NPK调配对冬小麦—夏玉米生长发育及土壤养分时空分布的影响
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摘要
合理施肥对实现作物高产高效有重要意义。本文采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的研究方法,以宁晋县换马店村某农田为供试土壤,冬小麦、夏玉米为供试作物,研究不同NPK调配对冬小麦-夏玉米生长发育、土壤养分时空分布和土壤养分贡献率的影响,得到的主要结论如下:
1.冬小麦拔节期和夏玉米出苗后58d土壤碱解氮含量达到整个生育期中最高峰,之后随生育期进程逐渐降低,直至收获。土壤速效磷和钾含量始终呈降低趋势,到收获期含量最低。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均随土壤深度增加而降低,而碱解氮和速效钾在50-70cm处出现富集。适量氮、磷、钾肥促进冬小麦和夏玉米对氮、磷、钾的吸收。
2.施用氮、磷、钾肥均能增加冬小麦的千粒重、亩穗数和产量。合理配施氮、磷、钾肥能够显著增加冬小麦产量,增产幅度为1040.6-2434.7kg/hm~2,增产率为16.6%-38.7%,综合增产率,利润,产投比等因素分析得出N_2P_2K_2为最优处理。当N、P_2O_5、K_2O用量分别为229.1、140.8、147.3kg/hm~2时得出冬小麦最高产量为8782.8kg /hm~2 ;合理配施氮、磷、钾肥能够显著增加夏玉米产量,增产幅度为1316.5-3970.8kg/hm~2,增产率为18.0%-54.7%,当N、P_2O_5、K_2O用量分别为236.6、96.1、177.4kg/hm~2时夏玉米最高产量为11237.5kg/hm~2。N_2P_2K_2处理有较高的利润和增产率,因此推荐为最佳施肥处理。
3.同一取样时期,施氮(磷)肥较不施肥处理增加了夏玉米根系、茎、叶、穗轴、籽粒和整株夏玉米的干重及氮(磷)含量。随施肥量增加,各器官干重和氮(磷)含量增加,以二水平最高,而后降低。增产的原因主要是施氮(磷)肥增加了夏玉米穗长、行粒数和粒重,减少了禿尖长。不同采样时期,随生育期的延长,各处理夏玉米的籽粒、整株干重和氮(磷)含量不断增加直到成熟期,其它项目呈“S”型变化。
4.夏玉米季,PK配施土壤供N量比对照增加3.9%,NK配施土壤供P量比对照增加10.9%;NP配施土壤供K量比对照增加34.3%。冬小麦季,PK配施土壤供N量比对照增加8.1%,NK配施土壤供P量比对照增加8.8%;NP配施土壤供K量比对照增加11.6%。说明本试验条件下,任意两种营养元素配施均可以增强作物对另一不施元素的吸收。
夏玉米土壤氮、磷、钾贡献率分别为76.4%、82.8%、87.2%、第二季冬小麦试验土壤氮、磷、钾贡献率分别为84.0%、84.0%、85.6%、说明供试土壤自身的氮、磷、钾素都不能满足冬小麦高产的需求,欲求高产必须适量补充氮、磷、钾肥。5.夏玉米季氮、磷、钾肥料的利用率分别为29.9%、22.2%、23.7%、说明该试验施肥有利于夏玉米对磷的吸收,增产效果明显。冬小麦季氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为16.7%、23.19%、34.9%、钾肥利用率正常,而氮磷利用率偏低。
The reasonable fertilization has important significance on improving corn high production and high efficiency. This paper use the method of the combination of field experiment and laboratory analysis, studies the effects of fertilizer application on the development of maize and wheat ,the contribution rate of the soil nutrient and temporal and spatial distribution of soil nutrient in Huannadian village of Ningjin.
1. Available nitrogen gets the highest in wheat jointing stage (58d after maize seeding), then decreased gradually.[ available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium decreased] Available phosphorus and available potassium always decreases, the least is at the harvest period. The deeper the soil is, the content of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium less. There is an enrichment layer of available nitrogen and available potassium in the depth of 50-70cm.
