基于以太网的工业网络系统研究
摘要
工业网络经过近30年的发展，从基于模拟信号传输的DCS系统发展到数字化、智能化、全分散的现场总线系统，给工业自动化带来一场深层次的革命。但现场总线的国际标准推出缓慢，通信协议的多样性使得不同总线产品间不能直接互连、互用和互可操作，没有真正体现现场总线的开放性。随着Intranet／Internet等信息技术的飞速发展，要求企业从现场控制层到管理层能实现全面的无缝信息集成，并提供一个开放的基础构架，传统上用于办公室和商业的以太网逐渐进入了控制领域。本文根据工业控制系统的要求，结合商用以太网成熟的设计方法，给出了工业以太网设计的原则和方法；研究并讨论将传统以太网移植到工业控制领域所必须解决的实时性、快速故障探测与自恢复、网络安全等关键技术问题。
本文的主要内容包括：
1． 系统介绍了工业网络发展的主要历程，比较了工业以太网与传统工业网络，并指出了以太网应用于工业控制领域的所具有的优势极其发展的趋势。
2． 根据工业控制领域对网络支撑系统的要求，借鉴商业以太网的设计原则和方法，设计了基于分层的结构化工业以太网结构，为工业控制系统提供了一个全分布的、对等的通信平台；同时，详细说明了设计思路和原则。针对工业环境的防护要求，给出了通信设备和电缆所应遵循的参考标准。
3． 针对商用以太网本身的局限性，结合现有技术，详细讨论了采用交换、全双工通讯模式、虚拟局域网、质量服务(QoS)等技术实现工业以太网实时性的方法和途径。
4． 研究了IEEE802.1D算法收敛慢的缺陷，讨论了采用改进的基于传播顺序生成树算法实现快速故障探测与自恢复的方法，并给出了该算法的性能评估，结果表明，该算法比传统的E802.1D算法具有更快的收敛速度，可极大地提高工业以太网的可靠性和可用性。
5． 根据工业以太网的开放性特点，讨论了实现网络安全的常用技术，包括数据加密、数字签名、鉴别技术、访问控制技术等。
相信，工业以太网以其开放的特性和结构化的设计，在工业控制领域必然有很好的应用前景；而目前仍有很多关键技术有待解决，积极的研究工作将有助于工业以太网的迅速应用，并产生良好的经济效益。
lii the past 30 years, industrial network has been developed from analog-signal-based DCS system to Fieldbus system which is digital and intelligentized with totally distributed structure. Fiedlbus indeed had brought a revol ~tion in industrial automation. But the international standards of fieldbus could not be carried out quickly. The diversity of communication protocols of fieldbus makes it impossible to realize interconnection and interoperation between different kind of fieldbus products. So the openness of fieldbus can not be achieved. With the rapid development of information technology such as lntranet/Internet, the ability of seamless integration between management layer and field control layer is required as well as an open infrastructure. Traditional Ethernet, which is used in office and commercial environment, has gradually entered the industrial control field. According to the requirement of industrial control system and the greatly successful design method used in commercial Ethernet, we provi
de the design policy and method of industrial Ethernet. The real-time attribution, fault detection and fault recovery, network security of industrial Ethernet were also discussed in this thesis.
The main content of this thesis is as follows:
1. Firstly, this thesis introduces the history of the development of industrial network. The advantage of application of Ethernet in industrial control field is provided with comparison to the traditional industrial network.
2. %ccording to the requirement of industrial control system and the greatly successful design method used in commercial Ethernet, we design a hierarchical industrial Ethernet stnicture which provides the control system with a totally distributed and equivalent communication platform. The design policy and method of industrial Ethernet is also described in details. According to the requirement of protection against industrial environment, we put forward a reference standard about communication devices and cable.
3. According to the limitation of Ethernet, we studied the technologies such as switching, full-duplex communication mode, VLAN and QoS, which are used to make the industrial Ethernet real-time.
4. We studied the defect of IEEE 802.1D algorithm which has slow convergency speed. The principle of improved Propagation Order Spanning-Tree algorithm and the mechanism of quick fault detection and fault recovery were discussed as well as the evaluation of this algorithm. The result show that POST algorithm has more quick convergency speed than IEEE 802.1D, which could improve the availability and reliability of industrial Ethernet.
