有机无机肥配施对玉米产量和品质的影响及生理基础
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摘要
过量化肥、农药逐步降低耕地质量,并造成非常严重的环境污染。降低化肥施用量,并维持产量不下降或略有提高,秸秆过腹后的有机肥还田是重要途径。本文以普通夏玉米(Zea mays L.)郑单958为供试材料,在大田条件下,系统研究了有机无机肥配施对玉米产量和品质的影响及其生理基础。主要研究结果如下:
1不同配施处理对玉米产量的影响
增施有机肥显著增加玉米籽粒产量,有机无机肥配施M2F2处理玉米籽粒产量最高,与不施有机肥处理平均值相比,增产43.1%;有机肥用量75t·hm~(-2)(M2)、150t·hm~(-2)(M3)条件下的产量均值与不施有机肥处理均值相比,籽粒产量分别增产32.3%、30.2%。有机肥用量75t·hm~(-2)(M2)条件下,穗粒数显著增加:有机肥用量150t·hm~(-2)(M3)条件下,千粒重显著增加。
2不同配施处理对玉米品质的影响
有机无机肥配施显著影响玉米品质。有机无机肥配施M2F3处理玉米籽粒蛋白质含量最高。相同化肥用量条件下,有机肥用量75t·hm~(-2)(M2)各处理籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于其他处理,且随着化肥用量增加而升高。有机肥用量150t·hm~(-2)(M3)条件下,籽粒蛋白质含量随着化肥用量增加先升高后降低。M2F2处理玉米籽粒淀粉含量最高,显著高于其他处理。有机肥用量75t·hm~(-2)(M2)、150t·hm~(-2)(M3)条件下,籽粒淀粉含量随着化肥用量增加先升高后降低,M2F2处理的籽粒淀粉含量最高。
3不同配施处理对玉米生理生化特性的影响
(1)养分含量籽粒中全氮含量,M2F1处理最高,M3F1处理次之,M2F3处理含量最低。籽粒中磷含量,M3F3处理含量最高,M2F3处理次之,M1F2、M2F1和M3F1处理籽粒无机磷含量最低。处理间茎秆、穗轴与苞叶中磷含量变化与叶片具有相同的规律。籽粒中钾含量,M2F2和M2F3处理最低,其余处理无显著差异,但均显著高于这两个处理。
(2)可溶性糖含量叶片和籽粒中可溶性糖含量随生育期的推迟迅速下降。M1条件下,随着化肥用量的增加,灌浆初期叶片和籽粒中可溶性糖含量均为逐渐增加。M2各处理,与M1条件下相比较,籽粒可溶性糖含量显著增加,随化肥用量的增加,处理之间无显著差异;叶片中可溶性糖含量随着生育期的推迟,呈直线下降。M3条件下,与M2比较,M3F1和M3F2处理籽粒可溶性糖含量无显著变化,但M3F3处理显著降低;随着化肥用量的增加,相同生育时期叶片中可溶性糖含量逐渐下降。
(3)蔗糖含量随着生育期的推迟,M2F2处理和M3条件下各处理,叶片蔗糖含量均呈上升趋势,其他处理均呈先升后降趋势。M1条件下,随着化肥用量的增加,籽粒蔗糖含量升高,最高值均出现在9月15日。M2和M3条件下各处理籽粒蔗糖含量随着化肥用量的增加均呈先升高后降低趋势;且除M2F3处理的最高值在9月15日外,其他处理最高值均在8月19日。
(4)碳代谢酶叶片蔗糖合成酶活性随着生育期的推迟呈单峰曲线变化,除M1F1和M1F2处理的峰值在9月15日外,其他各处理峰值均在8月19日。M2条件下,M2F2处理峰值最大,M2F1处理峰值最小。M3条件下,M3F3处理峰值最小,显著低于M3F1和M3F2处理。随着生育期的推迟,籽粒蔗糖合成酶活性先升高后降低,除M1条件下,各处理籽粒蔗糖合成酶活性的最高值在9月15日,其他各处理最高值均在8月19日。叶片磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性随着生育期的推迟先升高后降低,M1条件下,磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性随化肥用量的增加而升高,最高值均在8月19日。M2和M3条件下,磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性随化肥用量的增加先升后降,M2F2处理的最高值显著高于M2F1和M2F3处理。籽粒磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和叶片磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性规律性一致。
4不同配旌处理对土壤肥力的影响
增施有机肥处理土壤具有较高的有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,且随着有机肥用量的增加含量升高。有机无机配施处理中,Mg、Mn、Zn和Fe等微量元素亦有较高含量,而Ca元素的含量较低,Cu元素含量在正常化肥用量的条件下,随有机肥施用量的增加无显著变化。
Excessive consumption of chemical fertilizer and pesticide leads to serious environmental pollution, while debases the quality of agricultural ecosystem. To decrease the damage of chemical fertilizer and maintain or increase the crop yield, straw-fertilizing-field after feeding animals is one important approach. This experiment chose common maize Zhengdan 958 as the target plant material to investigate the effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and quality of maize and its physiological basis. The main results are as follows:
1.Effect of different treatments on yield of maize
Applying organic fertilizer could increase grain yield of maize significantly. Grain yield of treatment M2F2 get the highest grain yield, which enhanced 43.1% comparing with treatment Ml When application amount reached 75t·hm~(-2) (M2) and 150t·hm~(-2) (M3), grain yield increased 32.3% and 30.2%,compared with treatment Ml. On the condition of application amount reached 75 t·hm~(-2) (M2), grain number per spike increased remarkably; when application amount reached150t·hm~(-2) (M3), 1 000-grain weight increased significantly.
