燃气机热泵仿真与优化匹配研究
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摘要
燃气机热泵是一种高效节能、经济环保的新型供热空调装置，国内对该装置的研究刚刚起步。本文对燃气机热泵进行了较为全面的理论与实验研究，旨在推动该技术在国内的研发及推广应用。主要研究内容如下：
改造与完善了燃气机水-水热泵实验装置，对其进行了全面的性能测试。以实验台为原型，建立了完整的燃气机水-水热泵稳态仿真模型，开发了计算机仿真软件，计算与实验结果的主要性能参数误差在10%以内。利用仿真软件，对实验台的标准工况性能和变工况性能进行了模拟计算，结果表明燃气机热泵一次能源利用率明显高于其它常用的供热空调装置，并且具有良好的变容量调节能力和优越的部分负荷性能。对蒸发器、冷凝器和压缩机的匹配进行了研究，分析了总传热面积以及传热面积分配比例对机组性能的影响，提出了它们的确定原则。建立了燃气机与压缩机组优化匹配的理论与方法，提出经济性匹配与动力性匹配的基本原则，同时阐述了利用发动机万有特性、燃气机热泵功率平衡图、扭矩-工况图、应用范围图分析研究燃气机热泵动力性和经济性的方法。对烟-水换热器烟气侧的流动与传热特性进行仿真研究，发现烟气侧的非定常流动特征明显，提出应将动态方法用于发动机排烟换热器的匹配设计与模拟。利用所编制的替代工质最优化选择软件，对适合于燃气机热泵的绿色环保工质进行了优化筛选与模拟计算分析，从理论上研究了几种HCs和HFCs工质及其混合物应用于燃气机热泵的可行性。对由燃气发动机驱动的两种压缩/吸收联合制冷循环进行了理论优化研究，建立了以最大一次能源利用率为优化目标的数学模型，利用该模型能够根据使用条件合理匹配各换热器的传热面积。
本文以实验和计算机仿真为主要研究工具，以优化匹配为主要研究目的，所采用的方法和得出的结论可供燃气机热泵研究和设计时参考。
The gas engine driven heat pump (GEHP) is a high performance and environment-friendly equipment that can provide heating or cooling, but at present the study on the GEHP is insufficient in China. To accelerate the process of research and develop in China, this paper conducted a theoretical and experimental investigation on the GEHP. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
The GEHP test-bed was reconstructed, and its detailed performances were tested. An integrated mathematic model of gas engine driven water-to-water heat pump was established according to this test-bed, and a simulation program was developed accordingly. In comparison with experiment results, the simulation errors of main performance parameters were proved to be within 10%. Using the simulation program, the performances of the GEHP in standard conditions and variable conditions were calculated. The results indicate that the primary energy ratio (PER) of the GEHP is obviously higher than other conventional heating and cooling equipments, and the part load performance of the GEHP is excellent. Optimum matching of the evaporator, condenser and compressor was studied. The affect of the total heat transfer area of the evaporator and condenser and the area ratio between them to the unit's performance were analyzed. The method to determine the total area and area ratio was put forward. The optimum matching theory and method between the gas engine and the condensing unit was established, and the fundamental principles of economic match and dynamic match were put forward. At the same time the method to analyze the economic and dynamic performance of the GEHP with engine universal characteristic curve, GEHP power balance figure, torque-conditions figure, and application range figure were illustrated. The simulation for the exhaust gas heat exchanger indicates that the character of unsteady gas flow is obvious. So it is concluded that the dynamic method should be used in designing and simulating the exhaust gas heat exchanger. Using the software package developed in this work for optimal choice of alternative refrigerants, some possible environmentally friendly alternative refrigerants for GEHP were selected, and their performances used in GEHP were simulated. The feasibility of Some HCs, HFCs and their azeotropic mixtures used by the GEHP are analyzed theoretically. Two sorts of combined absorption/compression refrigeration
cycles driven by a gas engine were discussed in the last chapter. An optimal mathematical model with an objective function of PER was put forward. Using this model, the heat exchange area for each heat exchanger can be assigned properly according to the given external situation.
