油菜秸秆发酵及其新型无土栽培基质的研究
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摘要
本试验以粉碎的不同长度的油菜秸秆为发酵原料,以鸡粪、尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钙为氮源,控制发酵总物料的C/N为25∶1、30∶1、35∶1、40∶1四个水平,含水量为50%、60%、70%、80%四个水平,在保温、保湿的泡沫箱内,对影响油菜秸秆发酵效果的关键因素进行了研究。研究了添加不同的外源微生物发酵菌剂:肥士特、金宝贝菌剂和HM菌剂对油菜秸秆发酵效果的影响。以发酵后的油菜秸秆为有机基质,与常用基质泥炭、珍珠岩和蛭石配制成复合基质,进行番茄穴盘育苗试验,研究了复合基质对番茄苗期生长的影响。试验结果表明:
1.油菜秸秆适宜的发酵条件应采用粒径长度5cm,含水量70%,C/N比25和氮源为鸡粪的组合。同时试验还发现,C/N比值在试验所设置的25～40范围内,发酵期间温度及有效积温的变化不显著,说明在此C/N比范围内,油菜秸秆的温度都能维持在一个较稳定的水平;过高的含水量不利于堆体前期温度的快速提升,而以鸡粪为氮源较无机氮源尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钙更有利于堆体温度的快速提升和维持较长时间的高温。
2.添加外源微生物菌剂能够显著加快油菜秸秆的发酵过程,16d能够将油菜秸秆基本腐熟,大大地缩短了发酵周期。其中添加HM菌剂的处理发酵效果最好,温度上升最快,高温阶段维持时间最长,体积减缩量最大,纤维素和木质素降解率最高,终点C/N比最小,其发酵后的浸提液对小白菜种子和番茄种子的抑制作用也最小;添加肥士特、金宝贝的处理发酵效果次之,不添加任何发酵菌剂的发酵效果最差。
3.腐熟油菜秸秆的复合基质对番茄幼苗生长的影响显著。其中T8处理(50%油菜秸秆发酵基质+25%蛭石+25%珍珠岩)无论对番茄的发芽率、成苗率、形态指标、生理指标,还是干物质积累的影响效果均最好,显著优于CK处理(50%珍珠岩+50%泥炭);T1处理(100%油菜秸秆发酵基质)对番茄发芽和出苗的影响与CK处理无显著差异,番茄苗后期生长不及CK;T4处理(75%油菜秸秆发酵基质+25%珍珠岩)表现最差,番茄的发芽率、成苗率、形态指标、生理指标和干物质积累均不及CK处理,可能由于基质电导率较高抑制了番茄幼苗的发芽和生长;其余处理对番茄幼苗发芽和生长的影响均能达到CK处理的水平。说明只要配比合理,油菜秸秆的发酵基质完全可以替代泥炭作为穴盘育苗基质。
This experiment studied the key techniques of comminuted rape stalk fermentation by setting four factors and four levels,which were different length(15cm,10cm,5cm and 0.2cm),different C/N value(25:1,30:1,35:1 and 40:1),different moisture content (50%,60%,70%and 80%)and different kinds of nitrogen(disinfected chicken dung, carbamide,(NH_4)_2SO_4 and Ca(NO_3)_2).Effects of different zymogens included Feishite,HM and Jinbaobei on rape stalk fermentation were studied.Then mixed the fermented rape stalk substrate with turf,perlite and vermiculite as some compound substrate,and studied the effects of the compound substrates on tomato seedlings growth.The results indicated that:
1.The favorite condition of rape stalk fermentation was that length 5cm,moisture content 70 percent,C/N value 25 and chicken dung as the nitrogen.As effects of different factors on temperature as concerned,the better condition of C/N value was 25～40,which showed that the temperature could keep on the high level with the C/N value.The experiments also showed that exorbitant moisture content was not good for temperature rising quickly in prophase.Chicken dung was better than urea,(NH_4)_2SO_4 and Ca(NO_3)_2 for the temperature raising quickly and keeping on the high level longer.Chicken dung contained more kinds of microbes than other kinds of nitrogen,which was good for the rape stalk fermentation.The condition of moisture content 70 percent,length 5cm could provide better concentration of oxygen for the growth and propagation of microbes.
2.The treatments adding the zymogens could advance rape stalk fermentation significantly with about 16 days.The best treatment adding HM zymogens showed that temperature rising quickly,keeping temperature on high level longer,volume reducing remarkablely,and fiber and lignin decompost rate was the highest,terminal C/N value was the smallest,the restraining effects of substrate extract on cabbage seed and tomato seed was the smallest.The effects of fermentation in the treatment adding Feishite or Jinbaobei took the second place.The effects of fermentation in the treatment with no zymogens were the worst.
3.The effects of different compound substrates on the growth of tomato were significant.The germination rate,seediing surviving rate,physique characters, physiological characters,dry matter productions of T8 treatment(50%rape stalk substrate+25%vermiculite+25%perlite)were better than the control treatment (50%perlite+50%turf).The T8 treatment behaved the best of all.There was no significant difference between T1 treatment(100%rape stalk substrate)and control treatment of the germination rate and seedling-surviving rate.But the growth of T1 treatment lagged behind the control in the last period of growth.T4 treatment(75%rape stalk substrate+25%perlite) behaved the worst.Its germination rate,seedling-surviving rate,physique characters, physiological characters,dry matter productions were the worst of all,which may due to the higher EC value that restrained the growth of tomato.The other treatments could reach the level of the control treatment.All that indicated rape stalk could take place of turf as the cultural substrate for seedling if it was mixed properly.