2.Effect of different treatments on quality of maize
Applying organic fertilizer impacted quality of maize significantly. Protein content of treatment M2F3 was the highest one. If application amount of inorganic fertilizer were the same, grain protein content of every treatment of M2 were significantly higher than others and increased with the increase of inorganic fertilize. On the condition of M3, grain protein content increased fist and then decreased, with the increasing of inorganic fertilizer. Grain starch content of treatment M2F2 was the highest one in all treatments and significantly higher than that of other treatments. When application amount of organic fertilizer were 75 t·hm~(-2) (M2), 150 t·hm~(-2) (M3), grain starch content increased first and then decreased, with the increasing of inorganic fertilizer. Grain starch content of treatment M2F2 was higher than that of other treatments.
3. Physiological and biochemical mechanism of maize in different fertilization systems
(1)Nutrient content
Grain total nitrogen content of treatment M2F1 was highest, then treatment M3F1, which of treatment M2F3 was lowest. Grain P content of treatment M3F3 was highest, and then treatment M2F3, which of treatment M1F2, M2F1 and M3F1 was lowest. Difference of P content of stem, Bract and Spike axis between different treatments had the same law. Grain K content of treatment M2F2 and M2F3 were the lowest. Other treatment had no difference and higher than the two treatments.
(2)Soluble sugar content
During growth duration, soluble sugar content of leaf and grain decreased quickly. On the condition of Ml, soluble sugar content of leaf and grain increased gradually with the increase of organic fertilizer at early filling stage. On the condition of M2, comparing with M1, soluble sugar content of grain increased significantly. Soluble sugar content of leaf decreased almost linearly with the postpone of growth stage. On the condition of M3, comparing with M2. Soluble sugar content of treatments M3F1and M3F2 had no significantly change. With the increase of organic fertilizer, soluble sugar content of leaf at the same growth stage decreased gradually.
(3)Sucrose content
With the postpone of growth stage, sucrose content of treatment M2F2 and the treatments of M3 increased ,which of other treatments increased first and then decreased. On the condition of M1, sucrose content of grain increased with the increase of organic fertilizer, which highest value appeared at 9.15. On the condition of M2 and M3, sucrose content of grain of all treatments increased first and then decreased. Otherwise, the highest value of other treatments appeared at 8.19except treatment M2F3, which highest value appeared at 9.15.
(4)Enzymes of carbon metabolism
SS activities of ear leaf had a mono-peak curve change with the postpone of growth stage. The highest value of treatment M1F1 and M1F2 appeared at 9.15, which of other treatments appeared at 8.19. On the condition of M2, the highest value of treatment M2F2 was the highest one, which of treatment M2F1 was the lowest. On the condition of M3, the highest value of treatment M3F3 was the lowest; significantly lower than that of treatment M3F1 and M3F2. With the postpone of growth stage, SS activities of grain increased firstly and then decreased. The highest value SS activities of every treatment except the treatments of Ml appeared at 9.15 all appeared at 8.19. SPS activities of ear leaf also had a mono-peak curve change with the postpone of growth stage. On the condition of Ml, SPS activities increased with the addition of inorganic fertilizer, which highest value turned on 8.19. On the condition of M2 and M3, the highest value of SPS activities of treatment M2F2 significantly higher than that of treatment M2F1and M2F3. Difference of SPS activities of grain between different treatments was in agreement with that of leaf.
