中国农产品贸易问题研究
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摘要
中国的农产品国际贸易受到了多种外部因素的推动与制约,也受到产品自身在国际市场上竞争力变化的影响。如何将两者结合形成中国农产品的竞争优势,保证中国农产品国际贸易长期稳定协调的发展,是我们面临的问题。本文通过对中国农产品贸易现状与发展趋势的分析、借鉴主要农产品贸易国的经验,应用比较优势理论和资源禀赋理论,使用态势分析法对我国的农产品国际贸易问题进行研究。在研究的基础上对我国的农产品国际贸易政策提出了一些设想和建议。
作为世界上的农业大国和农业人口最多的国家,中国对农业问题十分关注。通过对中国过去的农产品国际贸易发展进行回顾,以史为鉴,从中吸取经验和教训,同时借鉴主要农产品贸易国的经验,以便在贸易谈判中明确自己的立场,选择合适的机会切入点,争取中国自身合理的利益。
我国农产品的竞争优势在于:劳动密集型产品的低成本优势;产品多样,能满足世界市场多样化的产品需求;市场区位优势;大国效应与技术后发优势等。
我国农产品出口的劣势为:农业生产结构性矛盾突出,与国内外市场衔接不紧密;市场配置资源机制不健全,农业生产盲目性大;政策多变,农产品贸易外部环境不稳定;国内支持力度小,结构不合理;农民文化素质有待提高,深加工农产品比重较低。
我国农产品出口的有利条件:近几年世界农产品贸易增长迅速;绿色产品大力发展促进我国农产品结构的战略性调整,我国人民的环保意识逐步提升,有利于农产品质量的提高。
我国农产品出口面临的不利条件为:中国成为世界上农产品市场最开放的国家之一;以技术壁垒为代表的新制约因素阻碍我国农产品出口;农产品出口面临不利的金融环境;“反倾销”严重影响中国农产品出口;发达国家提供高额农业补贴。
在分析研究的基础上对我国农产品贸易政策提出如下建议:完善关税保护手段;改革配额制度;合理利用非关税堡垒;提供完备的信息服务;便捷农产品出口渠道;制定海外市场开拓计划;建立出口预警系统保障机制;支持健全农产品质量安全体系;加强对农产品出口协会的扶持;调整补贴政策;积极参与WTO农业谈判。
农产品贸易问题不是简单的经济问题,农产品市场贸易也并非纯粹意义上的市场竞争,政策的作用不可低估。我们要在遵守国际规则的前提下,充分利用国际规则,与时俱进,根据国内外市场的变化,不断调整、完善我们的政策,最大限度发挥我们的政策作用,必要时要敢于打擦边球;要充分发挥政府部门、社会团体、中介机构、企业和农民的作用,各尽所能,共同努力,争取我国农产品国际贸易长期稳定协调发展。同时,要农产品国内外市场兼顾,进出口通盘考虑,因为农产品问题尤其是粮食问题不仅涉及到一个国家的经济利益更涉及到一个国家的政治利益和战略安全。
China's international trade of agricultural products has been driven by a variety of external factors and constraints, but also by the product itself in the international market impact of changes in competitiveness. How to form a combination of both the competitive advantage of China's agricultural products to ensure that international trade of agricultural products in China to coordinate the development of long-term stability is a problem that we face. In this paper, the status of China's agricultural trade and development trend analysis, the main draw on the experience of agricultural trading nations, the application of the theory of comparative advantage and resource endowment theory, the use of trend analysis of China's agricultural products in international trade issues. In the study based on the international trade of agricultural products in China made a number of policy ideas and proposals.
As the world's major agricultural country and agriculture in the most populous country, China is very concerned about agricultural issues. China in the past through the development of international trade of agricultural products to review, learn from history, experience and lessons learned, while the major agricultural trading nations learn from the experience of trade negotiations in order to clear its position, the opportunity to choose a suitable starting point for China's own reasonable interests.
