performance quantitative parameters of the double late-cropping system showed that MNAR, HI, and GW were significantly promoted of winter wheat in the double late-cropping system. Similarly, the MLAI, HI, D, GW of maize significantly increased in the double late-cropping system. The light and temperature use efficiency were 2.22%–10.86% and 0.47%–11.56% higher in the double late-cropping system with 442–2575 kg ha?1 of additional yield than the control. Without any increase cost, based on late sowing of winter wheat, early-maturing wheat cultivars are suggested to be used in the double cropping system in North China, resulting in longer grain-filling period of the following maize crop and ultimately higher yield.
引文
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