5. According to the openness attribute, we discuss the technologies such as data encrv~tion, digital signature, authentication technology, access control, which are used to realize network security.
We believe that industrial Ethernet will have a bright future of application in industrial control field. There are still some key problems need to resolve. Positive study would be helpful to push industrial Ethernet forward in application.
本文的主要内容包括：
1． 系统介绍了工业网络发展的主要历程，比较了工业以太网与传统工业网络，并指出了以太网应用于工业控制领域的所具有的优势极其发展的趋势。
2． 根据工业控制领域对网络支撑系统的要求，借鉴商业以太网的设计原则和方法，设计了基于分层的结构化工业以太网结构，为工业控制系统提供了一个全分布的、对等的通信平台；同时，详细说明了设计思路和原则。针对工业环境的防护要求，给出了通信设备和电缆所应遵循的参考标准。
3． 针对商用以太网本身的局限性，结合现有技术，详细讨论了采用交换、全双工通讯模式、虚拟局域网、质量服务(QoS)等技术实现工业以太网实时性的方法和途径。
4． 研究了IEEE802.1D算法收敛慢的缺陷，讨论了采用改进的基于传播顺序生成树算法实现快速故障探测与自恢复的方法，并给出了该算法的性能评估，结果表明，该算法比传统的E802.1D算法具有更快的收敛速度，可极大地提高工业以太网的可靠性和可用性。
5． 根据工业以太网的开放性特点，讨论了实现网络安全的常用技术，包括数据加密、数字签名、鉴别技术、访问控制技术等。
相信，工业以太网以其开放的特性和结构化的设计，在工业控制领域必然有很好的应用前景；而目前仍有很多关键技术有待解决，积极的研究工作将有助于工业以太网的迅速应用，并产生良好的经济效益。
lii the past 30 years, industrial network has been developed from analog-signal-based DCS system to Fieldbus system which is digital and intelligentized with totally distributed structure. Fiedlbus indeed had brought a revol ~tion in industrial automation. But the international standards of fieldbus could not be carried out quickly. The diversity of communication protocols of fieldbus makes it impossible to realize interconnection and interoperation between different kind of fieldbus products. So the openness of fieldbus can not be achieved. With the rapid development of information technology such as lntranet/Internet, the ability of seamless integration between management layer and field control layer is required as well as an open infrastructure. Traditional Ethernet, which is used in office and commercial environment, has gradually entered the industrial control field. According to the requirement of industrial control system and the greatly successful design method used in commercial Ethernet, we provi
de the design policy and method of industrial Ethernet. The real-time attribution, fault detection and fault recovery, network security of industrial Ethernet were also discussed in this thesis.
The main content of this thesis is as follows:
1. Firstly, this thesis introduces the history of the development of industrial network. The advantage of application of Ethernet in industrial control field is provided with comparison to the traditional industrial network.
2. %ccording to the requirement of industrial control system and the greatly successful design method used in commercial Ethernet, we design a hierarchical industrial Ethernet stnicture which provides the control system with a totally distributed and equivalent communication platform. The design policy and method of industrial Ethernet is also described in details. According to the requirement of protection against industrial environment, we put forward a reference standard about communication devices and cable.
3. According to the limitation of Ethernet, we studied the technologies such as switching, full-duplex communication mode, VLAN and QoS, which are used to make the industrial Ethernet real-time.
4. We studied the defect of IEEE 802.1D algorithm which has slow convergency speed. The principle of improved Propagation Order Spanning-Tree algorithm and the mechanism of quick fault detection and fault recovery were discussed as well as the evaluation of this algorithm. The result show that POST algorithm has more quick convergency speed than IEEE 802.1D, which could improve the availability and reliability of industrial Ethernet.
5. According to the openness attribute, we discuss the technologies such as data encrv~tion, digital signature, authentication technology, access control, which are used to realize network security.
We believe that industrial Ethernet will have a bright future of application in industrial control field. There are still some key problems need to resolve. Positive study would be helpful to push industrial Ethernet forward in application.