Optimum matching of the GEHP is main study object of this paper with the experiment and computer simulation as main tools. The methods and conclusions may be helpful for the investigation and design of the GEHP.
改造与完善了燃气机水-水热泵实验装置，对其进行了全面的性能测试。以实验台为原型，建立了完整的燃气机水-水热泵稳态仿真模型，开发了计算机仿真软件，计算与实验结果的主要性能参数误差在10%以内。利用仿真软件，对实验台的标准工况性能和变工况性能进行了模拟计算，结果表明燃气机热泵一次能源利用率明显高于其它常用的供热空调装置，并且具有良好的变容量调节能力和优越的部分负荷性能。对蒸发器、冷凝器和压缩机的匹配进行了研究，分析了总传热面积以及传热面积分配比例对机组性能的影响，提出了它们的确定原则。建立了燃气机与压缩机组优化匹配的理论与方法，提出经济性匹配与动力性匹配的基本原则，同时阐述了利用发动机万有特性、燃气机热泵功率平衡图、扭矩-工况图、应用范围图分析研究燃气机热泵动力性和经济性的方法。对烟-水换热器烟气侧的流动与传热特性进行仿真研究，发现烟气侧的非定常流动特征明显，提出应将动态方法用于发动机排烟换热器的匹配设计与模拟。利用所编制的替代工质最优化选择软件，对适合于燃气机热泵的绿色环保工质进行了优化筛选与模拟计算分析，从理论上研究了几种HCs和HFCs工质及其混合物应用于燃气机热泵的可行性。对由燃气发动机驱动的两种压缩/吸收联合制冷循环进行了理论优化研究，建立了以最大一次能源利用率为优化目标的数学模型，利用该模型能够根据使用条件合理匹配各换热器的传热面积。
本文以实验和计算机仿真为主要研究工具，以优化匹配为主要研究目的，所采用的方法和得出的结论可供燃气机热泵研究和设计时参考。
The gas engine driven heat pump (GEHP) is a high performance and environment-friendly equipment that can provide heating or cooling, but at present the study on the GEHP is insufficient in China. To accelerate the process of research and develop in China, this paper conducted a theoretical and experimental investigation on the GEHP. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
The GEHP test-bed was reconstructed, and its detailed performances were tested. An integrated mathematic model of gas engine driven water-to-water heat pump was established according to this test-bed, and a simulation program was developed accordingly. In comparison with experiment results, the simulation errors of main performance parameters were proved to be within 10%. Using the simulation program, the performances of the GEHP in standard conditions and variable conditions were calculated. The results indicate that the primary energy ratio (PER) of the GEHP is obviously higher than other conventional heating and cooling equipments, and the part load performance of the GEHP is excellent. Optimum matching of the evaporator, condenser and compressor was studied. The affect of the total heat transfer area of the evaporator and condenser and the area ratio between them to the unit's performance were analyzed. The method to determine the total area and area ratio was put forward. The optimum matching theory and method between the gas engine and the condensing unit was established, and the fundamental principles of economic match and dynamic match were put forward. At the same time the method to analyze the economic and dynamic performance of the GEHP with engine universal characteristic curve, GEHP power balance figure, torque-conditions figure, and application range figure were illustrated. The simulation for the exhaust gas heat exchanger indicates that the character of unsteady gas flow is obvious. So it is concluded that the dynamic method should be used in designing and simulating the exhaust gas heat exchanger. Using the software package developed in this work for optimal choice of alternative refrigerants, some possible environmentally friendly alternative refrigerants for GEHP were selected, and their performances used in GEHP were simulated. The feasibility of Some HCs, HFCs and their azeotropic mixtures used by the GEHP are analyzed theoretically. Two sorts of combined absorption/compression refrigeration
cycles driven by a gas engine were discussed in the last chapter. An optimal mathematical model with an objective function of PER was put forward. Using this model, the heat exchange area for each heat exchanger can be assigned properly according to the given external situation.
Optimum matching of the GEHP is main study object of this paper with the experiment and computer simulation as main tools. The methods and conclusions may be helpful for the investigation and design of the GEHP.
引文
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