基于OpenStreetMap的出行可达性分析与实现
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摘要
近年来,网络、GPS和图形等技术的迅速发展深刻影响着地理信息的获取与发布,产生了一种有别于传统测绘与遥感的地理数据采集方式,即普通用户在Web2.0环境中自发贡献各种地理数据的方式,这种方式使得大量地理数据不断地被创建并且相互交叉引用,极大地缩短了地理信息获取和传播的时间。Michael Goodchild将这种现象定义为“自发地理信息”(Volunteered Geographic Information, VGI)。OpenStreetMap是VGI实例中一项领先且具有深远价值的应用,它的目标旨在建立一整套免费的覆盖全球的矢量地理数据集,由于其获取免费、更新速度及时等特点,成为国外很多学者、学术机构开展具有创新性应用研究的数据基础。
本论文采用OpenStreetMap(OSM)数据,对欧洲范围内GB级别的道路及公交数据进行提取、处理,并通过网络数据模型及网络分析算法设计,实现了欧洲范围内多种交通模式下(步行、公交、驾车)的出行可达性分析,并以在线位置信息服务(Location-based Services LBS)的形式进行发布,为居民日常出行提供决策支持。
通过基于开源OSM数据可达性应用的研究与实现,本文能为各项基于或受限于昂贵的地理数据的研究与应用提供数据来源方面新的解决思路；同时本文还在密集型数据(Data-intensive)计算方面做了实证性的探索与尝试,通过对GB级别(40GB的欧洲数据)的数据处理与分析,实现大尺度数据的可达性分析研究,为基于密集型地理数据的应用与研究提供参考；三,利用位置信息服务(LBS)理念来实现在出行可达性分析服务,拓展了可达性研究的应用,使之能为居民的日常出行服务。另外,基于LBS的可达性分析应用同时也延伸了LBS的实现形式。
In recent years, the rapid development in GPS and Web2.0 technologies has profound impacts on geographic information creation, assembling and dissemination. A brand-new data acquisition method has been ermerging as the widespread engagement of large numbers of private citizens, often with little in the way of formal qualifications, in the creation of geographic information. Massive geographical data have constantly been created and updated, and the time for geographic information access and dissemination is thus significantly reduced. Michael Goodchild termed this phenomenon as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). Among many formats of VGI, OpenStreetMap (OSM) is intended to create a world map using free data from GPS units, aerial photography and other sources. Because of its free access and quick update, OSM has been been employed to carry out innovative studies by researchers and academic institutions
This thesis adopts OSM data to develop a web-based accessibility analysis and service for the general public. We extract and process street and public transport data of the entire Europe with over dozens of gigabytes of data. Huge graphs are generated through data-intensive computing both for the street network and the public transport network. Based on the massive preprocessing, we can make appropriate queries such as isochrones, public transit, stops and points of interest. The contributions of the thesis include (1) applications of VGI in general and OSM in particular for geographic information services or location based services, (2) data intensive geospatial computing based on free VGI, and (3) extension of accessibility analysis into the location based services for the general public.