引文
[1]张文超，徐保国，工业计算机网络．[J]工业控制计算机，1991，4：23～26
[2]顾冠群，丁心泉，工业自动化中的网络及通信技术．[M]工业控制计算机，1997，(1)：3～6，9
[3]T.M. Rosenberg. The Options and Rewards Are Many, [M] Industrial Networks:1996, 69(3)
[4]魏晓东，分散型控制系统[M]．上海：上海科学技术文献出版社，1999
[5]方原柏，国产DCS系统的回顾和展望，[M]世界仪表与自动化．2001，5(3)：10-13
[6]王树清，赵鹏程。集散型计算机控制系统(DCS)。[M]杭州：浙江大学出版社，1994年11月
[7]张浩，工业计算机网络。[J]西安交通大学学报，2000，34(12)：100～101
[8]缪学勤，工业控制系统用现场总线，[J]自动化仪表，1998．11
[9]刘曙光，现场总线技术的进展与展望．[J]自动化与仪表：2000，15(3)，1～6
[10]杨宪惠，现场总线技术及其应用．[M]北京：清华大学出版社．1999．6
[11]缪学勤．德国PROFIBUS现场总线技术概况．[J]仪器仪表标准化与计量，1998，(2)，4～10
[12]Romilly Bowden, HART Field Communications Protocol-A Technical Description, Second Edition [S]. FISHER-ROSEMOUNT, June 1996.
[13]杨宪惠，基金会现场总线技术简介，[J]化工自动化与仪表，1998，25(4)：14～18
[14]史学玲，认识WorldFIP现场总线．[J]测控技术，1999，18(5)：15～17
[15]姚竹亭，王宪朝，现场总线及应用．[J]测试技术学报，1998，12(3)：340～345
[16]缪学勤，工业控制系统用现场总线．[J]自动化仪表，1998，19(11)：1～4，8
[17]Richard H. Cato. Overview of ISA/IEC Fieldbus, June, 1997
[18]IEC 61158.1, Fieldbus Standard for use in industrial control system-Part1:introductory guide
[19]杨昌焜，正在进入控制领域的工业以太网，世界仪表与自动化，2001．1
[20]徐垲冬，王宏，杨志家，基于以太网的工业控制网络．[J]信息与控制，2000，29(2): 182～186
[21]Dick Jchnson. Ethernet Edges Toward Process Control. [J] Control Engineering, Dec. 1998
[22]Dave Harrold, Ethernet Meets Requirements of Deregulated Electric Industries. [J] Control Engineering, April 1999.
[23]Austin, Fieldbus Foundation Releases High Speed Ethernet (HSE) Final Specifications. Control Engineering, March 2000
[24]Jonas Berge, Ethernet in Process Control, [J] Intech, Jun. 2001
[25]Tony Kinsella, Richard. Ethernet in Industrial Automation-Today and Tomorrow. [J] Intech. Mar. 2001
[26]Eric Byres, Ethernet to link automation hierarchy, [J] Intech, June, 1999
[27]Cadi Kaplan, Ethernet is winning ways, IEEE SPECTRUM, Jan., 2001
[28]Rob McKeel, Ethernet connects the top floor and shop floor, [J]Plant Engineering July, 2001
[29]Hirschmann Network System, Distributed Communication Architecture, Hirschmann Whitepaper. 1998
[30]Perry Sink, Eight Open Networks and Industrial Ethernet, Industrial Ethernet Association. 2001
[31]George Thomas, Improving the Performance of Ethernet Networks. [J] Intech, Sept. 2000.
[32]金昊，柯冬香．设备网与计算机工业通信，[J]工业控制计算机，1999，(2)：38～40
[33]Tim Boyles, Dave Hucaby, Switching, [M] Cisco Press, Nov. 2000
[34]Andrew S. Tanenbaum，计算机网络(第三版)，[M]北京：清华大学出版社．1998年7月
[35]Todd Lammle, Kevin Hales, CCNP Switching Study Guide, [M] Sybex Press, Sep. 2000.
