轨道交通与常规公交衔接优化关键问题研究
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摘要
随着国民经济的快速发展，城市中机动车的保有量不断增加。自20世纪80年代以来，我国许多大中城市都不同程度地存在着交通拥堵、交通事故、环境污染等城市问题。因此，建立多种交通方式互相协调的综合客运交通体系、优化完善交通系统功能至关重要。
近几年来，轨道交通修建大规模兴起，逐步形成以轨道交通为骨架的公共交通运输体系。要充分发挥轨道交通的优越性，提高城市居民出行的效率，就要不断提升各种交通运输方式之间的优化衔接，提高换乘效率。各种交通方式的无缝衔接，主要体现在各类设施的完善性和方便程度，通过建立一体的交通换乘系统，提高城市交通系统的效率，可以减少出行时空消耗。因此，有必要对城市轨道交通的换乘体系进行研究。为此，本文结合已有的研究成果，在充分分析城市居民出行交通方式选择的基础上，从优化公交衔接线路发车时刻，给居民提供换乘优惠等方面进行研究，以期从管理、运营角度来提高轨道交通与常规公交换乘效率。文章的主要研究内容为：
（1）从换乘行为产生的机理、心理影响及客观影响因素进行分析，结合轨道交通网络下居民出行数据分析了交通方式选择的相关因素，研究结果认为，居民的交通方式选择与年龄、职业、收入、出行目的、支付方式以及时间和费用相关性比较高，并基于效用最大化原则建立了轨道交通换乘方式选择模型，从模型分析可知，在交通方式的选择上，居民更多的还是考虑出行的方便性和经济性。
（2）针对轨道交通与常规公交的特点，分析了衔接空间布局优化的机理，提出换乘衔接空间布局优化模型与交通设计方法，首先确定衔接换乘空间布局模式，再建立功能区域空间布局优化模型并求解；衔接交通组织与设计则是在功能空间均已确定的情况下，对于路径的选择与通道的设计，实现无冲突的衔接。
（3）以有效接驳轨道交通为目标，优化发车间隔、缩短乘客换乘时间，改善公共交通的服务水平，实现两种交通方式之间的衔接优化。以乘客的总等待时间最小和发车班数最少为目标，以换乘时间、满载率、衔接公交发车间隔等为约束，建立公交衔接发车时间优化模型，并采用遗传算法进行求解。该模型能在资源配置一定的情况下，较大幅度的提高车辆运营效率，实现常规公交与轨道交通的有效衔接。
（4）分析了轨道交通出行成本和常规公交出行成本，要实现和吸引更多的居民换乘常规公交，采用票价的优惠的政策，有利于降低换乘乘客的出行成本、优化公交票价结构、建立紧密高效的公交网络体系、减少私人交通出行并提升城市交通运行效率。论文引入经济学中有关社会福利的概念，在分析轨道交通与常规公交生产者剩余相关概念的基础上，建立了以社会福利（包括消费者剩余和生产者剩余）最大化为目标，考虑了弹性需求的影响，建立了优化函数，该模型表明实施换乘优惠后，消费者剩余和生产者剩余都有增加，兼顾了运营企业和出行者的利益。
（5）轨道交通与常规公交衔接换乘评价模型的建立。城市轨道交通与常规公交的有效衔接换乘，从布局衔接、调度衔接票及价衔接三个方面构建综合评价指标体系，在确定出各评价指标及其权重系数的基础上，运用广义效用函数法，分别计算出各方案的广义效用函数值，建立衔接换乘优化方案评价模型。
With the rapid growth of the national economy, urban vehicle ownership is increasing.Since the1980s, many of our cities have varying degrees of traffic congestion, accidents,pollution and other urban problems. Therefore, the establishment of a variety of transportationco-ordinate integrated passenger transport system is essential. In recent years, the rise oflarge-scale construction of rail transportation, gradually form a public transport system thatrail as the skeleton. If we should give full play to the advantages of rail transportation,improve the efficiency of urban trips, it is necessary to optimize and improve convergencebetween the various modes of transportation and improve transfer efficiency. Seamlessintegration of various modes of transportation, mainly in the improvement of various facilitiesand convenience, through the establishment of integrated transport interchange system toimprove the efficiency of the urban transport system, can reduce travel time and spaceconsumption. It is necessary to study the transfer of urban rail transit system. In this paper,combined with the existing research results, in the full analysis of urban traffic which is on theway to select, to research from the optimization of bus lines converge departure time,preferential transfer to residents Etc., in order to improve rail transit and bus transferefficiency from the perspective of management and operational. The main research contentsare:
(1)Analysising on the factors of mechanism of transfer behavior, psychological andobjective effect, this paper analysis the related factors of the choice of travel mode Combiningwith the resident trip data track traffic network, the results of the study show that, Residents inthe age, occupation, income, traffic mode choice, travel purpose, mode of payment, time andcost is relatively high correlation, and establish the rail transit transfer mode choice modelbased on the utility maximization principle. From the analysis of the model, people considermore convenience and economical travel in the choice of mode of transportation.
