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温室春黄瓜灌溉指标的研究
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摘要
本文以津优1号黄瓜为试材,在前人有关温室黄瓜灌溉土壤水分始点的基础上,对温室春黄瓜苗期及开花座果期适宜灌溉土壤水分上限进行了探讨,并确立了指标。研究了不同土壤水分上限(80%、85%、90%、95%、100%)时,黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、干鲜重、叶绿素、根系活力、叶片相对含水量、自由水、束缚水、水分饱和亏、细胞汁液浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等变化情况,及开花结果期株高、茎粗、叶片数、根瓜节位、产量及光合蒸腾等情况。试验结果表明:灌溉土壤水分上限对黄瓜幼苗株高、叶面积影响较大,不同处理间达到显著水平,且呈直线正相关关系(R株高=0.9978, y株高=18.5x-2.552;R茎粗=0.9662 ,y茎粗=128.11x+30.9)。 茎粗、根冠比、壮苗指数、叶绿素、根系活力、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度以90%灌水上限处理最大,与其他处理差异显著。壮苗指数与土壤水分上限以四次函数曲线关系拟合,相关系数R=0.9999,回归方程为:y=78.667x4-284.67x3+385.1x2-30.82x+51.742 。细胞汁液浓度、相对含水量对土壤含水量十分敏感,其含量可以反映植株叶片水分状况。
     不同灌水上限对开花结果期也有显著影响。黄瓜株高、叶片数、黄瓜瓜条长、单瓜重、瓜条含水量随水分上限增加而增加,不同处理间差异显著。 叶绿素、光合速率、黄瓜可溶性糖、粗蛋白含量及产量以90%灌水上限处理最大,与其他处理差异显著。90%灌水上限处理,小区(约7.2m2)产量为30.3Kg,比100%灌水上限处理增产17%,比80%灌水上限处理增产30%。产量与灌溉土壤水分上限以三次函数曲线关系拟合,回归方程为:y=866.67x3-2885.7x2+3093.1x-1048.2 ,R=0.992。
    总体来看,苗期用90%灌水上限进行处理,幼苗长势良好,生长健壮,干物质积累多,节约水资源,为移栽定植、高产、优质奠定了良好的基础。定植后,继续进行水分处理,经90%灌水上限处理的黄瓜也表现为品质好、产量高。经统计分析,壮苗指数与产量呈正相关,回归方程为:y=1442.6x-14.009,R=0.8402。因此,在实际生产中,育苗时先保持土壤水分为90%,可以培育壮苗;定植后,土壤水分上限控制在90%左右,可以保证优质、高产。
The experiments were performed on greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis Statirus L. Jinyou 1 hao), to study the optimum irrigation index for greenhouse cucumber at seedling, bloom and fruit-bearing stages, on the basis of previous research of soil water irrigation starting point. Under different soil water irrigation maximum (81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%), the following items were measured: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry weight and fresh weight of root, stem, leaf and total, chlirophl, root activity, relative water content of leaf, free water and bound water, water saturated deficit, cell sap concentration, net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatic conductance of cucumber seeding; plant height, stem diameter, yield and qualtity of cucumber at bloom and fruit-bearing stages. The result showed that different soil water irrigation maximum had remarkable influence on plant height and leaf area of cucumber seedling, and were correlated with irrigation maximum which was line relation (Rph=0.9978, Yph=18.5x―2.552; Rsd=0.9662, Ysd=128.11x+30.91). Stem diameter, dry weight, root top ratio, chlirophl, rool activity net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatic conduetance, which were the largest at 90 percent irrigation maximum, significant differences existed in these index of seedling. Index of good seedling were in four function curve relation with the irrigation maximums, the regression equation and relative coefficient were: R=0.999, y=78.667x4―284.67x3+385.1x2―30.82x+51.742. Cell sap concentration and relative water content of leaf change with the irrigation maximum chanage, that can show condition of plant water.
    Different irrigation maximums also influenced plant significantly at blooming and fruit-bearing stage. Plant height, leaf numbers, fruit length, fruit weight, water content of fruit increased when the irrgation maximum increased. Chlirophl.,net photosynthesis rate, dissoluble sugar, coarse protein, which were the largest at 90 percent irrigation maximum. The yield of 90 percent is the largest, it is 30 kg, more than 100 percent treatment 17 percent, than 80percent treatment 30 percent. Yield were in cubic function curve relation with the irrigation maximums, the regression equation and relative coefficient were y=866.67x3―2885.7x2+3093.1x―1048.2, R=0.992.
    In conclusion, the 90 percent irrigation maximums for seedling, can promote the plant growth, increase dry weight, save water, make a good basic of high yield and good quality of cucumber. Statistics show, index of good plant was correlaled with yield: y=1442.6x―14.009, R=0.8402. So, 90 percent irrigation maximum for seedling, can produce goodseedling; in blooming and fruit-bearing stage, 90 percent irrigation were favorable to the increase quality and yield.
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