本论文采用OpenStreetMap(OSM)数据,对欧洲范围内GB级别的道路及公交数据进行提取、处理,并通过网络数据模型及网络分析算法设计,实现了欧洲范围内多种交通模式下(步行、公交、驾车)的出行可达性分析,并以在线位置信息服务(Location-based Services LBS)的形式进行发布,为居民日常出行提供决策支持。
通过基于开源OSM数据可达性应用的研究与实现,本文能为各项基于或受限于昂贵的地理数据的研究与应用提供数据来源方面新的解决思路；同时本文还在密集型数据(Data-intensive)计算方面做了实证性的探索与尝试,通过对GB级别(40GB的欧洲数据)的数据处理与分析,实现大尺度数据的可达性分析研究,为基于密集型地理数据的应用与研究提供参考；三,利用位置信息服务(LBS)理念来实现在出行可达性分析服务,拓展了可达性研究的应用,使之能为居民的日常出行服务。另外,基于LBS的可达性分析应用同时也延伸了LBS的实现形式。
In recent years, the rapid development in GPS and Web2.0 technologies has profound impacts on geographic information creation, assembling and dissemination. A brand-new data acquisition method has been ermerging as the widespread engagement of large numbers of private citizens, often with little in the way of formal qualifications, in the creation of geographic information. Massive geographical data have constantly been created and updated, and the time for geographic information access and dissemination is thus significantly reduced. Michael Goodchild termed this phenomenon as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). Among many formats of VGI, OpenStreetMap (OSM) is intended to create a world map using free data from GPS units, aerial photography and other sources. Because of its free access and quick update, OSM has been been employed to carry out innovative studies by researchers and academic institutions
This thesis adopts OSM data to develop a web-based accessibility analysis and service for the general public. We extract and process street and public transport data of the entire Europe with over dozens of gigabytes of data. Huge graphs are generated through data-intensive computing both for the street network and the public transport network. Based on the massive preprocessing, we can make appropriate queries such as isochrones, public transit, stops and points of interest. The contributions of the thesis include (1) applications of VGI in general and OSM in particular for geographic information services or location based services, (2) data intensive geospatial computing based on free VGI, and (3) extension of accessibility analysis into the location based services for the general public.
引文
Burrough, P. A.& Frank, A. U. (eds.) (1996), Geographic objects with indeterminate boundaries, London:Taylor & Francis,345.
Cherdlu, E. (2007), OSM and the art of bicycle maintenance, A Presentation at the Conference of State of the Map, July 14-15 2007, Manchester, UK.
Ciepluch,B., Jacob,R., Mooney,P. & Winstanley,A.C.(2009), Using openstreetmap to deliver location-based environmental information in ireland, Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGSPA TIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, ACM SIGSPATIAL GIS 2009.November 4-6 2009, Seattle, USA.
Dijkstra, E. W. (1959), A note on two problems in connexion with graphs, Numerische Mathematik,1,269-271.
Fisher, P. F. (1999), Models of uncertainty in spatial data. In:Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. & Rhind, D.W. (eds.), Geographical Information Systems: Principles and technical issues, New York:John Wiley & Sons,2nd ed.,1,191-205.
Forer, P. C. & Kivell, H. (1981), Space-time budgets, public transport, and spatial choice, Environment and Planning A,13,497-509.
FromToMap (2010), FromToMap, Online at http://www.fromtomap.org [Accessed on 2010-5-17].
G"obelbecker,M. and Dornhege C.(2009), Realistic cities in simulated environments-an open street map to robocup rescue converter, Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, ICAPS 2010, May 12-16 2010,Toronto, Canada.
Garrett, J. J. (2005), Ajax:A new approach to web applications, Online at http://www.adaptivepath.com/ideas/essays/archives/000385.php [Accessed on 2010-3-10].
Goodchild, M. F. (1995), Attribute accuracy, In:Guptill, S.C. and Morrison, J.L. (eds.), Elements of Spatial Data Quality, Amsterdam:Elsevier,59-79.
Goodchild, M. F. (2007a), Citizens as voluntary sensors:Spatial data infrastructure in the world of web 2.0, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research,2,24-32.
Goodchild, M. F. (2007b), Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography, GeoJournal, 69(4),211-221.
Goodchild, M. F. (2008), Assertion and authority: The science of user-generated geographic content, Proceedings of the Colloquium for Andrew U. Frank's 60th Birthday.
Goodchild, M. F., Haining, R. & Wise, S. (1992), Integrating GIS and spatial data analysis: Problems and possibilities, International Journal of Geographical Information Science,6(5), 407-423.
Gorman, S. (2008), OpenStreetMap vs. Google/TeleAtlas Street coverage, Online at http://blog.fortiusone.com/2008/12/12/openstreetmap-vs-googleteleatlas-street-coverage/ [Accessed on 2010-2-20].
Hagerstrand, T. (1970), What about people in regional science?, Journal of Regional Science Association,24,7-21.
Haklay, M. M. & Weber P. (2008), OpenStreetMap: User-generated street maps, IEEE Pervasive Computing,7(4),12-18.
