秦汉魏晋时期荒政思想研究
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摘要
自然灾害是造成农村经济波动、动摇农业基础地位的一个不可忽视的重要因素,是直接影响农民增收的一大祸根。所以要巩固和加强农业的基础地位,必须高度重视农业防灾、减灾问题,建立农业防灾、减灾体系,最大限度地减少农业灾害对农业造成的损失。因此,研究和总结历史上的荒政思想,对于今天的防灾减灾来说,无疑具有重要的参考或借鉴意义。本文试图通过研究和总结秦汉魏晋时期荒政思想,运用分析比较和马克思主义批判继承的方法,从中得出一些可资借鉴的经验和教训。
本文运用经济学的基本理论,在对荒政思想及其相关概念进行界定的基础上,阐述了农业灾害的基本经济理论。回顾和总结了先秦荒政思想的基本内容,首先对秦汉时期荒政思想从两个方面作了进一步具体分析和探讨,一方面是对本时期不同人物的荒政思想从农业灾害理论角度作了分析和评价;另一方面,是从灾前预防、灾中救济和灾后恢复的角度对这一时期其它荒政思想进行了分析和总结。另外,在广泛收集资料的基础上尝试性地探讨了魏晋南北朝时期的荒政思想。最后,针对秦汉魏晋时期荒政思想的基本内容,提出了这些思想对今天农业减灾的启示:即在建立农业防灾减灾体系方面,从防灾的角度出发建立和完善农业防灾预警机制,从备荒的角度出发应加强粮食的仓储管理;从减轻农民负担的角度出发应重视向灾区农业倾斜的政策;从防疫的角度出发不断改善农村的医疗条件,防止疾病的发生和蔓延,进而做到“灾后无大疫”;从保障灾民的灾后生活方面研究要不断完善灾害保障制度;从灾后帮助灾民恢复生产的方面研究要完善农村的金融组织机构,给灾民提供低息或无息贷款;从灾后的补偿方面探讨要建立健全我国的农业灾害保险制度。
Natural disaster is a critical factor which renders fluctuate of village’s economy and waves the basic position of agriculture, it’s the bane which influences peasant to increase their income directly. In order to strengthen and enforce the basic position of agriculture, we must pay much attention to preventing and reducing disaster, building interrelated systems to decrease the lost by the greatest degree. Therefore, it has great significance to research and conclude the anti-calamity thought of history for today’s preventing and reducing disaster. in this paper, I try to get some useful experience and lessons from the research and conclusion of the anti-calamity thought during the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin period with the method of comparison ,analysis and Marxism.
On the basis of the definition of anti-calamity thought and reference concepts, the writer elaborates the theory of agricultural disaster through basic economic theory. After reviewing and concluding the basic content of anti-calamity thought during pre-Qin days, I firstly analyze two parts of anti-calamity thought during pre-Qin days fatherly. On one hand, I analyze and evaluate the anti-calamity thought of different figures in this period from the view of theory of agricultural disasters; on the other hand, I analyze and evaluate the thought from the view of preventing disasters before them, give relief during disasters and recovering after disasters. In addition, I try to discuss the anti-calamity thought during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties on the basic of collecting enough data. In the end ,according to the basic content of anti-calamity thought in Qin, Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, I put forward some suggestions to modern agriculture: From the aspect of building the system of preventing and reducing the disaster, the government should build and perfect the early warning mechanism of preventing disasters in the view of disaster prevention, strengthen the management of grain storage against famine, give more preferential policies to disaster areas for relieving the burden of peasants; From the view of epidemic prevention ,the government should improve the medical condition of countryside continuously, prevent the expansion of diseases. Furthermore, reach the goal of non acute epidemic situation after disasters. The government should also improve the security system to guarantee the normal living condition of victims after disaster, reform the rural financial organizations and provide low-interest and non-interest loans, build the system of agricultural disaster insurance in the aspect of compensations after disasters.