(2)According to the characteristics of the rail transit and bus transit, this paper analysesthe mechanism of convergence space layout optimization, proposed transfer space layoutoptimization model and traffic design method, first determine the mode of connection transferspace layout, and then establish the function of regional spatial layout optimization model andsolution; With the functional space being determined, the convergence traffic organization and design is the selection and design of channel path, to achieve convergence without conflict.
(3)In order to achieve the goal of connecting rail transportation effectively andoptimizing the convergence between the two transportation, the things had to be done areoptimizing the departure intervals, shorting the passenger transfer time and improving theservice level of public transit. Based on the goal that has the minimum of total waiting time ofpassengers and the number of start of classes, establish the optimizing model ofbusconnectingof departuretime. This model has some constrains such as transfer time, loadfactor, and the convergence of public transportation grid spacing. It solves the problems byusing genetic algorithms. The model can greatly improve the operational efficiency ofvehicles and effectively achieve the convergence of conventional bus and rail transport whenallocating resources under certain circumstances.
(4)Analyzethecost of subwaytravelandbustravel, in order to achieve and attract moreresidents’ regular bus transfer. Using the fare of preferential policies can benefit to reduce thetransfer passengers’ travel costs, help to optimize the bus fare structure, establish a close andefficient public transport network system, help to reduce private transportation and enhancethe efficiency of urban traffic operation. This paper introduces the economic concept of socialwelfare. Based on the analysis of concepts about rail transit, bus producer surplus and its like,establish the goal that has the maximum social welfare which consists of consumer andproducer surplus. It takes the impact of elasticity of demand and establish the optimizationfunctions. The model indicates that by using the measure of preferential transfer, consumerand producer surplus increase. It also takes the interests of operators and travelers intoaccount.
(5)Theestablishmentofrailandbustransferevaluationmodel. The effective transfer betweenurban rail transit and conventional bus consists of three kinds of evaluation indexes systems.They are layout convergence, tickets convergence and scheduling. Based on theevaluationindexesanditsweightcoefficients calculate generalized utility function value of theprograms and establish the evaluation model of transferoptimizationscheme by using thegeneralized utility function method.
近几年来，轨道交通修建大规模兴起，逐步形成以轨道交通为骨架的公共交通运输体系。要充分发挥轨道交通的优越性，提高城市居民出行的效率，就要不断提升各种交通运输方式之间的优化衔接，提高换乘效率。各种交通方式的无缝衔接，主要体现在各类设施的完善性和方便程度，通过建立一体的交通换乘系统，提高城市交通系统的效率，可以减少出行时空消耗。因此，有必要对城市轨道交通的换乘体系进行研究。为此，本文结合已有的研究成果，在充分分析城市居民出行交通方式选择的基础上，从优化公交衔接线路发车时刻，给居民提供换乘优惠等方面进行研究，以期从管理、运营角度来提高轨道交通与常规公交换乘效率。文章的主要研究内容为：
（1）从换乘行为产生的机理、心理影响及客观影响因素进行分析，结合轨道交通网络下居民出行数据分析了交通方式选择的相关因素，研究结果认为，居民的交通方式选择与年龄、职业、收入、出行目的、支付方式以及时间和费用相关性比较高，并基于效用最大化原则建立了轨道交通换乘方式选择模型，从模型分析可知，在交通方式的选择上，居民更多的还是考虑出行的方便性和经济性。
（2）针对轨道交通与常规公交的特点，分析了衔接空间布局优化的机理，提出换乘衔接空间布局优化模型与交通设计方法，首先确定衔接换乘空间布局模式，再建立功能区域空间布局优化模型并求解；衔接交通组织与设计则是在功能空间均已确定的情况下，对于路径的选择与通道的设计，实现无冲突的衔接。
（3）以有效接驳轨道交通为目标，优化发车间隔、缩短乘客换乘时间，改善公共交通的服务水平，实现两种交通方式之间的衔接优化。以乘客的总等待时间最小和发车班数最少为目标，以换乘时间、满载率、衔接公交发车间隔等为约束，建立公交衔接发车时间优化模型，并采用遗传算法进行求解。该模型能在资源配置一定的情况下，较大幅度的提高车辆运营效率，实现常规公交与轨道交通的有效衔接。
（4）分析了轨道交通出行成本和常规公交出行成本，要实现和吸引更多的居民换乘常规公交，采用票价的优惠的政策，有利于降低换乘乘客的出行成本、优化公交票价结构、建立紧密高效的公交网络体系、减少私人交通出行并提升城市交通运行效率。论文引入经济学中有关社会福利的概念，在分析轨道交通与常规公交生产者剩余相关概念的基础上，建立了以社会福利（包括消费者剩余和生产者剩余）最大化为目标，考虑了弹性需求的影响，建立了优化函数，该模型表明实施换乘优惠后，消费者剩余和生产者剩余都有增加，兼顾了运营企业和出行者的利益。
（5）轨道交通与常规公交衔接换乘评价模型的建立。城市轨道交通与常规公交的有效衔接换乘，从布局衔接、调度衔接票及价衔接三个方面构建综合评价指标体系，在确定出各评价指标及其权重系数的基础上，运用广义效用函数法，分别计算出各方案的广义效用函数值，建立衔接换乘优化方案评价模型。
