《一点慈悲》的新历史主义研究
摘要
托尼·莫里森在她最新作品《一点慈悲》中继续对美国历史进行探索。这部作品发表于美国第一任黑人总统巴拉克·奥巴马上台之时,有着巨大的隐喻力量。本论文将从新历史主义的角度来研究莫里森如何在《一点慈悲》中重塑美国的早期历史,并试图把种族同奴隶制进行分离。通过对一个多种族家庭的建构和解构,莫里森再现了17世纪的美国,揭示了多个种族和群体的命运。通过使用多重叙事、倒叙与时间转移、暗喻与象征主义等写作技巧,莫里森描绘了一幅生动全面的图景,让读者可以透视书中人物和美国的早期历史。字里行间,这部小说书写了在尖锐的宗教、阶级、性别、种族和文化偏见以及政治、经济压迫的影响下种族奴隶制的演变过程,揭示了奴隶制和种族主义结合的深层次原因,必将有利于更好的理解种族问题,进一步促进美国民主的发展。
Toni Morrison's latest novel, A Mercy, continues her powerful exploration of American history. Published at a time when Barack Obama, the first black president of USA, was elected, it assumes great metaphorical power. In this thesis, the author will analyze A Mercy from the perspective of New Historicism to find out how Morrison reconstructs the early American history in an attempt to separate race from slavery. Through the construction and deconstruction of a multi-ethnic family, Morrison presents the 17th century America and manifests the fate of various races and groups. With the use of multiple narrations, flashbacks and time-shifts, as well as metaphor and symbolism, Morrison seems to have drawn a vivid and comprehensive picture, allowing the reader to have a stereoscopic look at the characters and the early America. Between the lines, the novel addresses the evolving race-based slavery under the influence of virulent religious, class, gender, racial and cultural prejudices as well as political and economic oppression. It reveals what lies beneath the combination of slavery and racism, and will surely contribute to the better understanding of racial problems and to the development of democracy in the United States.
Toni Morrison's latest novel, A Mercy, continues her powerful exploration of American history. Published at a time when Barack Obama, the first black president of USA, was elected, it assumes great metaphorical power. In this thesis, the author will analyze A Mercy from the perspective of New Historicism to find out how Morrison reconstructs the early American history in an attempt to separate race from slavery. Through the construction and deconstruction of a multi-ethnic family, Morrison presents the 17th century America and manifests the fate of various races and groups. With the use of multiple narrations, flashbacks and time-shifts, as well as metaphor and symbolism, Morrison seems to have drawn a vivid and comprehensive picture, allowing the reader to have a stereoscopic look at the characters and the early America. Between the lines, the novel addresses the evolving race-based slavery under the influence of virulent religious, class, gender, racial and cultural prejudices as well as political and economic oppression. It reveals what lies beneath the combination of slavery and racism, and will surely contribute to the better understanding of racial problems and to the development of democracy in the United States.
引文
Ashcraft-Eason, Lilian. "Freedom among African Women Servants and Slaves in the Seventeenth-Century British Colonies." Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Land:The Plunder of Early America. Ed. Daniel M. Friedenberg. Buffalo:Promotheus Books, 1992.62-79.
Calloway, Colin G. New Worlds for All:Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America. Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.
Charles, Ron. "Souls in Chains." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Washington Post 9 Nov. 2008:BW03.
David, Ron. Toni Morrison Explained—A Reader's Road Map to the Novels. New York: Random House,2000.
Donahue, Deirdre. "Slavery of Different Sort in Morrison's A Mercy." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. USA Today 13 Nov.2008.
Finck, Sylviane. "Reading Trauma in Postmodern and Postcolonial Literature:Charlotte Delbo, Toni Morrison, and the Literary Imagination of the Aftermath." Diss. Louisiana State University,2006.
Franklin, Ruth. "Enslavements." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. New Republic 239.11(2008):36-39.
Freeman, Judith. "Souls in Search of Freedom." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Los Angeles Times 16 Nov.2008.
Friedenberg, Daniel M, ed. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Land:The Plunder of Early America. Buffalo:Prometheus Books,1992.
Gates, David. "Original Sins." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. New York Times 28 Nov. 2008.
Gibbs, Patricia L. "Review:A Mercy by Toni Morrison." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Shamandrum.com.20 Dec.2008.26 Nov.2010..