本文运用经济学的基本理论,在对荒政思想及其相关概念进行界定的基础上,阐述了农业灾害的基本经济理论。回顾和总结了先秦荒政思想的基本内容,首先对秦汉时期荒政思想从两个方面作了进一步具体分析和探讨,一方面是对本时期不同人物的荒政思想从农业灾害理论角度作了分析和评价;另一方面,是从灾前预防、灾中救济和灾后恢复的角度对这一时期其它荒政思想进行了分析和总结。另外,在广泛收集资料的基础上尝试性地探讨了魏晋南北朝时期的荒政思想。最后,针对秦汉魏晋时期荒政思想的基本内容,提出了这些思想对今天农业减灾的启示:即在建立农业防灾减灾体系方面,从防灾的角度出发建立和完善农业防灾预警机制,从备荒的角度出发应加强粮食的仓储管理;从减轻农民负担的角度出发应重视向灾区农业倾斜的政策;从防疫的角度出发不断改善农村的医疗条件,防止疾病的发生和蔓延,进而做到“灾后无大疫”;从保障灾民的灾后生活方面研究要不断完善灾害保障制度;从灾后帮助灾民恢复生产的方面研究要完善农村的金融组织机构,给灾民提供低息或无息贷款;从灾后的补偿方面探讨要建立健全我国的农业灾害保险制度。
Natural disaster is a critical factor which renders fluctuate of village’s economy and waves the basic position of agriculture, it’s the bane which influences peasant to increase their income directly. In order to strengthen and enforce the basic position of agriculture, we must pay much attention to preventing and reducing disaster, building interrelated systems to decrease the lost by the greatest degree. Therefore, it has great significance to research and conclude the anti-calamity thought of history for today’s preventing and reducing disaster. in this paper, I try to get some useful experience and lessons from the research and conclusion of the anti-calamity thought during the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin period with the method of comparison ,analysis and Marxism.
On the basis of the definition of anti-calamity thought and reference concepts, the writer elaborates the theory of agricultural disaster through basic economic theory. After reviewing and concluding the basic content of anti-calamity thought during pre-Qin days, I firstly analyze two parts of anti-calamity thought during pre-Qin days fatherly. On one hand, I analyze and evaluate the anti-calamity thought of different figures in this period from the view of theory of agricultural disasters; on the other hand, I analyze and evaluate the thought from the view of preventing disasters before them, give relief during disasters and recovering after disasters. In addition, I try to discuss the anti-calamity thought during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties on the basic of collecting enough data. In the end ,according to the basic content of anti-calamity thought in Qin, Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, I put forward some suggestions to modern agriculture: From the aspect of building the system of preventing and reducing the disaster, the government should build and perfect the early warning mechanism of preventing disasters in the view of disaster prevention, strengthen the management of grain storage against famine, give more preferential policies to disaster areas for relieving the burden of peasants; From the view of epidemic prevention ,the government should improve the medical condition of countryside continuously, prevent the expansion of diseases. Furthermore, reach the goal of non acute epidemic situation after disasters. The government should also improve the security system to guarantee the normal living condition of victims after disaster, reform the rural financial organizations and provide low-interest and non-interest loans, build the system of agricultural disaster insurance in the aspect of compensations after disasters.
