乐清湾潮能和潮能通量的数值研究
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摘要
潮能是指单位面积水柱体所具有的动能和势能的总和,而潮能通量则是自海面至海底单位宽度断面单位时间所通过的潮能。强潮海湾的潮能储量和潮能传递规律一直是动力沉积、水交换能力和潮能开发利用研究中令人关注的问题。掌握海湾潮能和潮能通量的特性,不仅有助于提高对湾内潮能分布规律的认识,而且可为潮能开发利用提供理论支持。本文首先计算了乐清湾的潮流场,并利用同步实测资料加以验证,结果表明模型能够正确模拟乐清湾的潮流场,在此基础上,通过编写程序,进一步模拟了潮能和潮能通量。再次,对潮能(动能和势能)储量大小在空间上的分布特性加以研究,研究显示：动能无论在露滩、漫滩还是潮周期平均情况下空间上的分布表现为与水深分布一致；势能在空间上的分布表现为与潮差一致,势能在大小潮最大漫滩与最大露滩时分布确有所不同。然后进一步对潮能传递规律进行讨论,乐清湾内的高能区分别集中在深槽和断面狭窄区域；另一股相对较低潮能集中在湾口附近的华歧潮滩和湾顶的楚门潮滩、江岩山、毛诞山、西门山等和较弯曲的岸线附近。潮能输入阶段,潮能通量的分布大致体现为由湾口东面向西面的华歧潮滩渐小,而从湾口向北输入至湾中处由于湾内海底地形较为复杂,并且有众多岛屿的存在,使得潮能通量的等值线分布大致与岸线平行；在潮能输出阶段,湾口至湾中所围区域,则表现为由东向西潮能的输出减小,而由湾口至湾中到湾顶,则潮能的输出有波动。潮能从外海输入乐清湾至湾顶的过程,能通量有渐小的趋势,而潮能从乐清湾湾顶向外海的输出过程中,断面能通量则表现出明显的增加趋势,但在大、小、全潮周期过程中,总体上表现为总能通量输入大于输出。由外海至乐清湾的能通量总输入、乐清湾向外海能通量的总输出随着相应时间的潮位的增加而加大。
Tidal energy per unit area is the body of the water column with the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy, and tidal energy flux is per unit width per unit time can be adopted by the tide from the surface to the bottom section. Bay tidal wave and tidal energy reserves has been a driving force to pass laws deposition, tidal water exchange capacity development and utilization of research concern. Master bay tidal energy and tidal energy flux characteristics, not only helps to improve the distribution of tidal bay's understanding, but also for the tide to provide theoretical support for the development and utilization. This paper calculated the trend in Yueqing Bay field, and verified using field data simultaneously, the results show that the model can correctly simulate the trend of Yueqing Bay field, On this basis, through the preparation process, to further simulate the tidal energy and tidal energy flux. Again, on the tidal energy (kinetic and potential energy) reserves the size of the distribution in space to study, the kinetic energy in terms of exposed beaches, floodplains or tidal cycle, the average spatial distribution of cases showed the same distribution with depth; potential in space The distribution of performance consistent with tidal range, the maximum potential energy in the tidal floodplain and the maximum size of exposed beaches do when the distribution is different. Then flows to pass laws further discussion, the high energy region Yueqing Bay were concentrated in a narrow deep channel and cross section area; another unit can be concentrated in a relatively low tide near the mouth of the China Bay tidal differences and Truman Bay tidal flat top, Jiang Yan Hill, Mao Dan Hill, Simon Hill and more curved near the coastline. Tidal energy input stage, tidal energy flux generally reflect the distribution of ground bay west of the East China for becoming a small tidal differences, and input from the bay to the Bay in the north as the Bay Harbour Office, more complex terrain, and there are many islands existence, making tidal energy flux contours roughly parallel with the shoreline; in tidal output stage, the bay is bounded to the Bay area, then the tidal variation from east to west, the output decreased by the bay Bay to Bay to the top, then the output of a tidal wave. Tide from Yueqing Bay to Bay, off the top input process, energy flux appears to have gotten a small trend, trend top from Yueqing Bay, the output of the process of the open sea, the energy flux profile showed a clear increasing trend, but In large and small, during the whole tidal cycle, the overall performance of the total energy flux input than output. Yueqing Bay from the open sea to the total input energy flux, Yueqing Bay, the total energy flux of the open sea and the size of the tidal cycle, the output of the net tidal energy flux is the appropriate time with the increase of increasing tide.
