管理冲突分类研究
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摘要
管理创新对一个企业、乃至一个国家的发展具有非常重要的意义，也正因为如此，近几年来国内外研究管理创新方面的成果很多。但已有成果大多集中在管理创新的概念、意义、内容、发展趋势和思维特征等方面，而对于如何遵循这种思维特征、顺应这种趋势去实现创新，尚未提出过系统的思路与方法。
现代管理学认为冲突是管理本质性的东西，管理的发展实质上就是一部不断解决各种管理活动中冲突问题的历史。而每一个冲突解决的方法，也不断完善和革新了管理理论。本文在总结国内外关于冲突理论的研究成果上，从管理冲突分类的角度出发，探讨了企业实现管理创新的路径，以期为企业提供一套有效的实现管理创新的方法。
本文运用归纳演绎和层次分析的方法，重点对管理中存在的各种冲突进行分类研究。首先，本文将企业冲突划分为四类：企业与外部利益相关者之间目标的冲突、企业与内部利益相关者之间的冲突、企业目标之间的冲突及方案与效果之间的冲突。然后，对每类冲突进行了进一步的分类研究。最后，通过对渠道管理冲突的分类，举例说明了如何将管理冲突分类方法应用到企业的实际冲突管理中，从而实现企业管理方法的创新。由于本文只是一个方法研究，所以，只是给出了实现企业管理创新的一个思路，对管理冲突也只是给出了部分分类，还有待进一步的研究和丰富。
Management innovation is a matter of great significance to a enterprise as well as acountry's development. That is why both at home and abroad lots of the results on managementinnovation were put forward in recent years. But the results have been mostly concentrated onthe areas of the concepts, meaning, content, development trends and characteristics of thinking.As for how to follow such thinking characteristics to realize innovation, the system has not yetput forward ideas and methods.
Modern Managing think that the conflict is the nature of management, managementdevelopment is a activity continue to solve various conflicts in the history in essence. For each ofthe conflict solution methods continuously enrich management theory. Based on the fruits ofconflict theories, the paper discussed the path to realize management innovation from theperspective of conflicts resolving in order to provide enterprises with an effective way to achievemanagement innovation.
This paper takes research on the various conflicts existing in the process of corporatemanagement by using the method of induction and hierarchical analysis. Management conflictsare divided into five categories：the conflicts between the corporate and social objectives, theconflicts between the corporate and external environment, conflicts of interest between corporatestaff and the conflicts between the program solutions and effect. Each type of conflict has afurther taxonomic research. Finally the paper gives the example of how to apply the managementconflict classification method to the actual conflict management. This paper just gave a methodto resolve corporate conflicts research and conflict management is given only part classification,in order to build a huge conflict management database, a lot of work needed to be done.
现代管理学认为冲突是管理本质性的东西，管理的发展实质上就是一部不断解决各种管理活动中冲突问题的历史。而每一个冲突解决的方法，也不断完善和革新了管理理论。本文在总结国内外关于冲突理论的研究成果上，从管理冲突分类的角度出发，探讨了企业实现管理创新的路径，以期为企业提供一套有效的实现管理创新的方法。
本文运用归纳演绎和层次分析的方法，重点对管理中存在的各种冲突进行分类研究。首先，本文将企业冲突划分为四类：企业与外部利益相关者之间目标的冲突、企业与内部利益相关者之间的冲突、企业目标之间的冲突及方案与效果之间的冲突。然后，对每类冲突进行了进一步的分类研究。最后，通过对渠道管理冲突的分类，举例说明了如何将管理冲突分类方法应用到企业的实际冲突管理中，从而实现企业管理方法的创新。由于本文只是一个方法研究，所以，只是给出了实现企业管理创新的一个思路，对管理冲突也只是给出了部分分类，还有待进一步的研究和丰富。
Management innovation is a matter of great significance to a enterprise as well as acountry's development. That is why both at home and abroad lots of the results on managementinnovation were put forward in recent years. But the results have been mostly concentrated onthe areas of the concepts, meaning, content, development trends and characteristics of thinking.As for how to follow such thinking characteristics to realize innovation, the system has not yetput forward ideas and methods.
