论违约损害赔偿中的减轻损害规则
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摘要
减损规则最先是从英美法上发展出来的，在英美国家，“受害人必须采取合理措施确保因对方违约造成之损害的最小化，这是一条为人熟知的普通法原则。”大陆法上对此或是欠缺规定，或是纳入过失相抵，而国际公约等对减损规则多有
肯认。
我国立法关于减损规则的规定主要体现为《民法通则》第114条及《合同法》第119条。对于减损规则，学者通说认为其根据在于诚信原则，同时也是为了减少浪费，鼓励节约，优化资源配置及增进经济效益。
本文正文分为六个部分。在第一部分里，本文阐述了减损规则的含义与理论基础。本文介绍了英美法系、大陆法系及中国学者对减损规则的不同见解，对减损规则的理论基础及功能进行了论述。在第二部分里，本文描述了减损规则的起源与发展，从买卖合同、租赁合同、建筑合同、雇佣合同等案例中提炼出精辟的法律规则。
在第三部分里，本文对不同国家的减损舰则立法进行了比较和分析。在第四部分里，本文提出了减损规则行为合理性的判断标准，即合理人标准、善意标准、经济合理标准。
在第五部分里，本文提出了减损规则的措施：停止工作、替代安排、变更合同、继续履行。在第六部分里，本文描述了减损规则与预期违约、过失相抵、损益相抵的关系。
本文考察和研究了减损规则的起源与发展，并对不同国家减损规则进行分析
比较，收集、参考了大量的中外文献和资料，加以综合和分析，以科学的态度，
从实际出发，提出了自己的观点和建议。
The rule of mitigaton is the law does not allow a plaintiff to recover damages to compensate him for loss which would not have been suffered if he had taken reasonable steps to mitigate his loss.
The thesis introduces the basic concepts, the functions, the measure and theory basement of the rule of mitigation. The purpose of the rules on mitigation is to prevent the waste of resources in society, since they are obviously limited.
There are three rules often referred to under the comprehensive heading of "mitigation": they will be considered in turn. First, the plaintiff can not recover damages for any part of his loss consequent upon the defendant's breach of contract which the plaintiff could have avoided by taking reasonable steps. Secondly, if the plaintiff in fact avoids or mitigates his loss consequent upon the defendant's breach, he can not recover for such avoided loss, even though the steps he took were more than could be reasonably required of him under the first rule. Thirdly, where the plaintiff incurs loss or expense in the course of taking reasonable steps to mitigate the loss resulting from the defedant's breach, the plaintiff may recover this further loss or expense from the defendant, even when the mitigating steps were unsuccessful or in fact led to greater loss.
Mitigation only requires the plaintiff to act 'reasonably' in all the circumstances. But there is no obligation to do anything other than in the 'ordinary course of business' and it is a question of fact in each case wheather the plaintiff has acted as a reasonable person might have been expected to act. The standard of judgement is reasonable diligence, ordinary care, common sense, good faith and fair dealing.
The thesis also introduces the relatonship between the rule of mitigation, contributory negligence and anticipatory breach.
肯认。
我国立法关于减损规则的规定主要体现为《民法通则》第114条及《合同法》第119条。对于减损规则，学者通说认为其根据在于诚信原则，同时也是为了减少浪费，鼓励节约，优化资源配置及增进经济效益。
本文正文分为六个部分。在第一部分里，本文阐述了减损规则的含义与理论基础。本文介绍了英美法系、大陆法系及中国学者对减损规则的不同见解，对减损规则的理论基础及功能进行了论述。在第二部分里，本文描述了减损规则的起源与发展，从买卖合同、租赁合同、建筑合同、雇佣合同等案例中提炼出精辟的法律规则。
在第三部分里，本文对不同国家的减损舰则立法进行了比较和分析。在第四部分里，本文提出了减损规则行为合理性的判断标准，即合理人标准、善意标准、经济合理标准。
在第五部分里，本文提出了减损规则的措施：停止工作、替代安排、变更合同、继续履行。在第六部分里，本文描述了减损规则与预期违约、过失相抵、损益相抵的关系。
本文考察和研究了减损规则的起源与发展，并对不同国家减损规则进行分析
比较，收集、参考了大量的中外文献和资料，加以综合和分析，以科学的态度，
从实际出发，提出了自己的观点和建议。
The rule of mitigaton is the law does not allow a plaintiff to recover damages to compensate him for loss which would not have been suffered if he had taken reasonable steps to mitigate his loss.
The thesis introduces the basic concepts, the functions, the measure and theory basement of the rule of mitigation. The purpose of the rules on mitigation is to prevent the waste of resources in society, since they are obviously limited.
There are three rules often referred to under the comprehensive heading of "mitigation": they will be considered in turn. First, the plaintiff can not recover damages for any part of his loss consequent upon the defendant's breach of contract which the plaintiff could have avoided by taking reasonable steps. Secondly, if the plaintiff in fact avoids or mitigates his loss consequent upon the defendant's breach, he can not recover for such avoided loss, even though the steps he took were more than could be reasonably required of him under the first rule. Thirdly, where the plaintiff incurs loss or expense in the course of taking reasonable steps to mitigate the loss resulting from the defedant's breach, the plaintiff may recover this further loss or expense from the defendant, even when the mitigating steps were unsuccessful or in fact led to greater loss.
