地面、沙漠的电磁散射特性研究
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摘要
本文首先给出了粗糙面散射的基本理论,给出了随机粗糙面和沙丘的生成方法,介绍了粗糙面散射的基本方法基尔霍夫近似和微扰法;给出了沙漠的纵向沙丘和横向沙丘散射模型,推导了沙丘间多次散射的后向散射系数公式并分析了随波长、介电常数、高度均方根、相关长度和散射系数角分布的变化,与双尺度计算结果进行了比较。利用四成分模型计算了土壤湿度与土壤介电常数的关系,并分别用基尔霍夫近似法和微扰法计算了考虑不同土壤类型的电磁散射。基于基尔霍夫标量近似法和驻留相位近似法研究了粗糙面下方介质中的电磁透射和散射,导出了不同极化状态下指数谱粗糙面透射系数计算公式并进行了数值计算和讨论。最后利用微扰法计算了分层地面模型的一阶散射场,对其进行了详细讨论并与单层模型的散射系数进行了比较。
In this thesis, fundamental theory of electromagnetic scattering from the rough surface is introduced for random rough surface models and electromagnetic scattering models, such as Kirchhoff Approximation and Small Perturbation Approximation. Models of longitudinal dune and transverse dune on the desert are presented. Backscattering coefficient of multiple scattering between dunes is derived. The influences of wavelength, dielectric constant, mean square root, correlation length and slope angular on the scattering coefficient from the rough surfaces with Exponential spectrum are analyzed, and numerical results are compared with Two-Scale Model for different desert models. According to the four-element model, the relation between humidity and dielectric constant of soil is presented and electromagnetic scattering from soil surface is calculated at different soils by Kirchhoff and Small Perturbation Method. Based on Scalar Approximation and Stationary-Phase Approximation, electromagnetic scattering and transmission in the medium under rough surface are investigated and formulae of transmission coefficients for different polarizations are presented and discussed numerically. The diagram of the scattering coefficient for different polarization transmission wave considering Exponential spectrum with varying of the scattering angle, the scattering azimuth angle and the frequency of the incident wave is obtained by numerical implementation. Finally, the first order electromagnetic scattering from layered model rough surfaces is also examined by applying the Small Perturbation Method and the comparison of scattering coefficients for the layered model and surface reflection are given and discussed in detail.
In this thesis, fundamental theory of electromagnetic scattering from the rough surface is introduced for random rough surface models and electromagnetic scattering models, such as Kirchhoff Approximation and Small Perturbation Approximation. Models of longitudinal dune and transverse dune on the desert are presented. Backscattering coefficient of multiple scattering between dunes is derived. The influences of wavelength, dielectric constant, mean square root, correlation length and slope angular on the scattering coefficient from the rough surfaces with Exponential spectrum are analyzed, and numerical results are compared with Two-Scale Model for different desert models. According to the four-element model, the relation between humidity and dielectric constant of soil is presented and electromagnetic scattering from soil surface is calculated at different soils by Kirchhoff and Small Perturbation Method. Based on Scalar Approximation and Stationary-Phase Approximation, electromagnetic scattering and transmission in the medium under rough surface are investigated and formulae of transmission coefficients for different polarizations are presented and discussed numerically. The diagram of the scattering coefficient for different polarization transmission wave considering Exponential spectrum with varying of the scattering angle, the scattering azimuth angle and the frequency of the incident wave is obtained by numerical implementation. Finally, the first order electromagnetic scattering from layered model rough surfaces is also examined by applying the Small Perturbation Method and the comparison of scattering coefficients for the layered model and surface reflection are given and discussed in detail.
