长江口滨岸潮滩大型底栖动物重金属的分布累积及其生态毒理效应
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摘要
本文以长江口滨岸滩涂习见的几种大型底栖动物为研究对象。主要研究Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni五种重金属元素在动物体内的含量和时空分布。探讨底栖动物对重金属的吸收机制和生物、非生物因子对底栖动物重金属富集量的影响。在综合相关领域研究的基础上，对长江口滨岸带的生态环境质量进行了评价。结合底栖动物急性毒理学实验，估算长江口滨岸环境中生物体的最大环境容量，从而为制定环境允许标准提供依据。本文主要研究结果如下：
1 底栖动物对重金属元素的富集表现出一定的季节差异。秋、春、夏三个季节，泥螺、河蚬、无齿相手蟹、谭氏泥蟹对Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni四种重金属元素累积的总体趋势是夏季＞春季＞秋季。
2 底栖动物对重金属元素的富集存在着地点间差异，同种底栖动物在不同采样点的含量不同。以金属污染指数(MPI)综合评价5个地点(XP、LH、GL、LC、CD)河蚬积累重金属的总体情况，发现LH、LC两地河蚬的重金属总体积累量比另外三个点要高，XP河蚬的重金属总体积累量最低；以金属污染指数(MPI)评价12个地点(QL、DGG、QY、XP、LH、SDK、GL、BL、PJ、LG、DH、CD)无齿相手蟹积累重金属的总体情况，发现DGG、BL和LG三点无齿相手蟹的重金属总体积累量最高，QY最低。
3 软体动物对重金属元素的累积存在部位间的差异。此次实验测试的五种重金属元素绝大部分集中在动物的软体部分，而在钙质外壳中的含量相对较少。
4 动物的个体大小及富集能力的差异均能影响底栖动物对重金属的累积。实验表明，在重金属负荷较低的CD和QL两点，较大个体的无齿相手蟹对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr的富集量大于较小个体。在重金属污染指数较高的DGG，则是较小个体对重金属的累积量高。不同种类的底栖动物富集重金属元素的能力不同，泥螺对Cu的富集能力最强，河蚬对Zn的富集能力最强，对Pb、Cr的富集也是泥螺、河蚬较高。
5 水体温度、盐度、表层沉积物粒径、有机质含量、沉积物和悬浮颗粒中重金属含量、重金属元素间的相互作用等诸多非生物因子对底栖动物的重金属富集量也有一定影响。表现为较高温度有助于泥螺、河蚬、无齿相手蟹、谭氏泥蟹对Cu、
华东师范大学硕士学位论文
摘要
Zn、Cr、Ni的吸收;秋季，河蛆体内Cu、Zn含量与盐度呈正相关，无齿相手
蟹体内Pb含量与盐度呈负相关，春季无齿相手蟹体内Zn含量与盐度呈负相关;
河规体内的Cu含量与沉积物的粒径存在显著的正相关，即粒径较粗的底质有助
于河蛆对Cu的富集;河规体内的Zn、Pb含量与沉积物中有机质含量存在一定
的相关性，Zn含量与沉积物中有机质呈正相关，Pb含量与有机质呈负相关;河
规对Cu、Zn的富集量高于对应点的沉积物、悬浮颗粒物中Cu、Zn含量，适于
做长江口滨岸带潮滩Cu、Zn的指示生物，无齿相手蟹适于做长江口滨岸带Cu
的指示生物;底栖动物富集的重金属元素间具有一定的相互作用，表现为河蛆体
内Cu一Cr、Cu一Ni、Zn一Cr、Zn一Ni、Cr一Ni之间呈显著正相关，Zn一Pb之间呈显著
负相关，无齿相手蟹体内Zn一Ni、Pb一Cr之间呈正相关。
6通过泥螺对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr·的24小时急性毒理实验，推知Cu对泥螺的半致
死剂量是0.259/L，全致死剂量是O.41g/L;Zn对泥螺的半致死剂量是0.133留L，
全致死剂量是lg/L;Pb对泥螺的半致死剂量是0.2759/L，全致死剂量是11.59/L;
Cr对泥螺的半致死剂量是1.879/L，全致死剂量是2.03留L。
7与世界各地软体动物的重金属积累情况相比，长江口滨岸带的软体动物重金属
积累量处于中等程度。通过单因子评价表明，在长江口滨岸带的底栖动物中，泥
螺和河规体内的C:超标，说明该水域部分底栖动物受到C:的污染。
8底栖动物人体消费标准评价表明，仅有无齿相手蟹体内Pb含量超过人体消费
标准。
The paper takes several familiar macrobenthos along Changjiang coastal flat as our research object. We mainly study the heavy metal's concentration and space-time distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni in macrobenthos. The mechanism of macrobenthos assimilating heavy metals and the effect of biologic and abiological factors to the enrichment content of heavy metals are discussed. At the basis of synthesizing correlative fields we evaluate the entironment quality in Changjing coastal flat. Combining with acute toxicity test, we estimate the maximal environment capability of organism in Changjiang coastal flat. Accordingly we can offer foundation for establishing environmental permit standard. The primary results as follows.