The competitive advantage of China's agricultural products are: low-cost advantage of labor-intensive products; product diversity to meet world market demand for diversified products; market advantage; big country effect and the advantage of such technology.
The disadvantage of China's agricultural exports are: agricultural production and structural problems are conspicuous, and convergence of domestic and foreign markets do not close; the market in resource allocation mechanisms, blindness large agricultural production; policy changes, instability in the external environment for trade in agricultural products; domestic support small , the irrational structure; to enhance the cultural quality of the farmers, the lower the proportion of deep processing of agricultural products.
China's favorable conditions for exports of agricultural products: in recent years the rapid growth of world trade in agricultural products; green products to develop the promotion of the strategic adjustment of agricultural structure, our people and gradually raise the environmental awareness is conducive to improving the quality of agricultural products.
China's agricultural exports face the adverse conditions are as follows: China became the world's most open markets for agricultural products one of the countries; to technical barriers, as represented by the new constraints impede the export of agricultural products in China; agricultural exports face an adverse financial environment; "anti-dumping" serious impact on China agricultural exports; high agricultural subsidies in developed countries.
In the analytical study based on China's agricultural trade policy makes the following recommendations: improve the means of tariff protection; the reform of the quota system; rational use of non-tariff fortress; to provide comprehensive information services; convenient channels for agricultural exports; the development of overseas market development plans; the establishment of export-warning system security mechanisms; support the security system and improve the quality of agricultural products; to strengthen the Association's support for agricultural exports; adjustment subsidies; actively participate in WTO negotiations on agriculture.
The issue of agricultural trade is not a simple economic issues, agricultural trade is not a purely market sense of competition in the market, the role of policy should not be underestimated. We should abide by international rules under the premise of making full use of international rules, with the times, in accordance with changes in domestic and foreign markets, and adjustments, and improve our policy to maximize the role of our policy and, if necessary, touch ball should have the courage to fight; To give full play to the government departments, social organizations, intermediary organizations, enterprises and the role of farmers, and doing our best to work together to strive for international trade of agricultural products in China to coordinate the development of long-term stability. At the same time, both domestic and foreign markets to agricultural products, import and export take into consideration, because the issue of agricultural products, especially food issue is not only related to the economic interests of a country is more related to a country's political interests and strategic security.
作为世界上的农业大国和农业人口最多的国家,中国对农业问题十分关注。通过对中国过去的农产品国际贸易发展进行回顾,以史为鉴,从中吸取经验和教训,同时借鉴主要农产品贸易国的经验,以便在贸易谈判中明确自己的立场,选择合适的机会切入点,争取中国自身合理的利益。
我国农产品的竞争优势在于:劳动密集型产品的低成本优势;产品多样,能满足世界市场多样化的产品需求;市场区位优势;大国效应与技术后发优势等。
我国农产品出口的劣势为:农业生产结构性矛盾突出,与国内外市场衔接不紧密;市场配置资源机制不健全,农业生产盲目性大;政策多变,农产品贸易外部环境不稳定;国内支持力度小,结构不合理;农民文化素质有待提高,深加工农产品比重较低。
我国农产品出口的有利条件:近几年世界农产品贸易增长迅速;绿色产品大力发展促进我国农产品结构的战略性调整,我国人民的环保意识逐步提升,有利于农产品质量的提高。
我国农产品出口面临的不利条件为:中国成为世界上农产品市场最开放的国家之一;以技术壁垒为代表的新制约因素阻碍我国农产品出口;农产品出口面临不利的金融环境;“反倾销”严重影响中国农产品出口;发达国家提供高额农业补贴。
在分析研究的基础上对我国农产品贸易政策提出如下建议:完善关税保护手段;改革配额制度;合理利用非关税堡垒;提供完备的信息服务;便捷农产品出口渠道;制定海外市场开拓计划;建立出口预警系统保障机制;支持健全农产品质量安全体系;加强对农产品出口协会的扶持;调整补贴政策;积极参与WTO农业谈判。
农产品贸易问题不是简单的经济问题,农产品市场贸易也并非纯粹意义上的市场竞争,政策的作用不可低估。我们要在遵守国际规则的前提下,充分利用国际规则,与时俱进,根据国内外市场的变化,不断调整、完善我们的政策,最大限度发挥我们的政策作用,必要时要敢于打擦边球;要充分发挥政府部门、社会团体、中介机构、企业和农民的作用,各尽所能,共同努力,争取我国农产品国际贸易长期稳定协调发展。同时,要农产品国内外市场兼顾,进出口通盘考虑,因为农产品问题尤其是粮食问题不仅涉及到一个国家的经济利益更涉及到一个国家的政治利益和战略安全。