引文
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[2] A.Ishimaru. Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media. New York: Academic Press, 1978
[3] F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, A.K. Fung. Microwave Remote Sensing, II (Reading, MA: Addision-Wesbey). 1982
[4]金亚秋等.复杂系统中的电磁波.复旦大学出版社. 1995
[5] W. J. Vogel, G. W. Torrence, H-P. Lin. Simultaneous Measurements of L-Band and S-Band Tree Shadowing for Space-Earth Communications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 1995,43(7): 713-719
[6] J.Richard, Wombell, A.JohnDeSanto. Reconstruction of Rough Surface Profiles with the Kirchhoff Approximation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 1991,8(12):1892 -1896
[7] N.Garcia, E.Stoll. Monte Carlo Calculation for Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Random Rough Surface. Phys. Rev. Lett.. 1984, 52(20):1789-1801
[8] C.H.Chan, L.Tsang, Q.Li. Monte Carlo Simulation of Large Scale One- Dimensional Random Rough-Surface Scattering at Near Grazing Incidence: Penatrable Case. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 1998, 46(1):142-159
[9] Ezekiel Bahar. Scattering Cross Sections for Random Rough Surfaces: Full Wave Analysis. Radio Science. 1981, 16(3):331-341
[10] L. Tsang, M. C. Kubacsi, J. A. Kong. Radiative Transfer Theory for Active Remote Sensing of a Layer of Small Ellipsoidal Scatters. Radio Science. 1981, 16(3):321-329
[11] L. H. Lang. Electromagnetic Backscattering from a Sparse Distribution of Lossy Dielectric Scatters. Radio Science. 1981, 16:15-30
[12] A.K. Fung and H. Fung. Application of First-Order Renormalization Theory for Cross-Polarized Backscatter from a Half-Space. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 1977, 15(4):189-195
[13] A.Tabatabaeenejad, M. Moghaddam. Bistatic Scattering from Three-Dimensional Layered Rough Surfaces. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2006, 44(8):2102-2114
[14] I. M. Fuksand. A. G. Voronovich Wave Diffraction by Rough Interfaces Inanar Bitrary Plane-layered Medium. Waves in Random Media. 2000, 10(2): 253-272
[15] K. Krishen. Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Layer with Rough Front and PlaneBack (Small Perturbation Method by Rice). IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 1970, 18(4):573-576
[16] Chih-HaoKuo, M.Moghaddam, Scattering from Multilayer Rough Surfaces Based on the Extended Boundary Condition Method and Truncated Singular Value Decomposition. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 2006, 54(10): 2917-2926
[17] S.Seker,A.Schneider. Stochastic Model for Pulsed Radio Transmission Through Stratified Forests. IEE Proceeding,. 1987, 134(4):361-368
[18] W. J. Vogel, G. W. Torrence, H-P. Lin. Simultaneous Measurements of L-Band and S-band Tree Shadowing for Space-earth Communications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 1995, 43 (7):713-719
[19] N.C.Currie,E.E.Martin,F.B.Dyer. Radar Foliage Penetration Measurements at Millimeter Wavelengths, Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Final Rep. EES/GIT Project,1975, A-1485-100
[20]任新成.粗糙面电磁散射及其与目标的复合散射研究,西安电子科技大学博士论文, 2008
[21]马东英.考虑遮蔽效应时粗糙面的多次散射研究,西安电子科技大学硕士论文, 2007
[22] Wu Zhensen, Song Kun and Qi Liyan. Experimental Study of Laser Bistatic Scattering from Random Deeply Rough Surface and Backscattering Enhancement. Int. J. IR and Mill. Waves. 2000,2, 21(2):247-254
[23]吴振森,谢东辉,谢品华.粗糙表面激光散射统计建模的遗传算法.光学学报. 2002,8, 22 (8):897-901
[24] J. A. Kong. Electromagnetic Wave Theory. Cambridge, MA: EMW. 1999
[25] P. Beckmann et al. The Scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces New York: Pergamon, 1963
[26] Bass. Wave seattering from statistcally rough surfaces. Oxford: Pergamon, 1979
[27] K.S.Chen, A.K.Fung. A Comparison of Backscattering Models for Rough Surfaces. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 1995, 33(1):195-200.
[28] A.K.Fung, Z.Li, K.S.Chen. Backscattering from a Randomly Rough Dielectric Surface. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing., 1992,3, 30(2): 356-369
[29] A.K.Fung, M.F.Chen. Numerical Simulation of Scattering from Simple and Composite Random Surfaces. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1985,12, 2(12): 2274-2284
[30] R.M.Axline, A.K.Fung. Numerical Computation of Scattering from a Perfectly Conducting Random Surface. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 1978,3, 26(3):482-488
[31] A. Ishimaru, and J S. Chen. Scattering from Very Rough Surfaces Based on The Modified Second-order Kirchhoff Approximation with Angular and Propagation Shadowing. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1990, 88: 1877-1883
[32] J. A. Ogilvy. Theory of Wave Scattering from Random Rough Surfaces. Adam Hilger. 1997
[33]邓永新,樊自立,关有志.沙漠环境对沙漠公路工程的影响.中国沙漠,1996,16(3):293-299
[34] Hanson S.G and Zavorotny V.U, Polarization Dependency of Enhanced Multipath Radar Backscattering from an Ocean-like Surface, Waves in Random Media. 1995, 5. pp.159-165
[35] J.A.Ogilvy. Theory of Wave Scattering from Random Rough Surface. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1991
[36] E. D. McKee, A Study of Global Sand Seas: Geological Survey Professional Paper. Washington D.C: U.S. Gov. Printing Office, 1979. pp.1052
[37] K. Pye and H. Tsoar. Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes. London:Unwin Hyman, 1990.