2. The 1000-grain weight, spike numbers, grains per spike. and yield of wheat were increased by NPK fertilizer. The reasonable fertilization of NPK significantly increases the yield of wheat , the scope of wheat increasing in yield were 16.6%—38.7%, the analysis on the increasing rate and profit of wheat showed that N_2P_2K_2 was the best treatment. When the content of N、P_2O_5、K_2O were229.1、140.8、147.3kg/hm~2,the highest yield of wheat was 8782.8kg /hm~2. The reasonable fertilization of NPK significantly increases the yield of maize, the scope of maize increasing in yield were 18%—54.7%, the analysis on the increasing rate and profit showed that N_2P_2K_2 was the best treatment. When the content of N、P_2O_5、K_2O were 236.6、96.1、177.4kg/hm~2,the highest yield of wheat was 11237.5kg /hm~2. The analysis on the increasing rate and profit of maize showed that N_2P_2K_2 was the best treatment.
3. At the same sampling time, compared with N0P0K0 treatment, applying N (P)fertilizer increased the dry weight of root, dry weight and N(P) in each organ, such as stalk, leaves, seed, ear axis and even whole plant. In the fertilizer treatments, the above index of each organ all shaped“S”along with N(P) fertilizer, and the N_2P_2K_2 treatment was the highest because it’s ear length, seed number per line and seed weight per plant were significantly enhanced, but the bald length of ear was decreased. Among the different sampling time with maize growth, the dry weight and N(P) in some organs, such as seed and whole plant, were increased until the maturity stage, in others shaped“S”. There were significant conic relations between dry weight or N(P) and days after seedling under different N(P) levels. The same significant conic relation was represented between yield of maize and N(P) fertilizer amount.
4. In maize season, the amount of soil N supply increased 3.9% by combined, application of PK; the amount of soil P supply increased 10.9% by combined application of NK and the amount of soil K supply increased 34.3% by combined application of NP all compared with CK; in wheat season , the amount of soil N supply increased 8.1% by combined application of PK and the amount of soil P supply increased 8.8% by combined application of NK and the amount of soil K supply increased 11.6% by combined application of NP all compared with CK. It showed that combined application of any two elements was beneficial to absorb the third nutrient.
In maize season, the contribution rate of the soil NPK were 76.4%、82.8%、87.2%, The next season , contribution rate of the soil were 8.4%、84%、85.6%. the results showed that N、P、K in soil could not make the crop get the high yield ,it needed more from fertilizer.
5.The NPK fertilizer utilization coefficient were 29.9%、22.2%、23.7% in maize season, the calculation results showed that applying fertilizer was profit for crop to absorb more nutrient, significantly increased the yield of maize. In wheat season, The NP fertilizer utilization coefficient were 16.7% and 23.1%,lower than usual,but the K fertilizer utilization coefficient was 34.9%,reach normal level.
1.冬小麦拔节期和夏玉米出苗后58d土壤碱解氮含量达到整个生育期中最高峰,之后随生育期进程逐渐降低,直至收获。土壤速效磷和钾含量始终呈降低趋势,到收获期含量最低。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均随土壤深度增加而降低,而碱解氮和速效钾在50-70cm处出现富集。适量氮、磷、钾肥促进冬小麦和夏玉米对氮、磷、钾的吸收。
2.施用氮、磷、钾肥均能增加冬小麦的千粒重、亩穗数和产量。合理配施氮、磷、钾肥能够显著增加冬小麦产量,增产幅度为1040.6-2434.7kg/hm~2,增产率为16.6%-38.7%,综合增产率,利润,产投比等因素分析得出N_2P_2K_2为最优处理。当N、P_2O_5、K_2O用量分别为229.1、140.8、147.3kg/hm~2时得出冬小麦最高产量为8782.8kg /hm~2 ;合理配施氮、磷、钾肥能够显著增加夏玉米产量,增产幅度为1316.5-3970.8kg/hm~2,增产率为18.0%-54.7%,当N、P_2O_5、K_2O用量分别为236.6、96.1、177.4kg/hm~2时夏玉米最高产量为11237.5kg/hm~2。N_2P_2K_2处理有较高的利润和增产率,因此推荐为最佳施肥处理。
3.同一取样时期,施氮(磷)肥较不施肥处理增加了夏玉米根系、茎、叶、穗轴、籽粒和整株夏玉米的干重及氮(磷)含量。随施肥量增加,各器官干重和氮(磷)含量增加,以二水平最高,而后降低。增产的原因主要是施氮(磷)肥增加了夏玉米穗长、行粒数和粒重,减少了禿尖长。不同采样时期,随生育期的延长,各处理夏玉米的籽粒、整株干重和氮(磷)含量不断增加直到成熟期,其它项目呈“S”型变化。
4.夏玉米季,PK配施土壤供N量比对照增加3.9%,NK配施土壤供P量比对照增加10.9%;NP配施土壤供K量比对照增加34.3%。冬小麦季,PK配施土壤供N量比对照增加8.1%,NK配施土壤供P量比对照增加8.8%;NP配施土壤供K量比对照增加11.6%。说明本试验条件下,任意两种营养元素配施均可以增强作物对另一不施元素的吸收。
夏玉米土壤氮、磷、钾贡献率分别为76.4%、82.8%、87.2%、第二季冬小麦试验土壤氮、磷、钾贡献率分别为84.0%、84.0%、85.6%、说明供试土壤自身的氮、磷、钾素都不能满足冬小麦高产的需求,欲求高产必须适量补充氮、磷、钾肥。5.夏玉米季氮、磷、钾肥料的利用率分别为29.9%、22.2%、23.7%、说明该试验施肥有利于夏玉米对磷的吸收,增产效果明显。冬小麦季氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为16.7%、23.19%、34.9%、钾肥利用率正常,而氮磷利用率偏低。
The reasonable fertilization has important significance on improving corn high production and high efficiency. This paper use the method of the combination of field experiment and laboratory analysis, studies the effects of fertilizer application on the development of maize and wheat ,the contribution rate of the soil nutrient and temporal and spatial distribution of soil nutrient in Huannadian village of Ningjin.