China's international trade of agricultural products has been driven by a variety of external factors and constraints, but also by the product itself in the international market impact of changes in competitiveness. How to form a combination of both the competitive advantage of China's agricultural products to ensure that international trade of agricultural products in China to coordinate the development of long-term stability is a problem that we face. In this paper, the status of China's agricultural trade and development trend analysis, the main draw on the experience of agricultural trading nations, the application of the theory of comparative advantage and resource endowment theory, the use of trend analysis of China's agricultural products in international trade issues. In the study based on the international trade of agricultural products in China made a number of policy ideas and proposals.
As the world's major agricultural country and agriculture in the most populous country, China is very concerned about agricultural issues. China in the past through the development of international trade of agricultural products to review, learn from history, experience and lessons learned, while the major agricultural trading nations learn from the experience of trade negotiations in order to clear its position, the opportunity to choose a suitable starting point for China's own reasonable interests.
The competitive advantage of China's agricultural products are: low-cost advantage of labor-intensive products; product diversity to meet world market demand for diversified products; market advantage; big country effect and the advantage of such technology.
The disadvantage of China's agricultural exports are: agricultural production and structural problems are conspicuous, and convergence of domestic and foreign markets do not close; the market in resource allocation mechanisms, blindness large agricultural production; policy changes, instability in the external environment for trade in agricultural products; domestic support small , the irrational structure; to enhance the cultural quality of the farmers, the lower the proportion of deep processing of agricultural products.
China's favorable conditions for exports of agricultural products: in recent years the rapid growth of world trade in agricultural products; green products to develop the promotion of the strategic adjustment of agricultural structure, our people and gradually raise the environmental awareness is conducive to improving the quality of agricultural products.
China's agricultural exports face the adverse conditions are as follows: China became the world's most open markets for agricultural products one of the countries; to technical barriers, as represented by the new constraints impede the export of agricultural products in China; agricultural exports face an adverse financial environment; "anti-dumping" serious impact on China agricultural exports; high agricultural subsidies in developed countries.
In the analytical study based on China's agricultural trade policy makes the following recommendations: improve the means of tariff protection; the reform of the quota system; rational use of non-tariff fortress; to provide comprehensive information services; convenient channels for agricultural exports; the development of overseas market development plans; the establishment of export-warning system security mechanisms; support the security system and improve the quality of agricultural products; to strengthen the Association's support for agricultural exports; adjustment subsidies; actively participate in WTO negotiations on agriculture.
The issue of agricultural trade is not a simple economic issues, agricultural trade is not a purely market sense of competition in the market, the role of policy should not be underestimated. We should abide by international rules under the premise of making full use of international rules, with the times, in accordance with changes in domestic and foreign markets, and adjustments, and improve our policy to maximize the role of our policy and, if necessary, touch ball should have the courage to fight; To give full play to the government departments, social organizations, intermediary organizations, enterprises and the role of farmers, and doing our best to work together to strive for international trade of agricultural products in China to coordinate the development of long-term stability. At the same time, both domestic and foreign markets to agricultural products, import and export take into consideration, because the issue of agricultural products, especially food issue is not only related to the economic interests of a country is more related to a country's political interests and strategic security.
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