[36]方伟，多业务企业网QoS保障方案，[J]计算机世界，2001．(5)
[37]孙岳，常江，IP网络QoS问题研究，[J]计算机世界，2001．(8)
[38]Michael D. Schroeder, Andrew D. Birrell, Autonet: A High-Speed, Self-Configuring Local Area Network Using Point-to-point Links. IEEE Journal,Oct. 1991: VOL. 9, NO. 8
[39]Srinidhi Varadarajan, Tzi-cker Chiueh, Fault Recovery in a Real-Time Switched Ethernet Architecture, State University of New York, May, 1998.
[40]Tzi-cker Chiueh, Chitra Venkatramani, Fault Tolerance Mechanisms in The RETHER Protocol, Pacific Rim International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Systems, Dec. 1997
[41]S. Han, K.G Shin, Fast Restoration of real-time communication service from component failures in multi-hop networks", Proc. SIGCOMM Symposium, Sep. 1997
[42]胡道元，陆明，网络安全技术，[J]金融电子化，1999(6)
[43]黄志清，网络安全中的数据加密技术研究，[J]微型电脑应用，2000，16(5)
[44]张超，Internet/Intranet实用安全技术，[M]西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
[45]贾晶，等，网络安全技术——数据加密，[J]计算机与通信，1998，(10)
[46]李海泉，李健，计算机网络的安全与加密，[J]计算机与通信，1997，(7)
[47]张文政，孟庆志，访问控制与数字签名，[J]电脑技术信息，1999，(6)
[48]张新宝，杨帆，计算机网络安全与防火墙，[J]西安石油学院学报(自然科学报)，2001，16(1)
[49]刘红铄，李晓，Intranet/Extrane的安全技术，[J]计算机应用研究，2001(3)：54～56
[50]陈爱民，管海民，计算机安全与保密[M]，北京：电子工业出版社，1992，5-11
[51]劳诚信，姜国维，等．计算机安全指南[M]，北京：清华大学出版社，1991
[52]张云飞，计算机网络安全与防火墙，[J]中国计算机报，1990，11(2)
[53]韦卫等，Internet网络层安全协议理论研究与实现[J]计算机学报，1999，22(2)：171-176．
[54]曾明，代理服务器与Internet访问管理 [J]计算机通信，2000，2：50～52
[2]顾冠群，丁心泉，工业自动化中的网络及通信技术．[M]工业控制计算机，1997，(1)：3～6，9
[3]T.M. Rosenberg. The Options and Rewards Are Many, [M] Industrial Networks:1996, 69(3)
[4]魏晓东，分散型控制系统[M]．上海：上海科学技术文献出版社，1999
[5]方原柏，国产DCS系统的回顾和展望，[M]世界仪表与自动化．2001，5(3)：10-13
[6]王树清，赵鹏程。集散型计算机控制系统(DCS)。[M]杭州：浙江大学出版社，1994年11月
[7]张浩，工业计算机网络。[J]西安交通大学学报，2000，34(12)：100～101
[8]缪学勤，工业控制系统用现场总线，[J]自动化仪表，1998．11
[9]刘曙光，现场总线技术的进展与展望．[J]自动化与仪表：2000，15(3)，1～6
[10]杨宪惠，现场总线技术及其应用．[M]北京：清华大学出版社．1999．6
[11]缪学勤．德国PROFIBUS现场总线技术概况．[J]仪器仪表标准化与计量，1998，(2)，4～10
[12]Romilly Bowden, HART Field Communications Protocol-A Technical Description, Second Edition [S]. FISHER-ROSEMOUNT, June 1996.
[13]杨宪惠，基金会现场总线技术简介，[J]化工自动化与仪表，1998，25(4)：14～18
[14]史学玲，认识WorldFIP现场总线．[J]测控技术，1999，18(5)：15～17
[15]姚竹亭，王宪朝，现场总线及应用．[J]测试技术学报，1998，12(3)：340～345
[16]缪学勤，工业控制系统用现场总线．[J]自动化仪表，1998，19(11)：1～4，8
[17]Richard H. Cato. Overview of ISA/IEC Fieldbus, June, 1997
[18]IEC 61158.1, Fieldbus Standard for use in industrial control system-Part1:introductory guide
[19]杨昌焜，正在进入控制领域的工业以太网，世界仪表与自动化，2001．1
[20]徐垲冬，王宏，杨志家，基于以太网的工业控制网络．[J]信息与控制，2000，29(2): 182～186
[21]Dick Jchnson. Ethernet Edges Toward Process Control. [J] Control Engineering, Dec. 1998
[22]Dave Harrold, Ethernet Meets Requirements of Deregulated Electric Industries. [J] Control Engineering, April 1999.