Modern Managing think that the conflict is the nature of management, managementdevelopment is a activity continue to solve various conflicts in the history in essence. For each ofthe conflict solution methods continuously enrich management theory. Based on the fruits ofconflict theories, the paper discussed the path to realize management innovation from theperspective of conflicts resolving in order to provide enterprises with an effective way to achievemanagement innovation.
This paper takes research on the various conflicts existing in the process of corporatemanagement by using the method of induction and hierarchical analysis. Management conflictsare divided into five categories：the conflicts between the corporate and social objectives, theconflicts between the corporate and external environment, conflicts of interest between corporatestaff and the conflicts between the program solutions and effect. Each type of conflict has afurther taxonomic research. Finally the paper gives the example of how to apply the managementconflict classification method to the actual conflict management. This paper just gave a methodto resolve corporate conflicts research and conflict management is given only part classification,in order to build a huge conflict management database, a lot of work needed to be done.
引文
[1] 林志伟.企业矛盾处理学[M].北京：中国经济出版社，2007.P23-26
[2] 佘廉,张倩.企业管理滑坡的探源[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1996 .P125
[3] 邱益中.国内外学者关于企业组织冲突的理论研究[J].外国经济与管理,1996 (5):P55-60
[4] 郭晓宇.营销渠道冲突问题的理论研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2004 年2 月
[5] 夏征农等.辞海（缩印本)[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2001 年.第286 页
[6] 李兴山.西方管理理论的产生与发展[M].北京:现代出版社,1999.P147页
[7] 邱益中.企业组织冲突管理[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,1998年2月
[8] 郭朝阳等.冲突管理:寻找矛盾的正面效应[M].广东:广东经济出版社,2000.P43-44、73-86
[9] M.Afzalur Rahim.Managing Conflict in Organization[J]，Praeger publisher，1992，P4、114
[10] 庄贵军.西方的渠道行为理论[J].北京商学院学报. 2000(1):P8-11
[11] Allen J. Magrath，KennethG.Hardy .AStrategicFrameworkforManufacturerResellerConflict[J] .MarketingScience Institute Report.1988(3):P88-101
[12] 孙亚辉.企业冲突解决行为的起因及其国际比较研究[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学，2005.4
[13] R.Pondy. Organizational Conflict:Concepts and Models[J].Administrative Science ,1967:P96-102
[14] S.Robbins. Orbanizational Conflict:A Non-Traditional Approach[J].Prentice-Hall,1974:P89-96
[15] 斯蒂芬.p.罗宾斯.管理学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997年12月.388页
[16] Yuhua Wu .A new modelof conflict analysis[J].EuropenJournalof O.R.1996(3),P62-73
[17] Fraser.N.MandK.M.Hipel.ConflictAnalysis:ModelsandResolutions[J].North-Holland.1998(6)
[18] 汪明生等著.冲突管理[M].北京:九州出版社,2001.7
[19] K. Thomas.Conflict and ConflictManagement[J].M.Dunnette(ed)HandbookofIndustrialandOrganizationalPsychology，Rand McNally College Publishing Co. Chicago,1976
[20] Kirk Blackard.Capitalizing on Conflict[J]，Executive Excellence，Provo，Aug 2002
[21] 曲晓飞.协商对策理论发展[J].系统工程,1991（8）
[22] 郭朝阳编著.冲突管理:寻找矛盾的正面效应[M].广州:广东经济出版社,1998
[23] 胡平.一种简便实用的冲突分析方法[J].管理科学,1999(6)
[24] Michael.L,ushman,Philipanderson.TechnologicalDiscontinuitiesandOrganizationalEnvironments[J],Administrative Science Quarterly,31,1986:439-465
[25] Kilgour.D.M,Hipel and Fang.L. The graph model for conflicts[J].Automatic 1995，41-55
[26] Fang.L,Hipel.K.W and Kilgour.D.W . Conflict models in graph form solution concepts and theirinterrelationship[J].European Journal of Operational Research 41,86-100
[27] Rahim M A. Empirical studies on managing conflict[J] .InternationalJournalofConflictManagement ,2000(1):P528
[28] 王国峰.企业高层管理者内部冲突和解决策略的比较：[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学，2005.