Haklay, M. M. (2008), How good is OpenStreetMap information? A comparative study of OpenStreetMap and Ordnance Survey datasets for London and the rest of England, Environment and Planning B (under review).
Hanson, S. (ed.1986), The geography of urban transportation, New York:The Guilford Press.
Jiang B. & Yao X. (2006), Location-based services and GIS in perspective, Computers Environment and Urban Systems,30,712-725.
Jiang B. (2010), Data-intensive geospatial analysis and computation, A position paper presented at the National Science Foundation TeraGrid Workshop on Cyber-GIS, February 2-3 2010, Washington DC, USA.
Jiang, B. & Claramunt, C. (2004), Topological analysis of urban street networks, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design,31,151-162.
Jiang, B. (2004), Column:How many turns? It is smaller than we thought, In:Geoinformatics, Oct./Nov.,2004.
Kwan, M-P. (1999), Gender and individual access to urban opportunities:A study using space-time measures, The Professional Geographer,51 (2),211-227.
Linneker, B. J. & Spence, N. A.(1992), Accessibility measures compared in an analysis of the impact of the M25 London Orbital Motorway on Britain., Environment and Planning A,24, 37-54.
Liu X. (2010), Licentiate Report in Royal Institute of Technology (in preparation to be defended on December 2010).
Marchand, B. (1973), Deformation of a transportation surface, Annals of the Association of American Geographers,63,507-521.
Mauer, A. (2008), Google Maps-OSM comparison, Online at http:// lists.openstreetmap.org/pipermail/talk/2008-December/032097.html [Accessed on 2010-4-9].
Miller H. J. & Wu Y. (2000), GIS software for measuring space-time accessibility in transportation planning and analysis, Geolnformatica,4(2),141-159.
Miller, H. J. (1991), Modelling accessibility using space-time prismconcepts within geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,5, 287-301.
Monkhouse, F. J. & Wilkinson, H. R. (1971), Maps & diagrams, London:Methuen.
Murayama, Y. (1994), The impact of railways on accessibility in the Japanese urban system. Journal of Transport Geography,2(2),87-100.
Neubauer, N., Over, M., Schilling, A. & Zipf, A. (2009), Virtual Cities 2.0:Generating web-based 3D city models and landscapes based on free and user generated data (OpenStreetMap), A paper at the Workshop on Contribution Geovisualization to the Concept of the Digital City, GeoViz 2009, March 3-5 2009, Hamburg, Germany.
O'Brien, O. (2009), Creating and maintaining street orienteering maps using openstreetmap, Proceedings of the GIS Research UK 17th Annual Conference, GISRUK 2009,1-3 April 2009, Durham, UK.
O'Sullivan D., Morrison A. & Shearer J. (2000), Using desktop GIS for the investigation of accessibility by public transport: An isochrone approach, International Journal of Geographic Information Science,14(1),85-104.
Oort, P. V. (2006), Spatial data quality:from description to application, PhD Thesis at Wageningen Universiteit.
O'Reilly, T. (2007), What is web 2.0:Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software, International Journal of Digital Economics,65,17-37.
Schilling A., Lanig S., Neis, P.& Zipf, A. (2008), Integrating terrain surface and street network for 3d routing, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on 3D Geo-Information,13-14 November 2008, South Korea:Seoul.
Schmitz, S., Neis, P. & Zipf, A. (2008), New applications based on collaborative geodata-the case of routing, Proceedings of XXVIIIINCA International Congresson Collaborative Mapping and SpaceTechnology,4-6 November 2008, Gandhinagar, India.
Spence, N. A. & Linneker, B. J. (1994), Evolution of the motorway network and changing levels of accessibility in Great Britain, Journal of Transport Geography,2,247-64.
Sui, D. Z. (2008), The wikification of GIS and its consequences:Or Angelina Jolie's new tattoo and the future of GIS, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,32,1-5.
Talen, E. & Anselin L. (1998), Assessing spatial equity:An evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds, Environment and Planning A,30,595-613.
Weber, J. & Kwan, M-P. (2002), Bringing time back in:A study on the influence of travel time variations and facility opening hours on individual accessibility, Professional Geographer,54, 226-240.