Greenblatt, Stephen. Shakespearean Negotiation. Los Angeles:University of California Press, 1988.
Grossman, Lev. "The Corrections." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Time 172.18 (2008): 75-79.
Gustafson, Sandra M. and Gordon Hutner. "Projecting Early American Literary Studies.' American Literary History 22.2 (2010):245-249.
Harris, Ann E. "Women, Work and Bondage in Toni Morrison's A Mercy." Forum on Public Policy 2.2 (2010):1-9.
Heltzel, Ellen. "Toni Morrison's Powerful New Novel A Mercy Tracks, Examines Forces of Slavery." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Seattle Times 6 Nov 2008.
Jennings, La Vinia Delois. "A Mercy:Toni Morrison Plots the Formation of Racial Slavery in Seventeenth-Century America." Callaloo 32.2 (2009):645-649.
Kakutani, Michiko. "Bonds That Seem Cruel Can Be Kind." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. New York Times 3 Nov 2008.
Liu, Junhua. "The Shadow of the Past and the Prospect of the Future." Sino-US English Teaching 3.12 (2006):62-66.
Mancelos, Joao de. "A Mercy, by Toni Morrison." Portuguese Association for Anglo-American Studies Magazine 11 (2009):185-187.
Matus, Jill. Toni Morrison. Manchester and New York:Manchester UP,1998.
Minzesheimer, Bob. "A Mercy." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. USA Today 4 Apr. 2008.
Montrose, Louis. "Professing the Renaissance:The Poetics and Politics of Culture." The New Historicism. Ed. H. Aram Vesser. New York and London:Routledge,1989.15-36.
Morrison, Toni. A Mercy. New York:Knopf,2008. . Beloved. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005. "Home." The House that Race Built. Ed. Wahneema Lubiano. New York:Vintage,1998. 3-12. . Interview with Cecil Brown. "Interview with Toni Morrison." The Massachusetts Review 36.3 (1995):455-473. . Interview with Lynn Neary. "Toni Morrison Discusses'A Mercy'." NPR.29 Oct.2008. 10 Nov.2010. . Interview with Michele Norris. "Toni Morrison Finds'A Mercy'In Servitude." NPR.27 Oct.2008.15 Nov.2010. ---. Lecture and Speech of Acceptance, upon the Award of the Nobel Prize for Literature, Delivered in Stockholm on the Seventh of December, Nineteen Hundred and Ninety-Three. New York:Knopf,1994. . Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. New York:Vintage Books, 1993. "Rootedness:The Ancestor as Foundation." Black Women Writers (1950-1980):A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. Garden City, New York:Anchor/Doubleday,1984. 45-339. . "Toni Morrison's Letter to Barack Obama." New York Observer 28 Jan.2008.
Morrison, Toni, and Cornel West. "Blues, Love and Politics." The Nation 24 May 2004: 18-28.
Rokosz-Piejko, Elzbieta. "Toni Morrison's (Hi)storytelling—The Use of History in Paradise, Love and A Mercy." Studia Anglica Resoviensia 60 (2009):76-85.
Rosen, Deborrah A. "Mitigating Inequality:Women and Justice in Colonial New York.' Women and Freedom in Early America. Ed. Larry D. Eldridge. New York and London: New York University Press,1997.313-329.
Rustie, Susanna. "Predicting the Past." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. The Guardian.1 Nov.2008.15 Oct.2010..
Taylor-Guthrie, Danille, ed. Introduction. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1994. vii-xiv.
Wyatt, Jean. "Love's Time and the Reader:Ethical Effects of Nachtraglichkeit in Toni Morrison's Love Narrative." Narrative 16.2 (2008):193-221.
代美丽.“回旋曲式—《慈悲》中‘爱’的探索之路.”黑龙江教育学院学报29.11(2010)：101-103.
冯秀平.“从美学角度解析《仁慈》.”铜陵职业技术学院学报4(2010):37-39.
弓超.新历史主义视角下的《幕间》.济南：山东大学,2010.
关立峰,李翠肖.“黑人女性的边缘地位—分析莫里森新作《仁慈》.”海外英语8(2010):493-494.
韩芳.“析小说《慈悲》中人物的生存心态.”语文学刊·外语教育与教学4(2010):59-61.
郝利群,陈文铁.“伊甸园中的罪恶—托尼·莫里森新作《仁慈》.”文学与艺术1.9(2009):23-24.