引文
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【2】李文海.夏明方.中国荒政全书.北京:北京古籍出版社. 2002
【3】曾国安.《灾害保障学》,湖南人民出版社,1998.9
【4】孟昭华.中国灾荒史记.北京:中国社会出版社. 1991
【5】邓拓.中国救荒史.北京:北京出版社. 1998
【6】李向军.中国救灾史.广东:广东人民出版社. 1996
【7】郑功成.灾害经济学.湖南:湖南出版社. 1998
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【10】叶世昌.中国学术名著提要经济卷.上海:复旦大学出版社
【11】石声汉.农政全书校注.上海:上海古籍出版社. 1979
【12】陈绍闻.中国古代经济文选.上海:上海人民出版社.1980
【13】马非百.盐铁论简注.北京:中华书局.1984
【14】高敏.魏晋南北朝社会经济史探讨.北京:人民出版社.1987
【15】贾谊集.上海:上海人民出版社.1976
【16】欧阳卫民.中国消费经济思想史.中共中央党校出版社. 1994
【17】郑学益.中国价格思想史稿.河北:中国物价出版社. 1993
【18】赵靖.中国经济思想通史.北京:北京大学出版社.1995
【19】张建民,宋俭著,《灾害历史学》,湖南人民出版社,1998.9
【20】曾国安著,《灾害保障学》,湖南人民出版社,1998.9
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【23】魏收.魏书.北京:中华书局.1999
【24】令狐德棻等.周书.北京:中华书局.1999
【25】沈约.宋书.北京:中华书局.1999
【26】萧子显.南齐书.北京:中华书局.1999
【27】李百药.北齐书.北京:中华书局.1999
【28】姚思廉.梁书.北京:中华书局.1999
【29】姚思廉.陈书.北京:中华书局.1999 期刊杂志文献:
【30】阎应福.“中国早期救灾思想探讨”.《山西财经学院经济研究所资料》1992年6月30日,第83期
【31】阎应福.“《管子》中的救灾思想探讨”.《经济史研讨》
【32】魏丕信.18世纪中国的官僚制度与荒政.江苏人民出版社,2003
【33】石声汉.农政全书校注.上海古籍出版社,1979
【34】农史研究(第二辑).农业出版社,1982
【35】李向军博士论文.清代荒政研究.中国农业出版社,1995
【36】张文.荒政与劝分.《中国社会是经济研究》
【37】张涛.范学辉.王萍.对中国传统救灾思想的认识.《光明日报》.1999,6.
【38】段自成.张运来.明后期煮赈浅议.《殷都学刊》.1997,3.
【39】李文海.劝善与募赈.《光明日报》
【40】周致远.朱元璋的救荒思想和荒政措施.《安徽史学》.2000,2.
【41】李志坚.试论徐光启的荒政思想.《农业考古》.2004,1.
【42】龚汝富.浅议中国古代社会保障体系.《光明日报》.2001,12.4.
【43】赵黎明.朱禾申.蒋劲刚.我国救灾补偿体制探讨.《天津大学学报》.1999,2.
【44】叶依能.明代荒政述论.《中国农史》.1996,4.
【45】祝美群.杨敏丽.中国农业受灾基本特征及减灾对策分析.《中国农业大学学报》.2001,1.
【46】王学华.科技减灾与农业的可持续发展.《经济管理论坛》.2005,2.
【47】农业防灾减灾体系建设的财政对策研究.《课题选登》.2002,3.
【48】袁泉.农业灾害保险研究.《粮食论坛》.2005,8.
【49】孙景亮.浅谈农业防灾减灾体系的建立.《农业经济》.1998,12.
【50】卜风贤.我国减灾农业发展的形势和对策.《安徽农业大学学报》.2004,13,2.
【51】王卫平.戴卫东.明代传统社会保障政策述论.《宿州学院学报》.2005,20,5.
【52】赵玉田.方顺姬.明前期北方灾荒与农业开发.《东北师大学报》.2005,1.
【53】郭文佳.董?毒然幕蠲袷椤返募壑涤肜返匚黄酪?《商丘师范学院学报.2005,21,4.
