凤县银洞梁铅锌矿区重金属污染研究
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摘要
凤县作为陕西省重要的金属矿产资源生产基地,矿产开发对当地经济做出了巨大贡献,但同时也带来了相应的环境污染问题。其中因重金属造成的污染事件时有发生,已威胁到当地居民的健康,并日益受到人们的广泛关注。因此,对凤县矿山重金属的污染问题进行专题研究,以科学指导有关部门采取有效的防控措施已迫在眉睫。
论文以凤县银洞梁铅锌矿区为重点研究范围,通过系统采集水体、沉积物、土壤、植被及采矿废石样品,室内借助原子吸收分光光度计等设备进行重金属全量测定,并对沉积物和土壤样品进行重金属形态含量测定。在系统测试基础上,分别采取密切值、地积累指数、单因子指数、内梅罗综合指数等方法对重金属污染分别进行了评价,并采用模糊综合评判法实现了矿区重金属污染的综合评价。论文最后对矿区重金属的释放、迁移和转化规律进行了探讨,初步建立了矿区重金属元素的释放迁移模式。
研究结果显示:矿区水、土、植被等大部分已受到重金属污染。其中地表水、沉积物整体污染较重。土壤中5种重金属的单因子污染指数与密切值之间表现出不同程度的正相关关系。Zn单因子污染程度与综合污染状况具有很好的一致性,能够表征综合污染状况。土壤中重金属活性态含量较高,对周围环境直接威胁大,同时显示外源重金属注入的特征。污染土壤上生长的小麦、玉米等重金属污染超标,不能食用。矿区重金属污染的模糊综合评价结果属中度污染,矿区环境亟待恢复与治理。
Fengxian is production base of mineral resources in Shanxi. Mineral exploitation has contributed greatly to the local economy. But it also brings about serious environmental pollution. Pollution problem because of heavy metal occurres frequently which is very harmful.and increasingly fierce.It has aroused widespread attention of the society. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to study the heavy metal pollution of mine for relevant department to take preventive steps.
This paper takes Yindongliang lead-zinc mine area as the main research scope.Through systematically gathering samples of slag, tailings, soil, surface water, sediment and plant tissue, by means of analytical facilities such as graphite oven atom absorption spectrophotometer, each kind of sample element content such as Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu has been obtained.The author has systematically analyzed concentration, migration and transformation rules of heavy metal ingredient in slag, tailings, soil, surface water, sediment and plant tissue applying the Mathematical Methods. And The releasing and transport models of AMD and heavy metals have been established.
From the evaluation results, various types of samples are polluted on different levels by heavy metals, which is heavier pollution in water body and settlings. The research result indicates direct correlations of different levels between the single pollution index and osculating value of 5 heavy metals.Zn is the most outstanding one which can embody condition of comprehensive pollution.High active state of heavy metals content indicates the incursion form outside source in soil,which pose serious environmental threats. Analysis results of the local grains are not edible. After the fuzzy synthesized evaluation, the result show that heavy metal in research area is moderate pollution which should be solved urgently.
论文以凤县银洞梁铅锌矿区为重点研究范围,通过系统采集水体、沉积物、土壤、植被及采矿废石样品,室内借助原子吸收分光光度计等设备进行重金属全量测定,并对沉积物和土壤样品进行重金属形态含量测定。在系统测试基础上,分别采取密切值、地积累指数、单因子指数、内梅罗综合指数等方法对重金属污染分别进行了评价,并采用模糊综合评判法实现了矿区重金属污染的综合评价。论文最后对矿区重金属的释放、迁移和转化规律进行了探讨,初步建立了矿区重金属元素的释放迁移模式。
研究结果显示:矿区水、土、植被等大部分已受到重金属污染。其中地表水、沉积物整体污染较重。土壤中5种重金属的单因子污染指数与密切值之间表现出不同程度的正相关关系。Zn单因子污染程度与综合污染状况具有很好的一致性,能够表征综合污染状况。土壤中重金属活性态含量较高,对周围环境直接威胁大,同时显示外源重金属注入的特征。污染土壤上生长的小麦、玉米等重金属污染超标,不能食用。矿区重金属污染的模糊综合评价结果属中度污染,矿区环境亟待恢复与治理。
Fengxian is production base of mineral resources in Shanxi. Mineral exploitation has contributed greatly to the local economy. But it also brings about serious environmental pollution. Pollution problem because of heavy metal occurres frequently which is very harmful.and increasingly fierce.It has aroused widespread attention of the society. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to study the heavy metal pollution of mine for relevant department to take preventive steps.