[29] Van de Vliert(1994).Optimizing performance by conflict stimulation[J]. International Journal of ConflictManagement,5:P211-222
[30] Peter Condliffe(澳)著.何云锋等译.冲突事务管理:理论与实践[M].北京:世界图书出版公司,1998.P56页
[31] Allen J. Magrath,Kenneth G. Hardy .A Strategic Framework for Manufacturer Reseller Conflict[J].Marketing Science Institute Report.1988(3):P88-101
[32] 邱益中.企业组织冲突管理[M].上海财经大学出版社,1998
[33] K.W.HipelandL.Fang.AformalanalysisoftheCanada-U.S.softwoodlumberdispute[J].European Journal ofOperational Research ,1990:P235-246
[34] Daft,R.L.and Huber.G.How organizations learn：a communication framework[J].In Research in Sociologyof Organizations,1986
[35] Dessler Gary.organization &Management –Virginia[M].Reston Pub.1982
[36] Kee-Young Kwahk and Young-Gul Kim.A Cognitive Model Based Approach for Organizational ConflictResolution [J]. (1998)P448
[37] Rahim， M.A.A measure of styles of handling international conflict[J]. Academyof Management Journal，1983，26(2):368-376
[38] Darrell Mann.An Introduction to Triz:The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving[J].Creativity andInnovation Management,2001(10)
[39] Darrell Mann.Application of Triz Tools in a Non-Technical Problem Context[J].The TRIZ Journal.2000.
[40] Kee-Young Kwahk and Young-Gul Kim.A Cognitive Model Based Approach for Organizational ConflictResolution[J].(1998)P448
[41] Zhang，W.R，Chen，S.S.and Bezdek，J.C.A generic system for cognitive map development and decisionanalysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Systems，Man，and Cybernetics,1989,19(1)，31-39.
[42] 席酉民,尚玉钒.和谐管理理论[M].北京:人民大学出版社,2002
[43] Mitchell,A.&Wood,D. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience:Defining the principleof who and what really counts[J]. Academy of Management Review ,1997,22(4):P853-886.
[44] 张东生,胡悦,袁媛.基于冲突化解的管理创新路径探索.管理科学与工程国际会议论文集.哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007
[45] 林志伟.企业矛盾处理学[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2007
[46] 熊新华.企业人力资源管理诊断及其危机防范[J].经济与管理.2004,11
[47] 鲁小莉.创新群体中的合作冲突[J].经营管理者,2006.49.
[48] Dessler Gary,Organization &Management –Virginia[M].Reston Pub.1982
[49] 沈丽.个人知识与团队知识冲突及其与绩效的关系研究[J].企业管理，2007.4
[50] 王辉,白海琦,王立校.论个体绩效考核与实体绩效考核的冲突与协调[J].集团经济研究,2007,231期
[51] 袁振兴.财务目标:最大化还是均衡[J].会计研究,2004 (11)：P38-42.
[52] 尚洪涛.财务契约体系研究[J].当代经济研究,2005,(3)：P54-57.
[53] 钱津.股东与员工的利益冲突与整合[J].学习与探索,2003,(3)：P58-61.
[54] 徐虹，林钟高. 财务冲突及其疏解：一项基于契约理论的分析[J].黄山学院学报，2006.03.
[55] 郝允峰.财务治理中的冲突、结盟及制度诠释[J].现代管理科学，2007年第6期.
[56] 科特勒(美)著.梅汝和等译.营销管理:分析、计划、执行和控制[M].第9版.上海:上海人民出版社,1999.P267
[57] (美)斯特恩、(美)安瑟理、(美)库格伦著.蒋青云等译.市场营销渠道[M].北京：电子工业出版社，2003：32页，195-217页
[58] 罗森布罗姆著.营销渠道管理[M](第6版).北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[59] Douglas w. LaBahn and Katrin R. Harich. Sensitivity to National Business Culture： Effects on MexicanChannel Relational Marketing[J]，1997(5)，pp.29-51
[60] 庄贵军,周筱莲,王桂林编著.营销渠道管理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004
[61] 吴朝辉.分销渠道的冲突与管理[J].广西轻工业,2007.4
[62] Allan J. Magrath and Kenneth G. Hardy. A Strategic Paradigm for Predicting Manufacturer-ResellerConflict[J]. European Journal of Marketing，1989(2)，pp.94-108.