[23]Austin, Fieldbus Foundation Releases High Speed Ethernet (HSE) Final Specifications. Control Engineering, March 2000
[24]Jonas Berge, Ethernet in Process Control, [J] Intech, Jun. 2001
[25]Tony Kinsella, Richard. Ethernet in Industrial Automation-Today and Tomorrow. [J] Intech. Mar. 2001
[26]Eric Byres, Ethernet to link automation hierarchy, [J] Intech, June, 1999
[27]Cadi Kaplan, Ethernet is winning ways, IEEE SPECTRUM, Jan., 2001
[28]Rob McKeel, Ethernet connects the top floor and shop floor, [J]Plant Engineering July, 2001
[29]Hirschmann Network System, Distributed Communication Architecture, Hirschmann Whitepaper. 1998
[30]Perry Sink, Eight Open Networks and Industrial Ethernet, Industrial Ethernet Association. 2001
[31]George Thomas, Improving the Performance of Ethernet Networks. [J] Intech, Sept. 2000.
[32]金昊，柯冬香．设备网与计算机工业通信，[J]工业控制计算机，1999，(2)：38～40
[33]Tim Boyles, Dave Hucaby, Switching, [M] Cisco Press, Nov. 2000
[34]Andrew S. Tanenbaum，计算机网络(第三版)，[M]北京：清华大学出版社．1998年7月
[35]Todd Lammle, Kevin Hales, CCNP Switching Study Guide, [M] Sybex Press, Sep. 2000.
[36]方伟，多业务企业网QoS保障方案，[J]计算机世界，2001．(5)
[37]孙岳，常江，IP网络QoS问题研究，[J]计算机世界，2001．(8)
[38]Michael D. Schroeder, Andrew D. Birrell, Autonet: A High-Speed, Self-Configuring Local Area Network Using Point-to-point Links. IEEE Journal,Oct. 1991: VOL. 9, NO. 8
[39]Srinidhi Varadarajan, Tzi-cker Chiueh, Fault Recovery in a Real-Time Switched Ethernet Architecture, State University of New York, May, 1998.
[40]Tzi-cker Chiueh, Chitra Venkatramani, Fault Tolerance Mechanisms in The RETHER Protocol, Pacific Rim International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Systems, Dec. 1997
[41]S. Han, K.G Shin, Fast Restoration of real-time communication service from component failures in multi-hop networks", Proc. SIGCOMM Symposium, Sep. 1997
[42]胡道元，陆明，网络安全技术，[J]金融电子化，1999(6)
[43]黄志清，网络安全中的数据加密技术研究，[J]微型电脑应用，2000，16(5)
[44]张超，Internet/Intranet实用安全技术，[M]西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
[45]贾晶，等，网络安全技术——数据加密，[J]计算机与通信，1998，(10)
[46]李海泉，李健，计算机网络的安全与加密，[J]计算机与通信，1997，(7)
[47]张文政，孟庆志，访问控制与数字签名，[J]电脑技术信息，1999，(6)
[48]张新宝，杨帆，计算机网络安全与防火墙，[J]西安石油学院学报(自然科学报)，2001，16(1)
[49]刘红铄，李晓，Intranet/Extrane的安全技术，[J]计算机应用研究，2001(3)：54～56
[50]陈爱民，管海民，计算机安全与保密[M]，北京：电子工业出版社，1992，5-11
[51]劳诚信，姜国维，等．计算机安全指南[M]，北京：清华大学出版社，1991
[52]张云飞，计算机网络安全与防火墙，[J]中国计算机报，1990，11(2)
[53]韦卫等，Internet网络层安全协议理论研究与实现[J]计算机学报，1999，22(2)：171-176．
[54]曾明，代理服务器与Internet访问管理 [J]计算机通信，2000，2：50～52
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