1 The heavy metals' enrichment content of benthos shows definite seasonal difference. In summer, the enrichment content of Bullacta exarata, Corbicula fluminea, Sesarma dehaani and Ilyoplax deschampsi is correspondingly higher than spring and autumn.
2 The enrichment content of benthos to heavy metals exist regional difference. The content of the same benthos is diverse in different site. Using Metal Pollution Index to appraise the heavy metals' holistic circs , we find the heavy metals' enrichment content of Corbicula fluminea in LH and LC is higher than XP, GL and CD. At the same time we also appraise the holistic circs of Sesarma dehaani. We find that the heavy metals' enrichment content in DGG, BL and LG is the most highest and corresponding content in QY is the lowest.
3 The cumulation of mollusk to heavy metals has segmental difference. In our experiment it shows that most heavy metals in mollusk concentrate on flesh, only a few in shell.
4 Benthos' size and cumulation faculty can affect the accumulation. In our experiment it shows that the bigger Sesarma dehaani can cumulate much Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr than the little ones in CD and QL which have low Metal Pollution Index. While in the place of DGG which has high Metal Pollution Index, it is the little ones that can cumulate much heavy metals. Different kinds of benthos have dissimilar cumulation faculty to heavy metals, such as Bullacta exarata is the strongest one for cumulating Cu, Corbicula fluminea is for cumulating Zn and the two kinds of benthos also have strong cumulation faculty for Pb and Cr.
5 Some abiological factors such as water temperature, salinity, surface sediment granularity and organic matter content, heavy metals content in sediment and suspended particle, mutual action of heavy metals etc have definite effects on heavy metals' cumulation content of benthos. It shows that higher temperature conduces to assimilating Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni by Bullacta exarata, Corbicula fluminea, Sesarma
dehaani and Ilyoplax deschampsi. In autumn the Cu and Zn content in Corbicula fluminea shows positive correlation with salinity and the Pb content in Sesarma dehaani shows negative correlation with salinity. In spring the Zn content in Sesarma dehaani shows negative correlation with salinity. The Cu content in Corbicula fluminea shows marked positive correlation with surface sediment granularity. It means that thick granularity can conduce to cumulating Cu by Corbicula fluminea. The Zn and Pb content in Corbicula fluminea shows definite correlation with organic matter content in sediment in that Zn content shows definite correlation and Pb shows negative correlation. The Cu and Zn content in Corbicula fluminea is higher than that of corresponding sediment and suspended particle. It indicates that Corbicula fluminea adapts to acting as the Cu and Zn referent in Changjiang coastal flat. Sesarma dehaani adapts to acting as the Cu referent. The heavy metals in benthos have mutual action with each other. It is ma
nifested that Cu-Cr, Cu-Ni, Zn-Cr, Zn-Ni, Cr-Ni shows positive correlation and Zn-Pb shows negative correlation for Corbicula fluminea and Zn-Ni and Pb-Cr shows positive correlation for Sesarma dehaani.