Wiki.openstreetmap (2010), Stats, Online at http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Stats [Accessed on 2010-4-5].
Wu, Y. H.& Miller, H. J. (2001), Computational tools formeasuring space-time accessibility within transportation networks with dynamic flow, Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 4,1-14.
柴彦威(1998),时间地理学的起源、主要概念及其应用,地理科学,18(1),65-72.
陈洁,陆锋 & 程昌秀(2007),可达性度量方法及应用研究进展评述,地理科学进展,26(5),100-110.
刘大杰 & 刘春(2001),GIS空间数据不确定性与质量控制的研究现状,测绘工程,10(1),6-10.
Cherdlu, E. (2007), OSM and the art of bicycle maintenance, A Presentation at the Conference of State of the Map, July 14-15 2007, Manchester, UK.
Ciepluch,B., Jacob,R., Mooney,P. & Winstanley,A.C.(2009), Using openstreetmap to deliver location-based environmental information in ireland, Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGSPA TIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, ACM SIGSPATIAL GIS 2009.November 4-6 2009, Seattle, USA.
Dijkstra, E. W. (1959), A note on two problems in connexion with graphs, Numerische Mathematik,1,269-271.
Fisher, P. F. (1999), Models of uncertainty in spatial data. In:Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. & Rhind, D.W. (eds.), Geographical Information Systems: Principles and technical issues, New York:John Wiley & Sons,2nd ed.,1,191-205.
Forer, P. C. & Kivell, H. (1981), Space-time budgets, public transport, and spatial choice, Environment and Planning A,13,497-509.
FromToMap (2010), FromToMap, Online at http://www.fromtomap.org [Accessed on 2010-5-17].
G"obelbecker,M. and Dornhege C.(2009), Realistic cities in simulated environments-an open street map to robocup rescue converter, Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, ICAPS 2010, May 12-16 2010,Toronto, Canada.
Garrett, J. J. (2005), Ajax:A new approach to web applications, Online at http://www.adaptivepath.com/ideas/essays/archives/000385.php [Accessed on 2010-3-10].
Goodchild, M. F. (1995), Attribute accuracy, In:Guptill, S.C. and Morrison, J.L. (eds.), Elements of Spatial Data Quality, Amsterdam:Elsevier,59-79.
Goodchild, M. F. (2007a), Citizens as voluntary sensors:Spatial data infrastructure in the world of web 2.0, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research,2,24-32.
Goodchild, M. F. (2007b), Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography, GeoJournal, 69(4),211-221.
Goodchild, M. F. (2008), Assertion and authority: The science of user-generated geographic content, Proceedings of the Colloquium for Andrew U. Frank's 60th Birthday.
Goodchild, M. F., Haining, R. & Wise, S. (1992), Integrating GIS and spatial data analysis: Problems and possibilities, International Journal of Geographical Information Science,6(5), 407-423.
Gorman, S. (2008), OpenStreetMap vs. Google/TeleAtlas Street coverage, Online at http://blog.fortiusone.com/2008/12/12/openstreetmap-vs-googleteleatlas-street-coverage/ [Accessed on 2010-2-20].
Hagerstrand, T. (1970), What about people in regional science?, Journal of Regional Science Association,24,7-21.
Haklay, M. M. & Weber P. (2008), OpenStreetMap: User-generated street maps, IEEE Pervasive Computing,7(4),12-18.
Haklay, M. M. (2008), How good is OpenStreetMap information? A comparative study of OpenStreetMap and Ordnance Survey datasets for London and the rest of England, Environment and Planning B (under review).
Hanson, S. (ed.1986), The geography of urban transportation, New York:The Guilford Press.
Jiang B. & Yao X. (2006), Location-based services and GIS in perspective, Computers Environment and Urban Systems,30,712-725.
Jiang B. (2010), Data-intensive geospatial analysis and computation, A position paper presented at the National Science Foundation TeraGrid Workshop on Cyber-GIS, February 2-3 2010, Washington DC, USA.
Jiang, B. & Claramunt, C. (2004), Topological analysis of urban street networks, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design,31,151-162.