1. Available nitrogen gets the highest in wheat jointing stage (58d after maize seeding), then decreased gradually.[ available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium decreased] Available phosphorus and available potassium always decreases, the least is at the harvest period. The deeper the soil is, the content of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium less. There is an enrichment layer of available nitrogen and available potassium in the depth of 50-70cm.
2. The 1000-grain weight, spike numbers, grains per spike. and yield of wheat were increased by NPK fertilizer. The reasonable fertilization of NPK significantly increases the yield of wheat , the scope of wheat increasing in yield were 16.6%—38.7%, the analysis on the increasing rate and profit of wheat showed that N_2P_2K_2 was the best treatment. When the content of N、P_2O_5、K_2O were229.1、140.8、147.3kg/hm~2,the highest yield of wheat was 8782.8kg /hm~2. The reasonable fertilization of NPK significantly increases the yield of maize, the scope of maize increasing in yield were 18%—54.7%, the analysis on the increasing rate and profit showed that N_2P_2K_2 was the best treatment. When the content of N、P_2O_5、K_2O were 236.6、96.1、177.4kg/hm~2,the highest yield of wheat was 11237.5kg /hm~2. The analysis on the increasing rate and profit of maize showed that N_2P_2K_2 was the best treatment.
3. At the same sampling time, compared with N0P0K0 treatment, applying N (P)fertilizer increased the dry weight of root, dry weight and N(P) in each organ, such as stalk, leaves, seed, ear axis and even whole plant. In the fertilizer treatments, the above index of each organ all shaped“S”along with N(P) fertilizer, and the N_2P_2K_2 treatment was the highest because it’s ear length, seed number per line and seed weight per plant were significantly enhanced, but the bald length of ear was decreased. Among the different sampling time with maize growth, the dry weight and N(P) in some organs, such as seed and whole plant, were increased until the maturity stage, in others shaped“S”. There were significant conic relations between dry weight or N(P) and days after seedling under different N(P) levels. The same significant conic relation was represented between yield of maize and N(P) fertilizer amount.
4. In maize season, the amount of soil N supply increased 3.9% by combined, application of PK; the amount of soil P supply increased 10.9% by combined application of NK and the amount of soil K supply increased 34.3% by combined application of NP all compared with CK; in wheat season , the amount of soil N supply increased 8.1% by combined application of PK and the amount of soil P supply increased 8.8% by combined application of NK and the amount of soil K supply increased 11.6% by combined application of NP all compared with CK. It showed that combined application of any two elements was beneficial to absorb the third nutrient.
In maize season, the contribution rate of the soil NPK were 76.4%、82.8%、87.2%, The next season , contribution rate of the soil were 8.4%、84%、85.6%. the results showed that N、P、K in soil could not make the crop get the high yield ,it needed more from fertilizer.
5.The NPK fertilizer utilization coefficient were 29.9%、22.2%、23.7% in maize season, the calculation results showed that applying fertilizer was profit for crop to absorb more nutrient, significantly increased the yield of maize. In wheat season, The NP fertilizer utilization coefficient were 16.7% and 23.1%,lower than usual,but the K fertilizer utilization coefficient was 34.9%,reach normal level.
引文
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