1.油菜秸秆适宜的发酵条件应采用粒径长度5cm,含水量70%,C/N比25和氮源为鸡粪的组合。同时试验还发现,C/N比值在试验所设置的25～40范围内,发酵期间温度及有效积温的变化不显著,说明在此C/N比范围内,油菜秸秆的温度都能维持在一个较稳定的水平;过高的含水量不利于堆体前期温度的快速提升,而以鸡粪为氮源较无机氮源尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钙更有利于堆体温度的快速提升和维持较长时间的高温。
2.添加外源微生物菌剂能够显著加快油菜秸秆的发酵过程,16d能够将油菜秸秆基本腐熟,大大地缩短了发酵周期。其中添加HM菌剂的处理发酵效果最好,温度上升最快,高温阶段维持时间最长,体积减缩量最大,纤维素和木质素降解率最高,终点C/N比最小,其发酵后的浸提液对小白菜种子和番茄种子的抑制作用也最小;添加肥士特、金宝贝的处理发酵效果次之,不添加任何发酵菌剂的发酵效果最差。
3.腐熟油菜秸秆的复合基质对番茄幼苗生长的影响显著。其中T8处理(50%油菜秸秆发酵基质+25%蛭石+25%珍珠岩)无论对番茄的发芽率、成苗率、形态指标、生理指标,还是干物质积累的影响效果均最好,显著优于CK处理(50%珍珠岩+50%泥炭);T1处理(100%油菜秸秆发酵基质)对番茄发芽和出苗的影响与CK处理无显著差异,番茄苗后期生长不及CK;T4处理(75%油菜秸秆发酵基质+25%珍珠岩)表现最差,番茄的发芽率、成苗率、形态指标、生理指标和干物质积累均不及CK处理,可能由于基质电导率较高抑制了番茄幼苗的发芽和生长;其余处理对番茄幼苗发芽和生长的影响均能达到CK处理的水平。说明只要配比合理,油菜秸秆的发酵基质完全可以替代泥炭作为穴盘育苗基质。
This experiment studied the key techniques of comminuted rape stalk fermentation by setting four factors and four levels,which were different length(15cm,10cm,5cm and 0.2cm),different C/N value(25:1,30:1,35:1 and 40:1),different moisture content (50%,60%,70%and 80%)and different kinds of nitrogen(disinfected chicken dung, carbamide,(NH_4)_2SO_4 and Ca(NO_3)_2).Effects of different zymogens included Feishite,HM and Jinbaobei on rape stalk fermentation were studied.Then mixed the fermented rape stalk substrate with turf,perlite and vermiculite as some compound substrate,and studied the effects of the compound substrates on tomato seedlings growth.The results indicated that:
1.The favorite condition of rape stalk fermentation was that length 5cm,moisture content 70 percent,C/N value 25 and chicken dung as the nitrogen.As effects of different factors on temperature as concerned,the better condition of C/N value was 25～40,which showed that the temperature could keep on the high level with the C/N value.The experiments also showed that exorbitant moisture content was not good for temperature rising quickly in prophase.Chicken dung was better than urea,(NH_4)_2SO_4 and Ca(NO_3)_2 for the temperature raising quickly and keeping on the high level longer.Chicken dung contained more kinds of microbes than other kinds of nitrogen,which was good for the rape stalk fermentation.The condition of moisture content 70 percent,length 5cm could provide better concentration of oxygen for the growth and propagation of microbes.
2.The treatments adding the zymogens could advance rape stalk fermentation significantly with about 16 days.The best treatment adding HM zymogens showed that temperature rising quickly,keeping temperature on high level longer,volume reducing remarkablely,and fiber and lignin decompost rate was the highest,terminal C/N value was the smallest,the restraining effects of substrate extract on cabbage seed and tomato seed was the smallest.The effects of fermentation in the treatment adding Feishite or Jinbaobei took the second place.The effects of fermentation in the treatment with no zymogens were the worst.
3.The effects of different compound substrates on the growth of tomato were significant.The germination rate,seediing surviving rate,physique characters, physiological characters,dry matter productions of T8 treatment(50%rape stalk substrate+25%vermiculite+25%perlite)were better than the control treatment (50%perlite+50%turf).The T8 treatment behaved the best of all.There was no significant difference between T1 treatment(100%rape stalk substrate)and control treatment of the germination rate and seedling-surviving rate.But the growth of T1 treatment lagged behind the control in the last period of growth.T4 treatment(75%rape stalk substrate+25%perlite) behaved the worst.Its germination rate,seedling-surviving rate,physique characters, physiological characters,dry matter productions were the worst of all,which may due to the higher EC value that restrained the growth of tomato.The other treatments could reach the level of the control treatment.All that indicated rape stalk could take place of turf as the cultural substrate for seedling if it was mixed properly.
引文
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