4. Effect of different fertilization treatments on soil fertility
Increasing application of organic fertilizer could increase organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, which content increased with the addition of inorganic fertilizer. In the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, Mg, Zn and Fe content rather high, but Ca content was rather lower. On the condition of common inorganic fertilizer application, Cu content had no significantly change with the application of organic fertilizer.
1不同配施处理对玉米产量的影响
增施有机肥显著增加玉米籽粒产量,有机无机肥配施M2F2处理玉米籽粒产量最高,与不施有机肥处理平均值相比,增产43.1%;有机肥用量75t·hm~(-2)(M2)、150t·hm~(-2)(M3)条件下的产量均值与不施有机肥处理均值相比,籽粒产量分别增产32.3%、30.2%。有机肥用量75t·hm~(-2)(M2)条件下,穗粒数显著增加:有机肥用量150t·hm~(-2)(M3)条件下,千粒重显著增加。
2不同配施处理对玉米品质的影响
有机无机肥配施显著影响玉米品质。有机无机肥配施M2F3处理玉米籽粒蛋白质含量最高。相同化肥用量条件下,有机肥用量75t·hm~(-2)(M2)各处理籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于其他处理,且随着化肥用量增加而升高。有机肥用量150t·hm~(-2)(M3)条件下,籽粒蛋白质含量随着化肥用量增加先升高后降低。M2F2处理玉米籽粒淀粉含量最高,显著高于其他处理。有机肥用量75t·hm~(-2)(M2)、150t·hm~(-2)(M3)条件下,籽粒淀粉含量随着化肥用量增加先升高后降低,M2F2处理的籽粒淀粉含量最高。
3不同配施处理对玉米生理生化特性的影响
(1)养分含量籽粒中全氮含量,M2F1处理最高,M3F1处理次之,M2F3处理含量最低。籽粒中磷含量,M3F3处理含量最高,M2F3处理次之,M1F2、M2F1和M3F1处理籽粒无机磷含量最低。处理间茎秆、穗轴与苞叶中磷含量变化与叶片具有相同的规律。籽粒中钾含量,M2F2和M2F3处理最低,其余处理无显著差异,但均显著高于这两个处理。
(2)可溶性糖含量叶片和籽粒中可溶性糖含量随生育期的推迟迅速下降。M1条件下,随着化肥用量的增加,灌浆初期叶片和籽粒中可溶性糖含量均为逐渐增加。M2各处理,与M1条件下相比较,籽粒可溶性糖含量显著增加,随化肥用量的增加,处理之间无显著差异;叶片中可溶性糖含量随着生育期的推迟,呈直线下降。M3条件下,与M2比较,M3F1和M3F2处理籽粒可溶性糖含量无显著变化,但M3F3处理显著降低;随着化肥用量的增加,相同生育时期叶片中可溶性糖含量逐渐下降。
(3)蔗糖含量随着生育期的推迟,M2F2处理和M3条件下各处理,叶片蔗糖含量均呈上升趋势,其他处理均呈先升后降趋势。M1条件下,随着化肥用量的增加,籽粒蔗糖含量升高,最高值均出现在9月15日。M2和M3条件下各处理籽粒蔗糖含量随着化肥用量的增加均呈先升高后降低趋势;且除M2F3处理的最高值在9月15日外,其他处理最高值均在8月19日。
(4)碳代谢酶叶片蔗糖合成酶活性随着生育期的推迟呈单峰曲线变化,除M1F1和M1F2处理的峰值在9月15日外,其他各处理峰值均在8月19日。M2条件下,M2F2处理峰值最大,M2F1处理峰值最小。M3条件下,M3F3处理峰值最小,显著低于M3F1和M3F2处理。随着生育期的推迟,籽粒蔗糖合成酶活性先升高后降低,除M1条件下,各处理籽粒蔗糖合成酶活性的最高值在9月15日,其他各处理最高值均在8月19日。叶片磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性随着生育期的推迟先升高后降低,M1条件下,磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性随化肥用量的增加而升高,最高值均在8月19日。M2和M3条件下,磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性随化肥用量的增加先升后降,M2F2处理的最高值显著高于M2F1和M2F3处理。籽粒磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和叶片磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性规律性一致。
4不同配旌处理对土壤肥力的影响
增施有机肥处理土壤具有较高的有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,且随着有机肥用量的增加含量升高。有机无机配施处理中,Mg、Mn、Zn和Fe等微量元素亦有较高含量,而Ca元素的含量较低,Cu元素含量在正常化肥用量的条件下,随有机肥施用量的增加无显著变化。
Excessive consumption of chemical fertilizer and pesticide leads to serious environmental pollution, while debases the quality of agricultural ecosystem. To decrease the damage of chemical fertilizer and maintain or increase the crop yield, straw-fertilizing-field after feeding animals is one important approach. This experiment chose common maize Zhengdan 958 as the target plant material to investigate the effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and quality of maize and its physiological basis. The main results are as follows:
1.Effect of different treatments on yield of maize
Applying organic fertilizer could increase grain yield of maize significantly. Grain yield of treatment M2F2 get the highest grain yield, which enhanced 43.1% comparing with treatment Ml When application amount reached 75t·hm~(-2) (M2) and 150t·hm~(-2) (M3), grain yield increased 32.3% and 30.2%,compared with treatment Ml. On the condition of application amount reached 75 t·hm~(-2) (M2), grain number per spike increased remarkably; when application amount reached150t·hm~(-2) (M3), 1 000-grain weight increased significantly.