This paper takes Yindongliang lead-zinc mine area as the main research scope.Through systematically gathering samples of slag, tailings, soil, surface water, sediment and plant tissue, by means of analytical facilities such as graphite oven atom absorption spectrophotometer, each kind of sample element content such as Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu has been obtained.The author has systematically analyzed concentration, migration and transformation rules of heavy metal ingredient in slag, tailings, soil, surface water, sediment and plant tissue applying the Mathematical Methods. And The releasing and transport models of AMD and heavy metals have been established.
From the evaluation results, various types of samples are polluted on different levels by heavy metals, which is heavier pollution in water body and settlings. The research result indicates direct correlations of different levels between the single pollution index and osculating value of 5 heavy metals.Zn is the most outstanding one which can embody condition of comprehensive pollution.High active state of heavy metals content indicates the incursion form outside source in soil,which pose serious environmental threats. Analysis results of the local grains are not edible. After the fuzzy synthesized evaluation, the result show that heavy metal in research area is moderate pollution which should be solved urgently.
引文
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[2]侯恩科,薛喜成.陕西省凤县矿山地质环境调查与保护规划报告[R].2005.
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[4]晓云.我国土壤重金属污染[J].金属世界,2000(2):5-6.
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[7] Chaney,R.L.Plant uptake of inorganic waste constituents In: Parr J.F. eds.Land Treatment of Hazardous wastes. Noyes Date Corporation,Park Ridge,New Jersey, USA,50-76,1983.
[8] Salt,D.E.,Smith,R.D,Raskin,I.Phytoremediation.Annual Review of Plant. Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,49:643-648,1998.
[9]茅野充男.重金属与生物[M].日本,东京,博友社,1988.
[10] Kuboi,T.高等植物中镉的耐性与累积[J].国外农业环境保护, 1989(2):20-30.
[11] Romheld,V,Marschner,H.Evidence for a specific uptake system forphytosideriophor- es in roots grasses[J]. Plant Physiol,1986,80:175-180.
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[14] Merington G. The transfer and fate of Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn from two historic metalifer- cusmine in the U.K[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 1994, 9(4): 677-687.
[15] S. Monni,M. Salemaa,C. White,E. Tuittila,M. Huopalainen. Copper resistance of Calluna vulgaris originating from the pollution gradient of a Cu–Ni smelter,in southwest Finland.Environmental Pollution,109: 211-219,2000.
[16] Sidle R C, Chambers C J and Amacher M C.Fate of heavy metals in an abandoned Pb-Zn tailings pond: sediment J.Environ[J].Qual,1991,20:752-758.
[17] Fuge R, Pearce F M, Pearce N J G et a1.Geochemistry of Cd in the secondary environment abandoned metalliferous mine[J].Wales.AppLGeochem,1994, 2:29-35.
[18] Rimstidt J D, Chermak J A, Gagen P M.Rates of reaction of Galena, Sphalerite, Ch- olcopyrite, and Arsenopyrite with Fe (Ⅲ) in acidic solution.In: Alpers, C N, BlowesDW.(eds) Environmental Geochemistry of sulfide oxidation.ACS symposium series 550,American chemical society[J]. Washington, D C, 1994, 2-13.
[19] Lin Z,Roger B,Herbert Jr. Heavy metal retention in secondary precipitates from a mine rock dum pand underlyings of Dalarna, Sweden[J].Environmental Geology, 1997,33 (1): 1-12.
[20] Macklin M q Brewer P A,Balteanu D,et a1.The long term fate and environmental significance of contaminant metals released by the January and March 2000 mining tailings dam failures in Mara-mures County, upper Tisa Basin, Romania[J].Applied Geochemisry,2003,18:241-257.
[21] Lutful I. K, Sahidul M A. Journal of Enviromental Engineering,1994,120(6):1524-1543.
[22]李小虎.大型金属矿山环境污染及防治研究[D].兰州大学,2007.
[23] Concas A,Ardau C,Cristini A, et a1.Mobility of heavy metals from tailings to stream waters in a mining activity contaminated site[J].Chemosphere,2006,63: 244-253.
[24] Luis M, Ivars N.Long-term environmental impact of tailings deposits[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2006,83:176-183.
[25]周泳,涂从,青长乐.铅在紫色土—水稻体系中的植物效应及形态[J].农村生态环境,1993,2:4-57
[26]王新,吴燕玉.不同作物对重金属复合污染物吸收特性的研究[J].农村生态环境,1998,17(5):193-196
[27]秦普丰,铁柏清,周细红等.铅与镉对棉花和水稻萌发及生长的影响[J].湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(3):205-207.