Mitigation only requires the plaintiff to act 'reasonably' in all the circumstances. But there is no obligation to do anything other than in the 'ordinary course of business' and it is a question of fact in each case wheather the plaintiff has acted as a reasonable person might have been expected to act. The standard of judgement is reasonable diligence, ordinary care, common sense, good faith and fair dealing.
The thesis also introduces the relatonship between the rule of mitigation, contributory negligence and anticipatory breach.
引文
1．郑玉波：《民法摘编论文选辑》（上），五南图书出版公司1984年版。
2．王泽鉴：《民法学说与判例研究》，台湾出版社1991年版。
3．梁慧星：《民法》，四川人民出版社1988年版。
4．王利明：《合同法要义与案例析解》，中国人民大学出版社2001年版。
5．王利明：《违约责任论》，法律出版社2003年版。
6．梁慧星：《民法学说判例与立法研究》，中国政法大学出版社1993年版。
7．崔建远：《新合同法原理与案例评释》，吉林大学出版社1999年版。
8．王利明、方流芳、郭明瑞：《民法新论》（上），中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
9．王利明：《违约责任论》，中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
10．陈若鸿：《英国货物买卖法：判例与评论》，法律出版社2003年版。
11．王军：《美国合同法》，中国政法大学出版社1996年版。
12．王利明：《中国民法案例与学理研究》，法律出版社2003年版。
13．韩世远：《违约损害赔偿研究》，法律出版社1999年版。
14．郑冲，贾红梅，《德国民法典》， 法律出版社2001年版。
15．卡尔.拉伦茨，《德国民法通论》，法律出版社2003年版。
16．史尚宽：《债法总论》，中国政法大学出版社1997年版。
17．曾世雄：《损害赔偿原理》，中国政法大学出版社1996年版。
18．林力，《略论违约损害赔偿》，中国国家图书馆。
19．高子才：《违约损害赔偿的限制规则研究》，《人民司法》，1998年，01期。
20．北川善太郎：《债权总论》，有斐阁1993年版。
21．王书江：《日本民法典》，中国法制出版社2000年版。
22．史尚宽：《债法总论》，中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
23．Donald Harris, David Campbell, Roger Halson, Remedies in Contract &Tort, 2003.
24．E.Allan Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contract, Little Brown and Company,1990.
25．Michael H. Whincup, contract Law and Practice: The English System and Continental Comparisons, KluwerLaw and Taxation Publishers,1990.
26．cf.P.S.Atiyah,An Introduction to the law of Contract,CarendonPress.Oxford,1981.
27．A.G.Guest,C.B.E,Q.C.,M.A.,F.B.A.,Chitty On Contracts, general principles, Sweet & Maxwell,1994.
28．Donald Harris, Incentives to Perform, or Break Contracts, cf. Current Legal Problems, Collected Press.Oxford University Press,1992.
29．Arthur Taylor von Mehren & Janes Russell Gordley, The Civil Law System: An introduction to the Comparative Study of Law, Little, Brown and Company, 1997.
30．Famsworth，Farnsworth on Contracts,Vol.III,Cavendish Publishing Limited,1994.
31．Knapp,Crystal and Prince’s Problems in Contract Law, Casenote Legal Briefs, Citic Publishing House,2003.
32．E.Allan Farnsworth & Willian F. Young, Contracts cases and materials, Foundation Press,1992.
33．Hugh Beale, Remedies for Breach of Contract, Sweet & Maxwell, 1980.
34．A.G.Guest, M.A., Chitty on Contracts, Sweet & Maxwell, 1983.
35．Barry Nicholas,The French Law of Contract, Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1992.
36．Michael H. Whincup, Contract Law and Practice, KluwerLaw and Taxation,1990.
37．Lawson, Remedies of English Law, Butterworths, 1980.
38．Randy E. Barnett, Contracts,Cases and Doctrine,Citic Publishing House, 2003.
39．J. Beatson,Anson’s Law of Contract, Oxford,2002.
40．Nancy Silver,Alexis Cirkinyan,Cathy Sempepos,Casenote Legal Briefs,Citic Publishing
House,2003.
41．H G Beale,W D Bishop & M P Furmston,Contract Cases and Materials,Butterworths,2001.
42．Randy E. Barnett,Contracts,Casses and Doctrine, Citic Publishing House, 2003.
43．William L. Prosser, Law of Torts, West Publishing Co. ,1971.
44．Harvin D. Pitch, Damages for Breach of Contract, The Carswell Cpmpany Limited, Toronto, Canada, 1985.
45．Catherine Elliott and Frances Quinn,Contract Law,Longman,1996.