胡俊.“《一点慈悲》：关于‘家’的构建.”外国文学评论3(2010):200-210.
李俊丽.新历史主义视角下E.L.多克托罗的《拉格泰姆》研究.西安：陕西师范大学,2007.
李秀清.“女性自我书写与建构—评莫里森的最新小说《慈悲》.”山东省青年干部管理学院学报4(2010):126-129.
刘娟.“《仁慈》的召唤结构探析.”语言文学研究5(2010):15-16.
刘雪峰.新历史主义视角下的《中国佬》.南京：南京理工大学,2009.
尚必武.“被误读的母爱：莫里森新作《慈悲》中的叙事判断.”外国文学研究4(2010):60-69.
孙学棋.“跨越种族与文化的女性人生：细读莫里森的新作《慈悲》.”世界文学评论2(2010)：129-132.
王成峰.“复调小说中的新生物.”安徽文学 8(2010):52-53.
王静.“《慈悲》：距离产生悲剧美.”牡丹江教育学院学报6(2010)：9-12.
王守仁,吴新云.“超越种族：莫里森新作《慈悲》中的‘奴役’解析.”当代外国文学2(2009)：35-44.
王衍云.如梦是唤：童妮·摩里森《宠儿》与《慈爱》中的伦理与美学.台湾：中兴大学, 2011.
张聪沛.“托尼·莫里森新作《仁慈》的互文性研究.”黄河水利职业技术学院学报22.3(2010)：91-96.
张进.新历史主义与历史诗学.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004.
张静,李晶.“从身体社会学来解析莫里森的新作《慈悲》.”科技信息10(2010):160-170.
中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会,中国基督教协会.圣经.南京：中国基督教两会出版部,2007.
朱小琳.“历史语境下的追问—托尼·莫里森的新作《仁慈》.”外国文学动态 2(2009):28-29.
Calloway, Colin G. New Worlds for All:Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America. Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.
Charles, Ron. "Souls in Chains." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Washington Post 9 Nov. 2008:BW03.
David, Ron. Toni Morrison Explained—A Reader's Road Map to the Novels. New York: Random House,2000.
Donahue, Deirdre. "Slavery of Different Sort in Morrison's A Mercy." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. USA Today 13 Nov.2008.
Finck, Sylviane. "Reading Trauma in Postmodern and Postcolonial Literature:Charlotte Delbo, Toni Morrison, and the Literary Imagination of the Aftermath." Diss. Louisiana State University,2006.
Franklin, Ruth. "Enslavements." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. New Republic 239.11(2008):36-39.
Freeman, Judith. "Souls in Search of Freedom." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Los Angeles Times 16 Nov.2008.
Friedenberg, Daniel M, ed. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Land:The Plunder of Early America. Buffalo:Prometheus Books,1992.
Gates, David. "Original Sins." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. New York Times 28 Nov. 2008.
Gibbs, Patricia L. "Review:A Mercy by Toni Morrison." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Shamandrum.com.20 Dec.2008.26 Nov.2010.
Greenblatt, Stephen. Shakespearean Negotiation. Los Angeles:University of California Press, 1988.
Grossman, Lev. "The Corrections." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Time 172.18 (2008): 75-79.
Gustafson, Sandra M. and Gordon Hutner. "Projecting Early American Literary Studies.' American Literary History 22.2 (2010):245-249.
Harris, Ann E. "Women, Work and Bondage in Toni Morrison's A Mercy." Forum on Public Policy 2.2 (2010):1-9.
Heltzel, Ellen. "Toni Morrison's Powerful New Novel A Mercy Tracks, Examines Forces of Slavery." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. Seattle Times 6 Nov 2008.
Jennings, La Vinia Delois. "A Mercy:Toni Morrison Plots the Formation of Racial Slavery in Seventeenth-Century America." Callaloo 32.2 (2009):645-649.
Kakutani, Michiko. "Bonds That Seem Cruel Can Be Kind." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. New York Times 3 Nov 2008.
Liu, Junhua. "The Shadow of the Past and the Prospect of the Future." Sino-US English Teaching 3.12 (2006):62-66.
Mancelos, Joao de. "A Mercy, by Toni Morrison." Portuguese Association for Anglo-American Studies Magazine 11 (2009):185-187.
