原始红松林生态系统水化学特征研究
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摘要
近几年,随着人们对生态环境保护意识的逐渐深化,对森林净化水质作用的进一步认识,森林与水质关系问题成为森林生态学及水文学研究的重要内容。本论文以整个凉水国家级自然保护区为研究区域,以原始红松林生态系统为主要研究对象,应用定位研究及对比分析的方法,对保护区内大气降水、溪流水、冬季季节性积雪及融雪径流的化学特征,以及降水输入-径流输出元素收支平衡问题进行研究,了解森林生态系统内不同形态水中化学元素含量的变化。目的是借助森林生态系统的载体-水中化学元素的规律性变化,揭示森林生态系统净化水质的作用,为合理有效经营利用水资源、森林资源,探讨人类活动对森林水文效应的影响提供基础资料和科学依据。主要研究成果如下:
(1)2006年11月-2007年10月的降水总量为550.1mm,pH值为5.85,电导率为17.1μS/cm,降水中离子浓度大小顺序为HCO_3~->SO_4~(2-)>Ca~(2+)>NO_3>TN>Cl~->NH_4~+>K~+>Na~+>Mg~(2+)>TP>Fe>Mn,且所测指标均表现出一定的季节动态。
(2)保护区不同支流集水区pH值均呈弱酸性至中性,阴离子均以HCO_3~-为主,阳离子均以Ca~(2+)为主,且集水区溪流水离子浓度呈现出一定的季节动态。通过对比实验发现,随着人工林、次生林所占比例的增大,集水区溪流水中离子浓度有所增加:而森林溪流与湿地溪流对于水质的净化功能有所不同。
(3)保护区由大气降水输入和径流输出的主要阴、阳离子总量分别为98.37kg/hm~2·a和172.25kg/hm~2·a,且除Cl~-外,其它主要离子均表现为净损失。NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN、TP及Mn均表现为净积累,而Fe表现出净损失。
(4)保护区冬季不同林型内积雪厚度大小顺序依次为次生白桦林>林间空地>人工落叶松林>原始红松林>人工红松林>云冷杉林;不同郁闭度红松林内积雪厚度随郁闭度的增加而降低。不同林型内积雪化学特征表现为原始红松林、云冷杉林及人工红松林由于冬季不落叶,吸附干沉降的能力较强,降雪的淋溶作用导致积雪中离子浓度较高。而不同郁闭度的原始红松林内积雪离子浓度最高值均出现在郁闭度为0.5至0.7之间。
(5)保护区春季融雪径流在4月下旬达到高峰,持续时间为10天左右,且径流内离子浓度存在规律性变化。且融雪径流中pH值、电导率、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、HCO_3~-与流量呈负相关,Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN、TP与流量呈正相关。
In the last few years, with gradually deepening on the ecological environment protection consciousness and further recognition on the role of forest in water purification, the relationships between forest and water quality become the important content of forest ecology research and hydrology research. Taking the Liangshui National Nature Reserve as study area, and the primitive Korean pine forest as study object, the chemistry characteristics of the precipitation, the stream water, the seasonal snow cover and snowmelt runoff and element budgets of precipitation input-runoff output in the Nature Reserve were studied by the position research and comparison analysis in order to understanding the variation of element contents in the different state water. The purpose is to discover the role of forest ecosystem in water purification in virtue of the regular variation of element in water, and provide basic information and scientific foundation for the effective and rational management and utilization of water resource and forest resource, and for the influence of human activities on forest hydrological effect. The mainly results are as follows:
(1) From November 2006 to October 2007, the total precipitation is 550.1mm, the pH value is 5.85, the conductivity is 17.1μS/cm,and the order of ions concentration is HCO_3~-> SO_4~(2-)> Ca~(2+)> NO_3~-> TN > Cl~-> NH_4~+> K~+> Na~+> Mg~(2+) > TP > Fe > Mn in precipitation, furthermore all the measured content show certain seasonal dynamic.
(2) The results show that the stream water of each watershed in reserve is weak acidic or neutral, Ca~(2+) is the most abundant cation, in the case of anions,HCO_3~- presents the highest concentration, and all ions show seasonal variation. The expansion of manmade forest and secondary forest in researched watersheds result in the increase of the soluble matter in the stream by the comparison experiment, and the purification function are different between the forest stream and the marsh stream.
(3) The main anions and cations content from the precipitation input and runoff output are 98.37 kg/hm~2·a and 172.25kg/hm~2·a,respectively. All main ions are net loss except Cl~-, NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N,TN, TP and Mn are net accumulation, but Fe is net loss.
(4) The order of snow cover thickness in different forest type during winter is secondary birch forest > glade > larch plantation forests > primitive Korean pine forest > manmade Korean pine forest > spruce-fir forest, and the snow cover thickness in the primitive Korean pine forest with different canopy density decrease with the increase of canopy density. The ions concentration in snow cover of the primitive Korean pine forest, the spruce-fir forest, and the manmade Korean pine forest are higher due to evergreen and strong adsorption capacity on dry deposition. The maximum concentrations of all ions in snow cover of the primitive Korean pine forest with different canopy density are detected at a canopy density arranged from 0.5 to 0.7.