[28]匡少平,徐仲,张书生.玉米对土壤中重金属铅的吸收特性及污染防治[J].安全与环境学报,2002,2(1):28-31.
[29]孙健,铁柏清,钱湛等.Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As复合污染对杂交水稻苗的联合生理毒性效应及临界值.土壤通报[J],2006,37(5):981~985.
[30]周连碧,代宏文,吴亚君等.胡家峪铜矿尾矿库复垦农作物种植研究[J].采矿技术,2002,6(2):54-56.
[31]陈怀满,郑春荣,周东美等.德兴铜矿尾矿库植被重建后的土壤肥力状况和重金属污染初探[J].土壤学报,2005.01,42(1):29-36
[32]张汉波,段昌群,胡斌等.不同年代废弃的铅锌矿渣堆中重金属的动态变化[[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(1):67-69
[33]廖国礼.典型有色金属矿山重金属迁移规律与污染评价研究[D].中南大学,2005.
[34]敖子强.土法炼锌区土壤重金属形态及其转[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):564- 569.
[35]孙世群,汤金来,鲍锦磊.南淝河水环境质量的改进密切值法综合评价[J].合肥工业大学学报,2007,30(2):188-189。
[36]王登瀛.多目标决策方案优选的密切值法[J].系统工程.1989,7(1):33-35.
[37]耿鸿.应用密切值法评价汾河灌区农田土壤环境质量[J].山西水利科技,1994,24 (3):49-54.
[38]王陆军,朱恩平.秦岭铅锌矿冶炼厂区周边土壤重金属分布特征研究[J].宝鸡文理学院学报(自然科学版),2008,28(6):150-152.
[39]廖国礼,吴超,谢正文.铅锌矿山环境土壤重金属污染评价研究[J].湖南科技大学学报,自然科学版,2004,19(4):78-82.
[40]丁桑岚.环境评价概论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[41]徐争启,倪师军,张成江等.应用污染负荷指数法评价攀枝花地区金沙江水系沉积物中的重金属[J].四川环境,2004,23(3):64-67.
[42] Bintal Amin&Ahmad Ismail & Aziz Arshad,et al.Anthropogenic impacts on heavy metal concentrations in the coastal sediments of Dumai Indonesia[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2009,148:291-305.
[43]王亚平,黄毅,王苏明,等.土壤和沉积物中元素的化学形态及其顺序提取法[J].地质通报,2005,24(8):728-34.
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[2]侯恩科,薛喜成.陕西省凤县矿山地质环境调查与保护规划报告[R].2005.
[3]薛喜成.秦岭典型矿山泥石流发育规律及环境效应研究[D].西安科技大学,2008.
[4]晓云.我国土壤重金属污染[J].金属世界,2000(2):5-6.
[5]王淑玲,马建明.世界主要发达国家及发展中国家矿业开发现状及政策概况[J].国土资源情报,2004(9):6-10.
[6] Brooks,R.R,Lee J,Reeves RD. et al.Detection of nickliferous rocks by analysis of herbarium species of indicator plants,Journal of Geochemical Exploration,7:49-57, 1977.
[7] Chaney,R.L.Plant uptake of inorganic waste constituents In: Parr J.F. eds.Land Treatment of Hazardous wastes. Noyes Date Corporation,Park Ridge,New Jersey, USA,50-76,1983.
[8] Salt,D.E.,Smith,R.D,Raskin,I.Phytoremediation.Annual Review of Plant. Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,49:643-648,1998.
[9]茅野充男.重金属与生物[M].日本,东京,博友社,1988.
[10] Kuboi,T.高等植物中镉的耐性与累积[J].国外农业环境保护, 1989(2):20-30.
[11] Romheld,V,Marschner,H.Evidence for a specific uptake system forphytosideriophor- es in roots grasses[J]. Plant Physiol,1986,80:175-180.
[12]Baylock,M.J.,Salt,D.E.,etal.Enhanced accumulation of Pb in Indian mustard by soil-applied chelating agents [J].Environ.Sci.Tech.,1997,31:860-865.
[13] Salt,D.E.,Baylock,M.etal.Phytoremediation:a novel strategy for the removel of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechonology,1995,13:468-474.
[14] Merington G. The transfer and fate of Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn from two historic metalifer- cusmine in the U.K[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 1994, 9(4): 677-687.