2.Effect of different treatments on quality of maize
Applying organic fertilizer impacted quality of maize significantly. Protein content of treatment M2F3 was the highest one. If application amount of inorganic fertilizer were the same, grain protein content of every treatment of M2 were significantly higher than others and increased with the increase of inorganic fertilize. On the condition of M3, grain protein content increased fist and then decreased, with the increasing of inorganic fertilizer. Grain starch content of treatment M2F2 was the highest one in all treatments and significantly higher than that of other treatments. When application amount of organic fertilizer were 75 t·hm~(-2) (M2), 150 t·hm~(-2) (M3), grain starch content increased first and then decreased, with the increasing of inorganic fertilizer. Grain starch content of treatment M2F2 was higher than that of other treatments.
3. Physiological and biochemical mechanism of maize in different fertilization systems
(1)Nutrient content
Grain total nitrogen content of treatment M2F1 was highest, then treatment M3F1, which of treatment M2F3 was lowest. Grain P content of treatment M3F3 was highest, and then treatment M2F3, which of treatment M1F2, M2F1 and M3F1 was lowest. Difference of P content of stem, Bract and Spike axis between different treatments had the same law. Grain K content of treatment M2F2 and M2F3 were the lowest. Other treatment had no difference and higher than the two treatments.
(2)Soluble sugar content
During growth duration, soluble sugar content of leaf and grain decreased quickly. On the condition of Ml, soluble sugar content of leaf and grain increased gradually with the increase of organic fertilizer at early filling stage. On the condition of M2, comparing with M1, soluble sugar content of grain increased significantly. Soluble sugar content of leaf decreased almost linearly with the postpone of growth stage. On the condition of M3, comparing with M2. Soluble sugar content of treatments M3F1and M3F2 had no significantly change. With the increase of organic fertilizer, soluble sugar content of leaf at the same growth stage decreased gradually.
(3)Sucrose content
With the postpone of growth stage, sucrose content of treatment M2F2 and the treatments of M3 increased ,which of other treatments increased first and then decreased. On the condition of M1, sucrose content of grain increased with the increase of organic fertilizer, which highest value appeared at 9.15. On the condition of M2 and M3, sucrose content of grain of all treatments increased first and then decreased. Otherwise, the highest value of other treatments appeared at 8.19except treatment M2F3, which highest value appeared at 9.15.
(4)Enzymes of carbon metabolism
SS activities of ear leaf had a mono-peak curve change with the postpone of growth stage. The highest value of treatment M1F1 and M1F2 appeared at 9.15, which of other treatments appeared at 8.19. On the condition of M2, the highest value of treatment M2F2 was the highest one, which of treatment M2F1 was the lowest. On the condition of M3, the highest value of treatment M3F3 was the lowest; significantly lower than that of treatment M3F1 and M3F2. With the postpone of growth stage, SS activities of grain increased firstly and then decreased. The highest value SS activities of every treatment except the treatments of Ml appeared at 9.15 all appeared at 8.19. SPS activities of ear leaf also had a mono-peak curve change with the postpone of growth stage. On the condition of Ml, SPS activities increased with the addition of inorganic fertilizer, which highest value turned on 8.19. On the condition of M2 and M3, the highest value of SPS activities of treatment M2F2 significantly higher than that of treatment M2F1and M2F3. Difference of SPS activities of grain between different treatments was in agreement with that of leaf.
4. Effect of different fertilization treatments on soil fertility
Increasing application of organic fertilizer could increase organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, which content increased with the addition of inorganic fertilizer. In the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, Mg, Zn and Fe content rather high, but Ca content was rather lower. On the condition of common inorganic fertilizer application, Cu content had no significantly change with the application of organic fertilizer.
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