6 By 24h acute toxicity test for Bullacta exarata we can calculate the follows. Firstly, LC50for Cu is 0.25g/L and LDioo is 0.41g/L
1 底栖动物对重金属元素的富集表现出一定的季节差异。秋、春、夏三个季节，泥螺、河蚬、无齿相手蟹、谭氏泥蟹对Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni四种重金属元素累积的总体趋势是夏季＞春季＞秋季。
2 底栖动物对重金属元素的富集存在着地点间差异，同种底栖动物在不同采样点的含量不同。以金属污染指数(MPI)综合评价5个地点(XP、LH、GL、LC、CD)河蚬积累重金属的总体情况，发现LH、LC两地河蚬的重金属总体积累量比另外三个点要高，XP河蚬的重金属总体积累量最低；以金属污染指数(MPI)评价12个地点(QL、DGG、QY、XP、LH、SDK、GL、BL、PJ、LG、DH、CD)无齿相手蟹积累重金属的总体情况，发现DGG、BL和LG三点无齿相手蟹的重金属总体积累量最高，QY最低。
3 软体动物对重金属元素的累积存在部位间的差异。此次实验测试的五种重金属元素绝大部分集中在动物的软体部分，而在钙质外壳中的含量相对较少。
4 动物的个体大小及富集能力的差异均能影响底栖动物对重金属的累积。实验表明，在重金属负荷较低的CD和QL两点，较大个体的无齿相手蟹对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr的富集量大于较小个体。在重金属污染指数较高的DGG，则是较小个体对重金属的累积量高。不同种类的底栖动物富集重金属元素的能力不同，泥螺对Cu的富集能力最强，河蚬对Zn的富集能力最强，对Pb、Cr的富集也是泥螺、河蚬较高。
5 水体温度、盐度、表层沉积物粒径、有机质含量、沉积物和悬浮颗粒中重金属含量、重金属元素间的相互作用等诸多非生物因子对底栖动物的重金属富集量也有一定影响。表现为较高温度有助于泥螺、河蚬、无齿相手蟹、谭氏泥蟹对Cu、
华东师范大学硕士学位论文
摘要
Zn、Cr、Ni的吸收;秋季，河蛆体内Cu、Zn含量与盐度呈正相关，无齿相手
蟹体内Pb含量与盐度呈负相关，春季无齿相手蟹体内Zn含量与盐度呈负相关;
河规体内的Cu含量与沉积物的粒径存在显著的正相关，即粒径较粗的底质有助
于河蛆对Cu的富集;河规体内的Zn、Pb含量与沉积物中有机质含量存在一定
的相关性，Zn含量与沉积物中有机质呈正相关，Pb含量与有机质呈负相关;河
规对Cu、Zn的富集量高于对应点的沉积物、悬浮颗粒物中Cu、Zn含量，适于
做长江口滨岸带潮滩Cu、Zn的指示生物，无齿相手蟹适于做长江口滨岸带Cu
的指示生物;底栖动物富集的重金属元素间具有一定的相互作用，表现为河蛆体
内Cu一Cr、Cu一Ni、Zn一Cr、Zn一Ni、Cr一Ni之间呈显著正相关，Zn一Pb之间呈显著
负相关，无齿相手蟹体内Zn一Ni、Pb一Cr之间呈正相关。
6通过泥螺对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr·的24小时急性毒理实验，推知Cu对泥螺的半致
死剂量是0.259/L，全致死剂量是O.41g/L;Zn对泥螺的半致死剂量是0.133留L，
全致死剂量是lg/L;Pb对泥螺的半致死剂量是0.2759/L，全致死剂量是11.59/L;
Cr对泥螺的半致死剂量是1.879/L，全致死剂量是2.03留L。
7与世界各地软体动物的重金属积累情况相比，长江口滨岸带的软体动物重金属
积累量处于中等程度。通过单因子评价表明，在长江口滨岸带的底栖动物中，泥
螺和河规体内的C:超标，说明该水域部分底栖动物受到C:的污染。
8底栖动物人体消费标准评价表明，仅有无齿相手蟹体内Pb含量超过人体消费
标准。
The paper takes several familiar macrobenthos along Changjiang coastal flat as our research object. We mainly study the heavy metal's concentration and space-time distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni in macrobenthos. The mechanism of macrobenthos assimilating heavy metals and the effect of biologic and abiological factors to the enrichment content of heavy metals are discussed. At the basis of synthesizing correlative fields we evaluate the entironment quality in Changjing coastal flat. Combining with acute toxicity test, we estimate the maximal environment capability of organism in Changjiang coastal flat. Accordingly we can offer foundation for establishing environmental permit standard. The primary results as follows.