Tidal energy per unit area is the body of the water column with the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy, and tidal energy flux is per unit width per unit time can be adopted by the tide from the surface to the bottom section. Bay tidal wave and tidal energy reserves has been a driving force to pass laws deposition, tidal water exchange capacity development and utilization of research concern. Master bay tidal energy and tidal energy flux characteristics, not only helps to improve the distribution of tidal bay's understanding, but also for the tide to provide theoretical support for the development and utilization. This paper calculated the trend in Yueqing Bay field, and verified using field data simultaneously, the results show that the model can correctly simulate the trend of Yueqing Bay field, On this basis, through the preparation process, to further simulate the tidal energy and tidal energy flux. Again, on the tidal energy (kinetic and potential energy) reserves the size of the distribution in space to study, the kinetic energy in terms of exposed beaches, floodplains or tidal cycle, the average spatial distribution of cases showed the same distribution with depth; potential in space The distribution of performance consistent with tidal range, the maximum potential energy in the tidal floodplain and the maximum size of exposed beaches do when the distribution is different. Then flows to pass laws further discussion, the high energy region Yueqing Bay were concentrated in a narrow deep channel and cross section area; another unit can be concentrated in a relatively low tide near the mouth of the China Bay tidal differences and Truman Bay tidal flat top, Jiang Yan Hill, Mao Dan Hill, Simon Hill and more curved near the coastline. Tidal energy input stage, tidal energy flux generally reflect the distribution of ground bay west of the East China for becoming a small tidal differences, and input from the bay to the Bay in the north as the Bay Harbour Office, more complex terrain, and there are many islands existence, making tidal energy flux contours roughly parallel with the shoreline; in tidal output stage, the bay is bounded to the Bay area, then the tidal variation from east to west, the output decreased by the bay Bay to Bay to the top, then the output of a tidal wave. Tide from Yueqing Bay to Bay, off the top input process, energy flux appears to have gotten a small trend, trend top from Yueqing Bay, the output of the process of the open sea, the energy flux profile showed a clear increasing trend, but In large and small, during the whole tidal cycle, the overall performance of the total energy flux input than output. Yueqing Bay from the open sea to the total input energy flux, Yueqing Bay, the total energy flux of the open sea and the size of the tidal cycle, the output of the net tidal energy flux is the appropriate time with the increase of increasing tide.
引文
[1]李培良,李磊,左军成,等.渤黄东海潮能通量与潮能耗散.中国海报,2005,35(5)：713-718.
[2]方国洪.黄海潮能的耗散.海洋与湖沼,1979,10(3)：200-213.
[3]闾国年,贾建军,宋志尧,林珲.从潮能能量变化看6000a以来长江口的迁移,1999.
[4]吕海滨,吴超羽,任杰,刘斌.四十年来磨刀门河口水动力对地形的响应.海洋通报,2007.
[5]吕新刚,乔方利,夏长水.胶州湾潮汐潮流动边界数值模拟.海洋学报,2008.
[6]杨明远,任杰.珠江三角洲径潮动力数值模拟与特征分析.海洋工程,2008.
[7]Joseph Harari,Ricardo de Camargo.Numerical simulation of the tidal propagation in the coastal region of Santos(Brazil,24os 46ow).Continental Shelf Research,2003,23:1597-1613.
[8]TaylorG I.Tidal friction in the Irish Sea[J].Philosophical Transctions of the Rayal Society of London,1920 A 221,239.
[9]Schrama E,Ray R.A preliminary tidal analysis of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry [J],J Geophys. Res,1994,99,24,799-24,808.