[63] 冯丽云.分销渠道管理[M].经济管理出版社,2002.第241页
[2] 佘廉,张倩.企业管理滑坡的探源[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1996 .P125
[3] 邱益中.国内外学者关于企业组织冲突的理论研究[J].外国经济与管理,1996 (5):P55-60
[4] 郭晓宇.营销渠道冲突问题的理论研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2004 年2 月
[5] 夏征农等.辞海（缩印本)[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2001 年.第286 页
[6] 李兴山.西方管理理论的产生与发展[M].北京:现代出版社,1999.P147页
[7] 邱益中.企业组织冲突管理[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,1998年2月
[8] 郭朝阳等.冲突管理:寻找矛盾的正面效应[M].广东:广东经济出版社,2000.P43-44、73-86
[9] M.Afzalur Rahim.Managing Conflict in Organization[J]，Praeger publisher，1992，P4、114
[10] 庄贵军.西方的渠道行为理论[J].北京商学院学报. 2000(1):P8-11
[11] Allen J. Magrath，KennethG.Hardy .AStrategicFrameworkforManufacturerResellerConflict[J] .MarketingScience Institute Report.1988(3):P88-101
[12] 孙亚辉.企业冲突解决行为的起因及其国际比较研究[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学，2005.4
[13] R.Pondy. Organizational Conflict:Concepts and Models[J].Administrative Science ,1967:P96-102
[14] S.Robbins. Orbanizational Conflict:A Non-Traditional Approach[J].Prentice-Hall,1974:P89-96
[15] 斯蒂芬.p.罗宾斯.管理学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997年12月.388页
[16] Yuhua Wu .A new modelof conflict analysis[J].EuropenJournalof O.R.1996(3),P62-73
[17] Fraser.N.MandK.M.Hipel.ConflictAnalysis:ModelsandResolutions[J].North-Holland.1998(6)
[18] 汪明生等著.冲突管理[M].北京:九州出版社,2001.7
[19] K. Thomas.Conflict and ConflictManagement[J].M.Dunnette(ed)HandbookofIndustrialandOrganizationalPsychology，Rand McNally College Publishing Co. Chicago,1976
[20] Kirk Blackard.Capitalizing on Conflict[J]，Executive Excellence，Provo，Aug 2002
[21] 曲晓飞.协商对策理论发展[J].系统工程,1991（8）
[22] 郭朝阳编著.冲突管理:寻找矛盾的正面效应[M].广州:广东经济出版社,1998
[23] 胡平.一种简便实用的冲突分析方法[J].管理科学,1999(6)
[24] Michael.L,ushman,Philipanderson.TechnologicalDiscontinuitiesandOrganizationalEnvironments[J],Administrative Science Quarterly,31,1986:439-465
[25] Kilgour.D.M,Hipel and Fang.L. The graph model for conflicts[J].Automatic 1995，41-55
[26] Fang.L,Hipel.K.W and Kilgour.D.W . Conflict models in graph form solution concepts and theirinterrelationship[J].European Journal of Operational Research 41,86-100
[27] Rahim M A. Empirical studies on managing conflict[J] .InternationalJournalofConflictManagement ,2000(1):P528
[28] 王国峰.企业高层管理者内部冲突和解决策略的比较：[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学，2005.
