黄土坡面果粮复合系统果树根系分布与分形特征
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摘要
本文研究区位于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的山西吉县蔡家川流域,以当地果粮复合系统内隔坡水平沟不同坡度、树龄的苹果、杏树为研究对象,通过对果树周围土壤水分、养分定位观测、果树根系分布特征采用挖根法进行调查,深入讨论了苹果、杏树周围根系分布规律与分形结构。研究结果如下:
(1)7、8月份观测期降雨仅能补充表层0-20cm土层的土壤水分,因此,果树周围土壤含水量随土壤深度的增加而递减。
(2)果树周围土壤全氮、有机质含量较低,属极度缺乏水平,亟需人工添加适当氮肥、有机肥,保证植物生长所需养分。果树周围土壤速效钾、速效磷含量一般,且成年果树对土壤速效钾的消耗量大于幼年果树,但没有造成严重缺乏的状况,故只需适当补充钾肥、磷肥,即可保证果树正常生长。
(3)幼年果树根系含水量高于成年、苹果根系含水量低于杏树。其次,受土壤水分分布影响,隔坡水平沟根系含水量陡坡、缓坡也有差异,即根系含水量峰值多出现于水分条件优越的缓坡坎上或陡坡坎下。
(4)对于苹果根系分布来说,在黄土区缓坡隔坡水平沟植物篱果粮复合结构类型中,幼年苹果根系在坎下几乎没有分布,在坎上水平分布达到距离林带0.5H处,垂直分布达到60-80cm土层;成年苹果根系水平分布遍及坎上、坎下、田间各处,垂直分布向下延伸到80-100cm土层,说明苹果根系在其发育过程中,在水平与垂直方向都会不断地向田面及纵深方向扩展,对农作物生长影响的范围也逐渐增大,同时也增加对深层水养分的吸收利用。
(5)对于杏树根系分布来说,其根系分布的水平范围在成年、幼年杏树中差别不大,根系分布密集层为20-40cm、最深层为80-100cm。在受农作物影响相对较小的隔坡水平沟内株间,吸收根的主要分布层在0-20cm,根系上浮现象明显,这样的分布状况不利于杏树利用深层土壤水分与养分。
(6)成年、幼年果树根系生物量分别集中于20-40cm、40-60cm土层,小麦根系生物量主要分布于0-20cm土层。受农作物根系影响,果树根系有向土层深处发展的趋势,故果树根系生物量分布多呈“倒V”型,即在40-60cm土层出现峰值,随后又逐渐减少。受果树生长年限影响与坡度影响,幼年果树根系生物量远远低于成年,缓坡果树根系生物量小于陡坡。
(7)从分形角度分析,苹果根系的分形维数要高于杏树,说明苹果根系的吸收根、细根含量高。其次,苹果根系与树高、干周粗的相关性要高于杏树,因此,利用苹果根系与树高、干周粗的相关性模型,可以用任一树高或干周粗数值,借助于分形维数D值,求算出苹果的树高或干周粗所对应的地下部分生物量值,而杏树只能根据任一树高,借助于分形维数D值,计算其树高所对应的地下部分生物量值。第三,苹果干周粗与根系的相关性要大于树高与根系的相关性,这也表明干周粗反映生产力、产量,也是地下水分、养分输送通道。
This paper selects Caijiachuan watershed as the research area which located in loess hilly gully region. There are various agroforestry systems in research area, but this paper chooses fruit-wheat intercropping as study object. According to study roots characters of young and old apple and apricot tree at the level trench on separated slope, it investigates the soil moisture and nutrition and analyses distribution law and fractal structureof root system and the research results are as follows:
(1) From investigation during July and August, it showed that soil moisture content around apple and apricot descent with the decline of soil depth. The rainfall only can supply the surface layer of soil, because the rainfall was enough but it didn’t last long time.The results also showed that apple trees use water in 60-100cm soil depth, and apricot trees use water in 80-100cm soil depth.
(2) With analyzing soil nutrients, it showed that the amounts of soil available potassium and phosphorus were at normal level, but the content of total N and organic matter were at low level. So it is important to add nitrogen fertilizer artificially in order to improve soil fertilizer.
(3) According to analyzing moisture content of root system, the results showed that moisture content of root system were affected by the age of fruit trees, so the moisture content of root system of young tree was higher than that of old tree. Then with the differences among the distribution of soil moisture content, the maximum and minimum moisture content of root system appeared at site B in gentle slope and site A in steep slope. But in different root diameters and soil depth, the moisture content of root system didn’t appear obviously disparity.
(4) The study results of distribution characters of apple root system showed that young apple trees roots can’t distribute in the lower ridge of contour ditch, but it reached the 0.5H distance from the upper ridge of contour ditch and the 60-80cm soil layer. However, old apple trees roots grew every part of the level trench on separated slope, and existed at the 80-100cm soil layer. It is suggested that apple roots system will extend to each part of the land space, so its effect to crop will be obvious and will use the water and nutrition of deeper soil layer.
(5) The study results of distribution characters of apple root system suggested that apricot trees roots mostly distributed at 20-40cm soil layer and the deepest layer is 80-100cm soil layer. It was found that absorbing roots mostly occurred at 0-20cm soil layer, but this phenomenon showed that apricot roots could not use the deep soil water and nutrition.
(6) Based on the results of biomass of root system, the biomass of root system are concentrated in 40-60cm, 60-80cm soil depth. Meanwhile it is higher than that in gentle slope, and biomass of root system of young tree is lighter than that of old tree.