[10]李柏根,许卫忆,陈耕心.乐清湾悬沙的浓度分布与运移.东海海洋,1992,10(1)：33-39.
[11]陈耕心,李伯根,许卫忆.乐清湾潮汐特征及对潮滩沉积作用的影响.东海海洋,1992,10(1)：1-9.
[12]中国海湾志编纂委员会.中国海湾志(第六分册)[M].北京：海洋出版社,1993：110-157.
[13]任剑波,羊天柱.舟山本岛北部灌门水道及邻近海域潮波特性初步研究.海洋工程,2008,2.
[14]李志永,倪勇强,耿兆铨.乐清湾漏水运动数值研究.泥沙研究,2004,4：77-81.
[15]方国洪.南海潮汐潮流的数值模拟[J].海洋学报,1994,16(4)：1-12.
[16]李佳.乐清湾DIN、DIP分布数值模拟及其对重大海岸工程的响应.
[17]王传昆,卢苇.海洋能资源分析方法及储量评估,第五章,第2节.
[18]陈耕心,李伯根.乐清湾潮汐特征及对潮滩沉积作用的影响,东海海洋.
[19]许卫忆,陈耕心,李伯根.乐清湾的动力沉积过程海洋与湖沼,1992.
[20]李志永,倪勇强,耿兆铨.乐清湾泥沙运动数值研究,泥沙研究,2004.
[21]乐清县志[M],乐清市地方志编纂委员会编,中华书局,2000.
[22]Taylor G I. Tidal friction in the Irish Sea[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,1919, A230:1-93.
[23]Jefferys H. Tidal fiiction in shallow seas[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Rayal Society of London,1920 A 221,239.
[24]Egbert G D. Tidal data inversion:interpolation and inference. Progress in Oceanography,1997,(40):53-80.
[25]Karin E Gustafesson. Computations of the energy flux to mixing processes via baroclinic vave drag on barotropic tides[J]. Deep-Sea Research 1,2001,48,2283-2295.
[26]黄瑞新.论大洋环流的能量平衡[J].大气科学,1998,22(4)：562-574.
[27]方国洪.黄海潮能的耗散[J].海洋与湖沼,1979,10(3)：200-213.
[28]丁文兰.东海潮汐和潮流特征的研究[A].海洋科学集刊(第21集)[C].北京：科学出版社,1984,135-148.
[29]丁文兰.渤海和黄海潮汐潮流分布的基本特征[A],海洋科学集刊[C],第25集,北京：科学出版社,1985.27-40.
[30]赵保仁,方国供,曹德明.渤黄东海潮汐潮流的数值模拟[J].海洋学报,1994,16(5)：1-10.
[31]朱成章.关于我国潮汐能资源和潮汐电站建设情况[J].新能源地,1995,17(2)：5-8.
[32]王丰玉.浅析潮汐电站的发展前景[J].移动电源与车辆,2002,4：43-44.
[33]戎晓洪.潮汐能发电的前景[J].可再生能源,2002,5：40.
[34]张发华.综合开发我国潮汐能的探讨[J].水力发电学报,1996,54(3)：34-42.
[35]Charlier R H.Re-invention or aggorniamento tidal power at 30 years[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,1997,4(l):271-289.
[36]刘全根.世界海洋能开发利用善及发展趋势[J].能源工程,1999,2：5.
[37]王传.我国海洋能资源初步分析[J].海洋工程,1984,2(2)：58-60.
[2]方国洪.黄海潮能的耗散.海洋与湖沼,1979,10(3)：200-213.
[3]闾国年,贾建军,宋志尧,林珲.从潮能能量变化看6000a以来长江口的迁移,1999.
[4]吕海滨,吴超羽,任杰,刘斌.四十年来磨刀门河口水动力对地形的响应.海洋通报,2007.
[5]吕新刚,乔方利,夏长水.胶州湾潮汐潮流动边界数值模拟.海洋学报,2008.