46．Ole Lando, Eric Clive, Andre Prum and Reinhard Iimmermann,Principles of European Contract Law,2002.
47．Edward J. Murphy & Richard E. Speidel, Studies in Contract Law, Foundation Press,1992.
48．John P. Dawson, William Burnett Harvey & Stanley D. Henderson, Contracts Cases and Material, Foundation Press,1992.
49．Douglas Laycock, Modern American Remedies, Cases and Material, Little, Brown and Company,1994.
50．www.google.com
2．王泽鉴：《民法学说与判例研究》，台湾出版社1991年版。
3．梁慧星：《民法》，四川人民出版社1988年版。
4．王利明：《合同法要义与案例析解》，中国人民大学出版社2001年版。
5．王利明：《违约责任论》，法律出版社2003年版。
6．梁慧星：《民法学说判例与立法研究》，中国政法大学出版社1993年版。
7．崔建远：《新合同法原理与案例评释》，吉林大学出版社1999年版。
8．王利明、方流芳、郭明瑞：《民法新论》（上），中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
9．王利明：《违约责任论》，中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
10．陈若鸿：《英国货物买卖法：判例与评论》，法律出版社2003年版。
11．王军：《美国合同法》，中国政法大学出版社1996年版。
12．王利明：《中国民法案例与学理研究》，法律出版社2003年版。
13．韩世远：《违约损害赔偿研究》，法律出版社1999年版。
14．郑冲，贾红梅，《德国民法典》， 法律出版社2001年版。
15．卡尔.拉伦茨，《德国民法通论》，法律出版社2003年版。
16．史尚宽：《债法总论》，中国政法大学出版社1997年版。
17．曾世雄：《损害赔偿原理》，中国政法大学出版社1996年版。
18．林力，《略论违约损害赔偿》，中国国家图书馆。
19．高子才：《违约损害赔偿的限制规则研究》，《人民司法》，1998年，01期。
20．北川善太郎：《债权总论》，有斐阁1993年版。
21．王书江：《日本民法典》，中国法制出版社2000年版。
22．史尚宽：《债法总论》，中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
23．Donald Harris, David Campbell, Roger Halson, Remedies in Contract &Tort, 2003.
24．E.Allan Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contract, Little Brown and Company,1990.
25．Michael H. Whincup, contract Law and Practice: The English System and Continental Comparisons, KluwerLaw and Taxation Publishers,1990.
26．cf.P.S.Atiyah,An Introduction to the law of Contract,CarendonPress.Oxford,1981.
27．A.G.Guest,C.B.E,Q.C.,M.A.,F.B.A.,Chitty On Contracts, general principles, Sweet & Maxwell,1994.
28．Donald Harris, Incentives to Perform, or Break Contracts, cf. Current Legal Problems, Collected Press.Oxford University Press,1992.
29．Arthur Taylor von Mehren & Janes Russell Gordley, The Civil Law System: An introduction to the Comparative Study of Law, Little, Brown and Company, 1997.
30．Famsworth，Farnsworth on Contracts,Vol.III,Cavendish Publishing Limited,1994.
31．Knapp,Crystal and Prince’s Problems in Contract Law, Casenote Legal Briefs, Citic Publishing House,2003.
32．E.Allan Farnsworth & Willian F. Young, Contracts cases and materials, Foundation Press,1992.
33．Hugh Beale, Remedies for Breach of Contract, Sweet & Maxwell, 1980.
34．A.G.Guest, M.A., Chitty on Contracts, Sweet & Maxwell, 1983.
35．Barry Nicholas,The French Law of Contract, Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1992.
36．Michael H. Whincup, Contract Law and Practice, KluwerLaw and Taxation,1990.
37．Lawson, Remedies of English Law, Butterworths, 1980.
38．Randy E. Barnett, Contracts,Cases and Doctrine,Citic Publishing House, 2003.
39．J. Beatson,Anson’s Law of Contract, Oxford,2002.
40．Nancy Silver,Alexis Cirkinyan,Cathy Sempepos,Casenote Legal Briefs,Citic Publishing
House,2003.
41．H G Beale,W D Bishop & M P Furmston,Contract Cases and Materials,Butterworths,2001.
42．Randy E. Barnett,Contracts,Casses and Doctrine, Citic Publishing House, 2003.
43．William L. Prosser, Law of Torts, West Publishing Co. ,1971.
44．Harvin D. Pitch, Damages for Breach of Contract, The Carswell Cpmpany Limited, Toronto, Canada, 1985.
45．Catherine Elliott and Frances Quinn,Contract Law,Longman,1996.
46．Ole Lando, Eric Clive, Andre Prum and Reinhard Iimmermann,Principles of European Contract Law,2002.
47．Edward J. Murphy & Richard E. Speidel, Studies in Contract Law, Foundation Press,1992.
48．John P. Dawson, William Burnett Harvey & Stanley D. Henderson, Contracts Cases and Material, Foundation Press,1992.
49．Douglas Laycock, Modern American Remedies, Cases and Material, Little, Brown and Company,1994.
50．www.google.com
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