1 The heavy metals' enrichment content of benthos shows definite seasonal difference. In summer, the enrichment content of Bullacta exarata, Corbicula fluminea, Sesarma dehaani and Ilyoplax deschampsi is correspondingly higher than spring and autumn.
2 The enrichment content of benthos to heavy metals exist regional difference. The content of the same benthos is diverse in different site. Using Metal Pollution Index to appraise the heavy metals' holistic circs , we find the heavy metals' enrichment content of Corbicula fluminea in LH and LC is higher than XP, GL and CD. At the same time we also appraise the holistic circs of Sesarma dehaani. We find that the heavy metals' enrichment content in DGG, BL and LG is the most highest and corresponding content in QY is the lowest.
3 The cumulation of mollusk to heavy metals has segmental difference. In our experiment it shows that most heavy metals in mollusk concentrate on flesh, only a few in shell.
4 Benthos' size and cumulation faculty can affect the accumulation. In our experiment it shows that the bigger Sesarma dehaani can cumulate much Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr than the little ones in CD and QL which have low Metal Pollution Index. While in the place of DGG which has high Metal Pollution Index, it is the little ones that can cumulate much heavy metals. Different kinds of benthos have dissimilar cumulation faculty to heavy metals, such as Bullacta exarata is the strongest one for cumulating Cu, Corbicula fluminea is for cumulating Zn and the two kinds of benthos also have strong cumulation faculty for Pb and Cr.
5 Some abiological factors such as water temperature, salinity, surface sediment granularity and organic matter content, heavy metals content in sediment and suspended particle, mutual action of heavy metals etc have definite effects on heavy metals' cumulation content of benthos. It shows that higher temperature conduces to assimilating Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni by Bullacta exarata, Corbicula fluminea, Sesarma
dehaani and Ilyoplax deschampsi. In autumn the Cu and Zn content in Corbicula fluminea shows positive correlation with salinity and the Pb content in Sesarma dehaani shows negative correlation with salinity. In spring the Zn content in Sesarma dehaani shows negative correlation with salinity. The Cu content in Corbicula fluminea shows marked positive correlation with surface sediment granularity. It means that thick granularity can conduce to cumulating Cu by Corbicula fluminea. The Zn and Pb content in Corbicula fluminea shows definite correlation with organic matter content in sediment in that Zn content shows definite correlation and Pb shows negative correlation. The Cu and Zn content in Corbicula fluminea is higher than that of corresponding sediment and suspended particle. It indicates that Corbicula fluminea adapts to acting as the Cu and Zn referent in Changjiang coastal flat. Sesarma dehaani adapts to acting as the Cu referent. The heavy metals in benthos have mutual action with each other. It is ma
nifested that Cu-Cr, Cu-Ni, Zn-Cr, Zn-Ni, Cr-Ni shows positive correlation and Zn-Pb shows negative correlation for Corbicula fluminea and Zn-Ni and Pb-Cr shows positive correlation for Sesarma dehaani.
6 By 24h acute toxicity test for Bullacta exarata we can calculate the follows. Firstly, LC50for Cu is 0.25g/L and LDioo is 0.41g/L
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