[6]杨明远,任杰.珠江三角洲径潮动力数值模拟与特征分析.海洋工程,2008.
[7]Joseph Harari,Ricardo de Camargo.Numerical simulation of the tidal propagation in the coastal region of Santos(Brazil,24os 46ow).Continental Shelf Research,2003,23:1597-1613.
[8]TaylorG I.Tidal friction in the Irish Sea[J].Philosophical Transctions of the Rayal Society of London,1920 A 221,239.
[9]Schrama E,Ray R.A preliminary tidal analysis of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry [J],J Geophys. Res,1994,99,24,799-24,808.
[10]李柏根,许卫忆,陈耕心.乐清湾悬沙的浓度分布与运移.东海海洋,1992,10(1)：33-39.
[11]陈耕心,李伯根,许卫忆.乐清湾潮汐特征及对潮滩沉积作用的影响.东海海洋,1992,10(1)：1-9.
[12]中国海湾志编纂委员会.中国海湾志(第六分册)[M].北京：海洋出版社,1993：110-157.
[13]任剑波,羊天柱.舟山本岛北部灌门水道及邻近海域潮波特性初步研究.海洋工程,2008,2.
[14]李志永,倪勇强,耿兆铨.乐清湾漏水运动数值研究.泥沙研究,2004,4：77-81.
[15]方国洪.南海潮汐潮流的数值模拟[J].海洋学报,1994,16(4)：1-12.
[16]李佳.乐清湾DIN、DIP分布数值模拟及其对重大海岸工程的响应.
[17]王传昆,卢苇.海洋能资源分析方法及储量评估,第五章,第2节.
[18]陈耕心,李伯根.乐清湾潮汐特征及对潮滩沉积作用的影响,东海海洋.
[19]许卫忆,陈耕心,李伯根.乐清湾的动力沉积过程海洋与湖沼,1992.
[20]李志永,倪勇强,耿兆铨.乐清湾泥沙运动数值研究,泥沙研究,2004.
[21]乐清县志[M],乐清市地方志编纂委员会编,中华书局,2000.
[22]Taylor G I. Tidal friction in the Irish Sea[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,1919, A230:1-93.
[23]Jefferys H. Tidal fiiction in shallow seas[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Rayal Society of London,1920 A 221,239.
[24]Egbert G D. Tidal data inversion:interpolation and inference. Progress in Oceanography,1997,(40):53-80.
[25]Karin E Gustafesson. Computations of the energy flux to mixing processes via baroclinic vave drag on barotropic tides[J]. Deep-Sea Research 1,2001,48,2283-2295.
[26]黄瑞新.论大洋环流的能量平衡[J].大气科学,1998,22(4)：562-574.
[27]方国洪.黄海潮能的耗散[J].海洋与湖沼,1979,10(3)：200-213.
[28]丁文兰.东海潮汐和潮流特征的研究[A].海洋科学集刊(第21集)[C].北京：科学出版社,1984,135-148.
[29]丁文兰.渤海和黄海潮汐潮流分布的基本特征[A],海洋科学集刊[C],第25集,北京：科学出版社,1985.27-40.
[30]赵保仁,方国供,曹德明.渤黄东海潮汐潮流的数值模拟[J].海洋学报,1994,16(5)：1-10.
[31]朱成章.关于我国潮汐能资源和潮汐电站建设情况[J].新能源地,1995,17(2)：5-8.
[32]王丰玉.浅析潮汐电站的发展前景[J].移动电源与车辆,2002,4：43-44.
[33]戎晓洪.潮汐能发电的前景[J].可再生能源,2002,5：40.
[34]张发华.综合开发我国潮汐能的探讨[J].水力发电学报,1996,54(3)：34-42.
[35]Charlier R H.Re-invention or aggorniamento tidal power at 30 years[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,1997,4(l):271-289.
[36]刘全根.世界海洋能开发利用善及发展趋势[J].能源工程,1999,2：5.
[37]王传.我国海洋能资源初步分析[J].海洋工程,1984,2(2)：58-60.