(7) Studying on root fractal, it showed that fractal dimension of apple root is higher than that of apricot root. This appears that apple tree has much more absorbing root. Also results of fitting on is higher than that of apricot tree, so using the model of fractal model of root system biomass and DBH and Height of apple tree can accurately estimate the biomass of root system and provide theory for fruit-wheat intercropping system.
(1)7、8月份观测期降雨仅能补充表层0-20cm土层的土壤水分,因此,果树周围土壤含水量随土壤深度的增加而递减。
(2)果树周围土壤全氮、有机质含量较低,属极度缺乏水平,亟需人工添加适当氮肥、有机肥,保证植物生长所需养分。果树周围土壤速效钾、速效磷含量一般,且成年果树对土壤速效钾的消耗量大于幼年果树,但没有造成严重缺乏的状况,故只需适当补充钾肥、磷肥,即可保证果树正常生长。
(3)幼年果树根系含水量高于成年、苹果根系含水量低于杏树。其次,受土壤水分分布影响,隔坡水平沟根系含水量陡坡、缓坡也有差异,即根系含水量峰值多出现于水分条件优越的缓坡坎上或陡坡坎下。
(4)对于苹果根系分布来说,在黄土区缓坡隔坡水平沟植物篱果粮复合结构类型中,幼年苹果根系在坎下几乎没有分布,在坎上水平分布达到距离林带0.5H处,垂直分布达到60-80cm土层;成年苹果根系水平分布遍及坎上、坎下、田间各处,垂直分布向下延伸到80-100cm土层,说明苹果根系在其发育过程中,在水平与垂直方向都会不断地向田面及纵深方向扩展,对农作物生长影响的范围也逐渐增大,同时也增加对深层水养分的吸收利用。
(5)对于杏树根系分布来说,其根系分布的水平范围在成年、幼年杏树中差别不大,根系分布密集层为20-40cm、最深层为80-100cm。在受农作物影响相对较小的隔坡水平沟内株间,吸收根的主要分布层在0-20cm,根系上浮现象明显,这样的分布状况不利于杏树利用深层土壤水分与养分。
(6)成年、幼年果树根系生物量分别集中于20-40cm、40-60cm土层,小麦根系生物量主要分布于0-20cm土层。受农作物根系影响,果树根系有向土层深处发展的趋势,故果树根系生物量分布多呈“倒V”型,即在40-60cm土层出现峰值,随后又逐渐减少。受果树生长年限影响与坡度影响,幼年果树根系生物量远远低于成年,缓坡果树根系生物量小于陡坡。
(7)从分形角度分析,苹果根系的分形维数要高于杏树,说明苹果根系的吸收根、细根含量高。其次,苹果根系与树高、干周粗的相关性要高于杏树,因此,利用苹果根系与树高、干周粗的相关性模型,可以用任一树高或干周粗数值,借助于分形维数D值,求算出苹果的树高或干周粗所对应的地下部分生物量值,而杏树只能根据任一树高,借助于分形维数D值,计算其树高所对应的地下部分生物量值。第三,苹果干周粗与根系的相关性要大于树高与根系的相关性,这也表明干周粗反映生产力、产量,也是地下水分、养分输送通道。
This paper selects Caijiachuan watershed as the research area which located in loess hilly gully region. There are various agroforestry systems in research area, but this paper chooses fruit-wheat intercropping as study object. According to study roots characters of young and old apple and apricot tree at the level trench on separated slope, it investigates the soil moisture and nutrition and analyses distribution law and fractal structureof root system and the research results are as follows:
(1) From investigation during July and August, it showed that soil moisture content around apple and apricot descent with the decline of soil depth. The rainfall only can supply the surface layer of soil, because the rainfall was enough but it didn’t last long time.The results also showed that apple trees use water in 60-100cm soil depth, and apricot trees use water in 80-100cm soil depth.
(2) With analyzing soil nutrients, it showed that the amounts of soil available potassium and phosphorus were at normal level, but the content of total N and organic matter were at low level. So it is important to add nitrogen fertilizer artificially in order to improve soil fertilizer.
(3) According to analyzing moisture content of root system, the results showed that moisture content of root system were affected by the age of fruit trees, so the moisture content of root system of young tree was higher than that of old tree. Then with the differences among the distribution of soil moisture content, the maximum and minimum moisture content of root system appeared at site B in gentle slope and site A in steep slope. But in different root diameters and soil depth, the moisture content of root system didn’t appear obviously disparity.
(4) The study results of distribution characters of apple root system showed that young apple trees roots can’t distribute in the lower ridge of contour ditch, but it reached the 0.5H distance from the upper ridge of contour ditch and the 60-80cm soil layer. However, old apple trees roots grew every part of the level trench on separated slope, and existed at the 80-100cm soil layer. It is suggested that apple roots system will extend to each part of the land space, so its effect to crop will be obvious and will use the water and nutrition of deeper soil layer.
(5) The study results of distribution characters of apple root system suggested that apricot trees roots mostly distributed at 20-40cm soil layer and the deepest layer is 80-100cm soil layer. It was found that absorbing roots mostly occurred at 0-20cm soil layer, but this phenomenon showed that apricot roots could not use the deep soil water and nutrition.
(6) Based on the results of biomass of root system, the biomass of root system are concentrated in 40-60cm, 60-80cm soil depth. Meanwhile it is higher than that in gentle slope, and biomass of root system of young tree is lighter than that of old tree.
(7) Studying on root fractal, it showed that fractal dimension of apple root is higher than that of apricot root. This appears that apple tree has much more absorbing root. Also results of fitting on is higher than that of apricot tree, so using the model of fractal model of root system biomass and DBH and Height of apple tree can accurately estimate the biomass of root system and provide theory for fruit-wheat intercropping system.
引文
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