Matus, Jill. Toni Morrison. Manchester and New York:Manchester UP,1998.
Minzesheimer, Bob. "A Mercy." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. USA Today 4 Apr. 2008.
Montrose, Louis. "Professing the Renaissance:The Poetics and Politics of Culture." The New Historicism. Ed. H. Aram Vesser. New York and London:Routledge,1989.15-36.
Morrison, Toni. A Mercy. New York:Knopf,2008. . Beloved. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005. "Home." The House that Race Built. Ed. Wahneema Lubiano. New York:Vintage,1998. 3-12. . Interview with Cecil Brown. "Interview with Toni Morrison." The Massachusetts Review 36.3 (1995):455-473. . Interview with Lynn Neary. "Toni Morrison Discusses'A Mercy'." NPR.29 Oct.2008. 10 Nov.2010.
Morrison, Toni, and Cornel West. "Blues, Love and Politics." The Nation 24 May 2004: 18-28.
Rokosz-Piejko, Elzbieta. "Toni Morrison's (Hi)storytelling—The Use of History in Paradise, Love and A Mercy." Studia Anglica Resoviensia 60 (2009):76-85.
Rosen, Deborrah A. "Mitigating Inequality:Women and Justice in Colonial New York.' Women and Freedom in Early America. Ed. Larry D. Eldridge. New York and London: New York University Press,1997.313-329.
Rustie, Susanna. "Predicting the Past." Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison. The Guardian.1 Nov.2008.15 Oct.2010.
Taylor-Guthrie, Danille, ed. Introduction. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1994. vii-xiv.
Wyatt, Jean. "Love's Time and the Reader:Ethical Effects of Nachtraglichkeit in Toni Morrison's Love Narrative." Narrative 16.2 (2008):193-221.
代美丽.“回旋曲式—《慈悲》中‘爱’的探索之路.”黑龙江教育学院学报29.11(2010)：101-103.
冯秀平.“从美学角度解析《仁慈》.”铜陵职业技术学院学报4(2010):37-39.
弓超.新历史主义视角下的《幕间》.济南：山东大学,2010.
关立峰,李翠肖.“黑人女性的边缘地位—分析莫里森新作《仁慈》.”海外英语8(2010):493-494.
韩芳.“析小说《慈悲》中人物的生存心态.”语文学刊·外语教育与教学4(2010):59-61.
郝利群,陈文铁.“伊甸园中的罪恶—托尼·莫里森新作《仁慈》.”文学与艺术1.9(2009):23-24.
胡俊.“《一点慈悲》：关于‘家’的构建.”外国文学评论3(2010):200-210.
李俊丽.新历史主义视角下E.L.多克托罗的《拉格泰姆》研究.西安：陕西师范大学,2007.
李秀清.“女性自我书写与建构—评莫里森的最新小说《慈悲》.”山东省青年干部管理学院学报4(2010):126-129.
刘娟.“《仁慈》的召唤结构探析.”语言文学研究5(2010):15-16.
刘雪峰.新历史主义视角下的《中国佬》.南京：南京理工大学,2009.
尚必武.“被误读的母爱：莫里森新作《慈悲》中的叙事判断.”外国文学研究4(2010):60-69.
孙学棋.“跨越种族与文化的女性人生：细读莫里森的新作《慈悲》.”世界文学评论2(2010)：129-132.
王成峰.“复调小说中的新生物.”安徽文学 8(2010):52-53.
王静.“《慈悲》：距离产生悲剧美.”牡丹江教育学院学报6(2010)：9-12.
王守仁,吴新云.“超越种族：莫里森新作《慈悲》中的‘奴役’解析.”当代外国文学2(2009)：35-44.
王衍云.如梦是唤：童妮·摩里森《宠儿》与《慈爱》中的伦理与美学.台湾：中兴大学, 2011.
张聪沛.“托尼·莫里森新作《仁慈》的互文性研究.”黄河水利职业技术学院学报22.3(2010)：91-96.
张进.新历史主义与历史诗学.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004.
张静,李晶.“从身体社会学来解析莫里森的新作《慈悲》.”科技信息10(2010):160-170.
中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会,中国基督教协会.圣经.南京：中国基督教两会出版部,2007.
朱小琳.“历史语境下的追问—托尼·莫里森的新作《仁慈》.”外国文学动态 2(2009):28-29.