[15] S. Monni,M. Salemaa,C. White,E. Tuittila,M. Huopalainen. Copper resistance of Calluna vulgaris originating from the pollution gradient of a Cu–Ni smelter,in southwest Finland.Environmental Pollution,109: 211-219,2000.
[16] Sidle R C, Chambers C J and Amacher M C.Fate of heavy metals in an abandoned Pb-Zn tailings pond: sediment J.Environ[J].Qual,1991,20:752-758.
[17] Fuge R, Pearce F M, Pearce N J G et a1.Geochemistry of Cd in the secondary environment abandoned metalliferous mine[J].Wales.AppLGeochem,1994, 2:29-35.
[18] Rimstidt J D, Chermak J A, Gagen P M.Rates of reaction of Galena, Sphalerite, Ch- olcopyrite, and Arsenopyrite with Fe (Ⅲ) in acidic solution.In: Alpers, C N, BlowesDW.(eds) Environmental Geochemistry of sulfide oxidation.ACS symposium series 550,American chemical society[J]. Washington, D C, 1994, 2-13.
[19] Lin Z,Roger B,Herbert Jr. Heavy metal retention in secondary precipitates from a mine rock dum pand underlyings of Dalarna, Sweden[J].Environmental Geology, 1997,33 (1): 1-12.
[20] Macklin M q Brewer P A,Balteanu D,et a1.The long term fate and environmental significance of contaminant metals released by the January and March 2000 mining tailings dam failures in Mara-mures County, upper Tisa Basin, Romania[J].Applied Geochemisry,2003,18:241-257.
[21] Lutful I. K, Sahidul M A. Journal of Enviromental Engineering,1994,120(6):1524-1543.
[22]李小虎.大型金属矿山环境污染及防治研究[D].兰州大学,2007.
[23] Concas A,Ardau C,Cristini A, et a1.Mobility of heavy metals from tailings to stream waters in a mining activity contaminated site[J].Chemosphere,2006,63: 244-253.
[24] Luis M, Ivars N.Long-term environmental impact of tailings deposits[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2006,83:176-183.
[25]周泳,涂从,青长乐.铅在紫色土—水稻体系中的植物效应及形态[J].农村生态环境,1993,2:4-57
[26]王新,吴燕玉.不同作物对重金属复合污染物吸收特性的研究[J].农村生态环境,1998,17(5):193-196
[27]秦普丰,铁柏清,周细红等.铅与镉对棉花和水稻萌发及生长的影响[J].湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(3):205-207.
[28]匡少平,徐仲,张书生.玉米对土壤中重金属铅的吸收特性及污染防治[J].安全与环境学报,2002,2(1):28-31.
[29]孙健,铁柏清,钱湛等.Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As复合污染对杂交水稻苗的联合生理毒性效应及临界值.土壤通报[J],2006,37(5):981~985.
[30]周连碧,代宏文,吴亚君等.胡家峪铜矿尾矿库复垦农作物种植研究[J].采矿技术,2002,6(2):54-56.
[31]陈怀满,郑春荣,周东美等.德兴铜矿尾矿库植被重建后的土壤肥力状况和重金属污染初探[J].土壤学报,2005.01,42(1):29-36
[32]张汉波,段昌群,胡斌等.不同年代废弃的铅锌矿渣堆中重金属的动态变化[[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(1):67-69
[33]廖国礼.典型有色金属矿山重金属迁移规律与污染评价研究[D].中南大学,2005.
[34]敖子强.土法炼锌区土壤重金属形态及其转[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):564- 569.
[35]孙世群,汤金来,鲍锦磊.南淝河水环境质量的改进密切值法综合评价[J].合肥工业大学学报,2007,30(2):188-189。
[36]王登瀛.多目标决策方案优选的密切值法[J].系统工程.1989,7(1):33-35.
[37]耿鸿.应用密切值法评价汾河灌区农田土壤环境质量[J].山西水利科技,1994,24 (3):49-54.
[38]王陆军,朱恩平.秦岭铅锌矿冶炼厂区周边土壤重金属分布特征研究[J].宝鸡文理学院学报(自然科学版),2008,28(6):150-152.
[39]廖国礼,吴超,谢正文.铅锌矿山环境土壤重金属污染评价研究[J].湖南科技大学学报,自然科学版,2004,19(4):78-82.
[40]丁桑岚.环境评价概论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[41]徐争启,倪师军,张成江等.应用污染负荷指数法评价攀枝花地区金沙江水系沉积物中的重金属[J].四川环境,2004,23(3):64-67.
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