(5) The runoff during the snowmelt period reaches its peak at late April, and the duration is about 10 days. The ions concentrations show the regular variations during the snowmelt period. The discharge is negatively correlated with the pH value,conductivity,the concentration of Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),K~+ and HCO_3~-,and positively correlated with Cl~-, SO_4~(2-),NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N,TN and TP,respectively.
(1)2006年11月-2007年10月的降水总量为550.1mm,pH值为5.85,电导率为17.1μS/cm,降水中离子浓度大小顺序为HCO_3~->SO_4~(2-)>Ca~(2+)>NO_3>TN>Cl~->NH_4~+>K~+>Na~+>Mg~(2+)>TP>Fe>Mn,且所测指标均表现出一定的季节动态。
(2)保护区不同支流集水区pH值均呈弱酸性至中性,阴离子均以HCO_3~-为主,阳离子均以Ca~(2+)为主,且集水区溪流水离子浓度呈现出一定的季节动态。通过对比实验发现,随着人工林、次生林所占比例的增大,集水区溪流水中离子浓度有所增加:而森林溪流与湿地溪流对于水质的净化功能有所不同。
(3)保护区由大气降水输入和径流输出的主要阴、阳离子总量分别为98.37kg/hm~2·a和172.25kg/hm~2·a,且除Cl~-外,其它主要离子均表现为净损失。NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN、TP及Mn均表现为净积累,而Fe表现出净损失。
(4)保护区冬季不同林型内积雪厚度大小顺序依次为次生白桦林>林间空地>人工落叶松林>原始红松林>人工红松林>云冷杉林;不同郁闭度红松林内积雪厚度随郁闭度的增加而降低。不同林型内积雪化学特征表现为原始红松林、云冷杉林及人工红松林由于冬季不落叶,吸附干沉降的能力较强,降雪的淋溶作用导致积雪中离子浓度较高。而不同郁闭度的原始红松林内积雪离子浓度最高值均出现在郁闭度为0.5至0.7之间。
(5)保护区春季融雪径流在4月下旬达到高峰,持续时间为10天左右,且径流内离子浓度存在规律性变化。且融雪径流中pH值、电导率、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、HCO_3~-与流量呈负相关,Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN、TP与流量呈正相关。
In the last few years, with gradually deepening on the ecological environment protection consciousness and further recognition on the role of forest in water purification, the relationships between forest and water quality become the important content of forest ecology research and hydrology research. Taking the Liangshui National Nature Reserve as study area, and the primitive Korean pine forest as study object, the chemistry characteristics of the precipitation, the stream water, the seasonal snow cover and snowmelt runoff and element budgets of precipitation input-runoff output in the Nature Reserve were studied by the position research and comparison analysis in order to understanding the variation of element contents in the different state water. The purpose is to discover the role of forest ecosystem in water purification in virtue of the regular variation of element in water, and provide basic information and scientific foundation for the effective and rational management and utilization of water resource and forest resource, and for the influence of human activities on forest hydrological effect. The mainly results are as follows:
(1) From November 2006 to October 2007, the total precipitation is 550.1mm, the pH value is 5.85, the conductivity is 17.1μS/cm,and the order of ions concentration is HCO_3~-> SO_4~(2-)> Ca~(2+)> NO_3~-> TN > Cl~-> NH_4~+> K~+> Na~+> Mg~(2+) > TP > Fe > Mn in precipitation, furthermore all the measured content show certain seasonal dynamic.
(2) The results show that the stream water of each watershed in reserve is weak acidic or neutral, Ca~(2+) is the most abundant cation, in the case of anions,HCO_3~- presents the highest concentration, and all ions show seasonal variation. The expansion of manmade forest and secondary forest in researched watersheds result in the increase of the soluble matter in the stream by the comparison experiment, and the purification function are different between the forest stream and the marsh stream.
(3) The main anions and cations content from the precipitation input and runoff output are 98.37 kg/hm~2·a and 172.25kg/hm~2·a,respectively. All main ions are net loss except Cl~-, NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N,TN, TP and Mn are net accumulation, but Fe is net loss.
(4) The order of snow cover thickness in different forest type during winter is secondary birch forest > glade > larch plantation forests > primitive Korean pine forest > manmade Korean pine forest > spruce-fir forest, and the snow cover thickness in the primitive Korean pine forest with different canopy density decrease with the increase of canopy density. The ions concentration in snow cover of the primitive Korean pine forest, the spruce-fir forest, and the manmade Korean pine forest are higher due to evergreen and strong adsorption capacity on dry deposition. The maximum concentrations of all ions in snow cover of the primitive Korean pine forest with different canopy density are detected at a canopy density arranged from 0.5 to 0.7.
(5) The runoff during the snowmelt period reaches its peak at late April, and the duration is about 10 days. The ions concentrations show the regular variations during the snowmelt period. The discharge is negatively correlated with the pH value,conductivity,the concentration of Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),K~+ and HCO_3~-,and positively correlated with Cl~-, SO_4~(2-),NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N,TN and TP,respectively.
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