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青藏高原冬季大气热状况对Elnino的影响以及LGM时期高原热状况的数值研究
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摘要
本文首先用1961~1995年青藏高原及其邻近地区198个地面站月平均常规观测资料与赵平所提供的青藏高原大气热量〈Q_1〉,建立了一种计算青藏高原大气热量的简便方法;然后利用计算出来的〈Q_1〉分析了各个季节青藏高原各地区大气热状况的气候特征;以及冬季高原〈Q_1〉对春季型Elnino的影响,并利用CCM3模式模拟了这种影响;最后利用模式模拟了LGM时期高原大气热状况,结果表明:
     青藏高原东北部地区大气热量〈Q_1〉在各个季节都是三个地区中最小的。春季高原南部地区为热源,而高原东北部地区79年以前为弱的冷源,79年以后为弱的热源;夏季高原各区都为热源;秋季和冬季各区都为冷源。而且高原各个区有着不同的年际变化特征,高原东北部在1980年前后表现出先降后升的变化趋势,而东南部地区在1978年前后,西南部地区各个季节的气候突变出现在不同年份:春季在1971年前后;秋季在1978年前后;冬季在1974年前后出现。
     当青藏高原冬季(12月到1月)大气冷源异常加强时,会形成低空围绕高原持续的异常反气旋,高原东侧为异常的偏北风。这种偏北风在南海以及印度尼西亚一带分为两支,产生向西、向东的分量。西风分量进一步东传到赤道中东太平洋,在中东太平洋与来自南半球的偏南风相遇,使得赤道中东太平洋地区产生显著的异常西风,而这种持续的西风异常最终导致了3、4月在赤道太平洋中东部地区的海温异常升高即春季型Elnino事件的发生。
     与现代气候状况相比较,LGM时期青藏高原年平均大气热状况在高原北部地区增加,高原西南部与现代状况无显著差异,而高原东南部明显减小。高原北部地区热量增加主要受大气感热加热,辐射加热增加的影响。而高原东南部地区热量减少主要是受高原地面潮湿程度的影响。而在LGM时期青藏高原大气热量减少的影响下,东亚夏季风减弱。
At first, by using the monthly average common observed data from 1961 to 1995 of 198 stations around Tibetan Plateau and heat source over the Tibetan supplied by Zhaoping'48', we constructs a simple method to calculate atmospheric heat over the Tibetan. Then by using the results of this method, we analysed the climatic characteristic of over each region in each season. The results revealed that the over the Tibetan in winter affects spring's type of Elnino episodes, and have proved this effect by employing CCM3 climate model. At last we simulated the over the Tibetan in Last Glacial Maximum by CCM3 climate model . with the results as follows:
    The amount of in the northeast of Tibetan is less than that in the south regions. In spring the south of Tibetan was a hot source ,but the northeast of Tibetan was a cold source before 1979, after 1979 it becomes a cold source ; in summer all of the regions are hot sources, and in autumn and winter they are cold sources. The annual change trend of in every region of the Tibetan is different from each other. The in the north-east region presents an adverse change trend around 1980, while this change trend in the southeast area appeared in 1978.
    If the cold source in Tibetan in winter (from December to January) strengthens, there will be an anomaly low-level anticyclone around the Tibetan Plateau, and north winds appear to the east of the Tibetan Plateau. This northerly wind becomes two parts. The westly wind part propagates east to the mid-east pacific along equatorial, which encounters with the southernly wind from the south hemisphere. The low-level anomaly zonal west winds prevail in the equatorial, then this helps the occurrence of Elnino episodes in March or April.
    Compared with the climatic characteristic in the day time, annual over the north Tibetan was stronger, and which over the southwest was not change much . But which over the southeast became weaker in Last Glacial Maximum, because in the north Tibetan the sensible heat and the radiation heat became stronger in Last Glacial Maximum, and the latent heat became weaker in the southeast. East Asian monsoon decrease influnced by the decreasing of over Tebit Plateau in the LGM.
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