【2】李文海.夏明方.中国荒政全书.北京:北京古籍出版社. 2002
【3】曾国安.《灾害保障学》,湖南人民出版社,1998.9
【4】孟昭华.中国灾荒史记.北京:中国社会出版社. 1991
【5】邓拓.中国救荒史.北京:北京出版社. 1998
【6】李向军.中国救灾史.广东:广东人民出版社. 1996
【7】郑功成.灾害经济学.湖南:湖南出版社. 1998
【8】巫宝三.中国经济思想史资料选辑.北京:中国社会科学出版社.1988
【9】中国历代食货志汇编简注.北京:中国财政经济出版社. 1987
【10】叶世昌.中国学术名著提要经济卷.上海:复旦大学出版社
【11】石声汉.农政全书校注.上海:上海古籍出版社. 1979
【12】陈绍闻.中国古代经济文选.上海:上海人民出版社.1980
【13】马非百.盐铁论简注.北京:中华书局.1984
【14】高敏.魏晋南北朝社会经济史探讨.北京:人民出版社.1987
【15】贾谊集.上海:上海人民出版社.1976
【16】欧阳卫民.中国消费经济思想史.中共中央党校出版社. 1994
【17】郑学益.中国价格思想史稿.河北:中国物价出版社. 1993
【18】赵靖.中国经济思想通史.北京:北京大学出版社.1995
【19】张建民,宋俭著,《灾害历史学》,湖南人民出版社,1998.9
【20】曾国安著,《灾害保障学》,湖南人民出版社,1998.9
【21】陈寿.三国志.北京:中华书局.1999
【22】房玄龄.晋书.北京:中华书局.1999
【23】魏收.魏书.北京:中华书局.1999
【24】令狐德棻等.周书.北京:中华书局.1999
【25】沈约.宋书.北京:中华书局.1999
【26】萧子显.南齐书.北京:中华书局.1999
【27】李百药.北齐书.北京:中华书局.1999
【28】姚思廉.梁书.北京:中华书局.1999
【29】姚思廉.陈书.北京:中华书局.1999 期刊杂志文献:
【30】阎应福.“中国早期救灾思想探讨”.《山西财经学院经济研究所资料》1992年6月30日,第83期
【31】阎应福.“《管子》中的救灾思想探讨”.《经济史研讨》
【32】魏丕信.18世纪中国的官僚制度与荒政.江苏人民出版社,2003
【33】石声汉.农政全书校注.上海古籍出版社,1979
【34】农史研究(第二辑).农业出版社,1982
【35】李向军博士论文.清代荒政研究.中国农业出版社,1995
【36】张文.荒政与劝分.《中国社会是经济研究》
【37】张涛.范学辉.王萍.对中国传统救灾思想的认识.《光明日报》.1999,6.
【38】段自成.张运来.明后期煮赈浅议.《殷都学刊》.1997,3.
【39】李文海.劝善与募赈.《光明日报》
【40】周致远.朱元璋的救荒思想和荒政措施.《安徽史学》.2000,2.
【41】李志坚.试论徐光启的荒政思想.《农业考古》.2004,1.
【42】龚汝富.浅议中国古代社会保障体系.《光明日报》.2001,12.4.
【43】赵黎明.朱禾申.蒋劲刚.我国救灾补偿体制探讨.《天津大学学报》.1999,2.
【44】叶依能.明代荒政述论.《中国农史》.1996,4.
【45】祝美群.杨敏丽.中国农业受灾基本特征及减灾对策分析.《中国农业大学学报》.2001,1.
【46】王学华.科技减灾与农业的可持续发展.《经济管理论坛》.2005,2.
【47】农业防灾减灾体系建设的财政对策研究.《课题选登》.2002,3.
【48】袁泉.农业灾害保险研究.《粮食论坛》.2005,8.
【49】孙景亮.浅谈农业防灾减灾体系的建立.《农业经济》.1998,12.
【50】卜风贤.我国减灾农业发展的形势和对策.《安徽农业大学学报》.2004,13,2.
【51】王卫平.戴卫东.明代传统社会保障政策述论.《宿州学院学报》.2005,20,5.
【52】赵玉田.方顺姬.明前期北方灾荒与农业开发.《东北师大学报》.2005,1.
【53】郭文佳.董?毒然幕蠲袷椤返募壑涤肜返匚黄酪?《商丘师范学院学报.2005,21,4.
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