[38] Guo Lixin, Ren Yuchao. Study on the Doppler Spectrum from the Time-Varying Sea Surface Using Kirchhoff Approximation. Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference Proceedings. QingDao, China. 2004, 8. pp.47-49
[39] Fung A.K. Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications. Artech House, INC. 1994
[40] Hanson S.G and Zavorotny V.U. Polarization Dependency of Enhanced Multipath Radar Backscattering from an Ocean-like Surface. Waves in Random Media.1995, 5. pp.159-165
[41] Haroon Stephen and David G. Long. Microwave Backscatter Modeling of Erg Surfaces in the Sahara Desert, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2005, 43(2): 238-247
[42] J.R.Wang, T.J.Schmugge. An Empirical Model for the Complex Dielectric Permittivity of Soils as a Function of Water Content. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 1980, 18(2): 288-295
[43]唐路,李宗谦,石长生,王薪.先验知识在被动微波遥感土壤湿度反演中的作用和影响,中国工程科学, 2005,7(3):53-58
[44]夏昌明,路宏敏.Broyden算法在测量沙质样品介电常数实验中的应用.宇航计测技术. 2003, 23(4): 34-37
[45] A.Tabatabaeenejad,M. Moghaddam. Bistatic Scattering from Three- Dimensional Layered Rough Surfaces. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2006, 44(8): 2102-2114
[46] B.Hu and W.C.Chew.Fast Inhomogeneous Plane Wave Algorithm for Electromagnetic Solutions in Layered Medium Structures: 2-D case. Radio Sci.. 2000, 35(1): 31-43
[47] King Wai Lam, Lizhi Zheng and Qin Li. Statistical Distributions of Fields in Scattering by Random Rough Surfaces Based on Monte Carlo Simulations of Maxwell Equations. IEEE International Antennas and Propagation Symposium. 2003,6. pp.573-576
[48] Ergün Simsek, Jianguo Liu and Qing Huo Liu. A Spectral Integral Method (SIM) for Layered Media. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 2006,6, 54(6): 1472-1479
[49] Alireza Tabatabaeenejad and Mahta Moghaddam. Bistatic Scattering from Three-Dimensional Layered Rough Surfaces. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 2006,8, 44(8): 2102-2114
[50]] Chih-Hao Kuo and Mahta Moghaddam. Scattering from Multilayer Rough Surfaces Based on the Extended Boundary Condition Method and Truncated Singular Value Decomposition. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 2006,10, 54(10): 2917-2929
[51] G. Franceschetti, P. Imeratore, A. Iodice, D. Riccio, and G. Ruello. Scattering from Layered Medium with One Rough Interface: Comparison and Physical Interpretation of Different Methods. in Proc. IEEE IGARSS, Toulouse, France. 2003. pp.2912–2914
[52] Ergün Simsek, Jianguo Liu and Qing Huo Liu. A Spectral Integral Method and Hybrid SIM/FEM for Layered Media. IEEE Trans. Microwave and Techniques. 2006,11, 54(11): 3878-3884
[53] K. A. Michalski and D. Zheng. Electromagnetic Scattering and Radiation by Surfaces of Arbitrary Shape in Layered Media. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,1990,3,38: 335-344
[54] Magda El-Shenawee. Polarimetric Scattering from Two-layered Two-dimensional Random Rough Surfaces With and Without Buried Objects. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2004,1, 42(1): 67-76
[55]宋运龙.实际粗糙地面的电磁散射特征研究,西安电子科技大学硕士论文, 2008
[56] R. U. Cooke and A. Warren, Geomorphology of Deserts. London, U.K.: Anchor Press. 1973.
[57] A. S. Goudie, I. Livingstone and S. Stokes. Aeolian Environments, Sediments and Landforms. London, U.K.: Wiley. 1999.
[58] R. G. Kennett and F. K. Li. Seasat Over-land Scatterometer Data. IEEE Trans.Geosci. Remote Sens., 1989,9,27(5): 592–605
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