[29] Van de Vliert(1994).Optimizing performance by conflict stimulation[J]. International Journal of ConflictManagement,5:P211-222
[30] Peter Condliffe(澳)著.何云锋等译.冲突事务管理:理论与实践[M].北京:世界图书出版公司,1998.P56页
[31] Allen J. Magrath,Kenneth G. Hardy .A Strategic Framework for Manufacturer Reseller Conflict[J].Marketing Science Institute Report.1988(3):P88-101
[32] 邱益中.企业组织冲突管理[M].上海财经大学出版社,1998
[33] K.W.HipelandL.Fang.AformalanalysisoftheCanada-U.S.softwoodlumberdispute[J].European Journal ofOperational Research ,1990:P235-246
[34] Daft,R.L.and Huber.G.How organizations learn：a communication framework[J].In Research in Sociologyof Organizations,1986
[35] Dessler Gary.organization &Management –Virginia[M].Reston Pub.1982
[36] Kee-Young Kwahk and Young-Gul Kim.A Cognitive Model Based Approach for Organizational ConflictResolution [J]. (1998)P448
[37] Rahim， M.A.A measure of styles of handling international conflict[J]. Academyof Management Journal，1983，26(2):368-376
[38] Darrell Mann.An Introduction to Triz:The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving[J].Creativity andInnovation Management,2001(10)
[39] Darrell Mann.Application of Triz Tools in a Non-Technical Problem Context[J].The TRIZ Journal.2000.
[40] Kee-Young Kwahk and Young-Gul Kim.A Cognitive Model Based Approach for Organizational ConflictResolution[J].(1998)P448
[41] Zhang，W.R，Chen，S.S.and Bezdek，J.C.A generic system for cognitive map development and decisionanalysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Systems，Man，and Cybernetics,1989,19(1)，31-39.
[42] 席酉民,尚玉钒.和谐管理理论[M].北京:人民大学出版社,2002
[43] Mitchell,A.&Wood,D. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience:Defining the principleof who and what really counts[J]. Academy of Management Review ,1997,22(4):P853-886.
[44] 张东生,胡悦,袁媛.基于冲突化解的管理创新路径探索.管理科学与工程国际会议论文集.哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007
[45] 林志伟.企业矛盾处理学[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2007
[46] 熊新华.企业人力资源管理诊断及其危机防范[J].经济与管理.2004,11
[47] 鲁小莉.创新群体中的合作冲突[J].经营管理者,2006.49.
[48] Dessler Gary,Organization &Management –Virginia[M].Reston Pub.1982
[49] 沈丽.个人知识与团队知识冲突及其与绩效的关系研究[J].企业管理，2007.4
[50] 王辉,白海琦,王立校.论个体绩效考核与实体绩效考核的冲突与协调[J].集团经济研究,2007,231期
[51] 袁振兴.财务目标:最大化还是均衡[J].会计研究,2004 (11)：P38-42.
[52] 尚洪涛.财务契约体系研究[J].当代经济研究,2005,(3)：P54-57.
[53] 钱津.股东与员工的利益冲突与整合[J].学习与探索,2003,(3)：P58-61.
[54] 徐虹，林钟高. 财务冲突及其疏解：一项基于契约理论的分析[J].黄山学院学报，2006.03.
[55] 郝允峰.财务治理中的冲突、结盟及制度诠释[J].现代管理科学，2007年第6期.
[56] 科特勒(美)著.梅汝和等译.营销管理:分析、计划、执行和控制[M].第9版.上海:上海人民出版社,1999.P267
[57] (美)斯特恩、(美)安瑟理、(美)库格伦著.蒋青云等译.市场营销渠道[M].北京：电子工业出版社，2003：32页，195-217页
[58] 罗森布罗姆著.营销渠道管理[M](第6版).北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[59] Douglas w. LaBahn and Katrin R. Harich. Sensitivity to National Business Culture： Effects on MexicanChannel Relational Marketing[J]，1997(5)，pp.29-51
[60] 庄贵军,周筱莲,王桂林编著.营销渠道管理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004
[61] 吴朝辉.分销渠道的冲突与管理[J].广西轻工业,2007.4
[62] Allan J. Magrath and Kenneth G. Hardy. A Strategic Paradigm for Predicting Manufacturer-ResellerConflict[J]. European Journal of Marketing，1989(2)，pp.94-108.
[63] 冯丽云.分销渠道管理[M].经济管理出版社,2002.第241页