Jiang, B. (2004), Column:How many turns? It is smaller than we thought, In:Geoinformatics, Oct./Nov.,2004.
Kwan, M-P. (1999), Gender and individual access to urban opportunities:A study using space-time measures, The Professional Geographer,51 (2),211-227.
Linneker, B. J. & Spence, N. A.(1992), Accessibility measures compared in an analysis of the impact of the M25 London Orbital Motorway on Britain., Environment and Planning A,24, 37-54.
Liu X. (2010), Licentiate Report in Royal Institute of Technology (in preparation to be defended on December 2010).
Marchand, B. (1973), Deformation of a transportation surface, Annals of the Association of American Geographers,63,507-521.
Mauer, A. (2008), Google Maps-OSM comparison, Online at http:// lists.openstreetmap.org/pipermail/talk/2008-December/032097.html [Accessed on 2010-4-9].
Miller H. J. & Wu Y. (2000), GIS software for measuring space-time accessibility in transportation planning and analysis, Geolnformatica,4(2),141-159.
Miller, H. J. (1991), Modelling accessibility using space-time prismconcepts within geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,5, 287-301.
Monkhouse, F. J. & Wilkinson, H. R. (1971), Maps & diagrams, London:Methuen.
Murayama, Y. (1994), The impact of railways on accessibility in the Japanese urban system. Journal of Transport Geography,2(2),87-100.
Neubauer, N., Over, M., Schilling, A. & Zipf, A. (2009), Virtual Cities 2.0:Generating web-based 3D city models and landscapes based on free and user generated data (OpenStreetMap), A paper at the Workshop on Contribution Geovisualization to the Concept of the Digital City, GeoViz 2009, March 3-5 2009, Hamburg, Germany.
O'Brien, O. (2009), Creating and maintaining street orienteering maps using openstreetmap, Proceedings of the GIS Research UK 17th Annual Conference, GISRUK 2009,1-3 April 2009, Durham, UK.
O'Sullivan D., Morrison A. & Shearer J. (2000), Using desktop GIS for the investigation of accessibility by public transport: An isochrone approach, International Journal of Geographic Information Science,14(1),85-104.
Oort, P. V. (2006), Spatial data quality:from description to application, PhD Thesis at Wageningen Universiteit.
O'Reilly, T. (2007), What is web 2.0:Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software, International Journal of Digital Economics,65,17-37.
Schilling A., Lanig S., Neis, P.& Zipf, A. (2008), Integrating terrain surface and street network for 3d routing, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on 3D Geo-Information,13-14 November 2008, South Korea:Seoul.
Schmitz, S., Neis, P. & Zipf, A. (2008), New applications based on collaborative geodata-the case of routing, Proceedings of XXVIIIINCA International Congresson Collaborative Mapping and SpaceTechnology,4-6 November 2008, Gandhinagar, India.
Spence, N. A. & Linneker, B. J. (1994), Evolution of the motorway network and changing levels of accessibility in Great Britain, Journal of Transport Geography,2,247-64.
Sui, D. Z. (2008), The wikification of GIS and its consequences:Or Angelina Jolie's new tattoo and the future of GIS, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,32,1-5.
Talen, E. & Anselin L. (1998), Assessing spatial equity:An evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds, Environment and Planning A,30,595-613.
Weber, J. & Kwan, M-P. (2002), Bringing time back in:A study on the influence of travel time variations and facility opening hours on individual accessibility, Professional Geographer,54, 226-240.
Wiki.openstreetmap (2010), Stats, Online at http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Stats [Accessed on 2010-4-5].
Wu, Y. H.& Miller, H. J. (2001), Computational tools formeasuring space-time accessibility within transportation networks with dynamic flow, Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 4,1-14.
柴彦威(1998),时间地理学的起源、主要概念及其应用,地理科学,18(1),65-72.
陈洁,陆锋 & 程昌秀(2007),可达性度量方法及应用研究进展评述,地理科学进展,26(5),100-110.
刘大杰 & 刘春(2001),GIS空间数据不确定性与质量控制的研究现状,测绘工程,10(1),6-10.