With the rapid growth of the national economy, urban vehicle ownership is increasing.Since the1980s, many of our cities have varying degrees of traffic congestion, accidents,pollution and other urban problems. Therefore, the establishment of a variety of transportationco-ordinate integrated passenger transport system is essential. In recent years, the rise oflarge-scale construction of rail transportation, gradually form a public transport system thatrail as the skeleton. If we should give full play to the advantages of rail transportation,improve the efficiency of urban trips, it is necessary to optimize and improve convergencebetween the various modes of transportation and improve transfer efficiency. Seamlessintegration of various modes of transportation, mainly in the improvement of various facilitiesand convenience, through the establishment of integrated transport interchange system toimprove the efficiency of the urban transport system, can reduce travel time and spaceconsumption. It is necessary to study the transfer of urban rail transit system. In this paper,combined with the existing research results, in the full analysis of urban traffic which is on theway to select, to research from the optimization of bus lines converge departure time,preferential transfer to residents Etc., in order to improve rail transit and bus transferefficiency from the perspective of management and operational. The main research contentsare:
(1)Analysising on the factors of mechanism of transfer behavior, psychological andobjective effect, this paper analysis the related factors of the choice of travel mode Combiningwith the resident trip data track traffic network, the results of the study show that, Residents inthe age, occupation, income, traffic mode choice, travel purpose, mode of payment, time andcost is relatively high correlation, and establish the rail transit transfer mode choice modelbased on the utility maximization principle. From the analysis of the model, people considermore convenience and economical travel in the choice of mode of transportation.
(2)According to the characteristics of the rail transit and bus transit, this paper analysesthe mechanism of convergence space layout optimization, proposed transfer space layoutoptimization model and traffic design method, first determine the mode of connection transferspace layout, and then establish the function of regional spatial layout optimization model andsolution; With the functional space being determined, the convergence traffic organization and design is the selection and design of channel path, to achieve convergence without conflict.
(3)In order to achieve the goal of connecting rail transportation effectively andoptimizing the convergence between the two transportation, the things had to be done areoptimizing the departure intervals, shorting the passenger transfer time and improving theservice level of public transit. Based on the goal that has the minimum of total waiting time ofpassengers and the number of start of classes, establish the optimizing model ofbusconnectingof departuretime. This model has some constrains such as transfer time, loadfactor, and the convergence of public transportation grid spacing. It solves the problems byusing genetic algorithms. The model can greatly improve the operational efficiency ofvehicles and effectively achieve the convergence of conventional bus and rail transport whenallocating resources under certain circumstances.
(4)Analyzethecost of subwaytravelandbustravel, in order to achieve and attract moreresidents’ regular bus transfer. Using the fare of preferential policies can benefit to reduce thetransfer passengers’ travel costs, help to optimize the bus fare structure, establish a close andefficient public transport network system, help to reduce private transportation and enhancethe efficiency of urban traffic operation. This paper introduces the economic concept of socialwelfare. Based on the analysis of concepts about rail transit, bus producer surplus and its like,establish the goal that has the maximum social welfare which consists of consumer andproducer surplus. It takes the impact of elasticity of demand and establish the optimizationfunctions. The model indicates that by using the measure of preferential transfer, consumerand producer surplus increase. It also takes the interests of operators and travelers intoaccount.
(5)Theestablishmentofrailandbustransferevaluationmodel. The effective transfer betweenurban rail transit and conventional bus consists of three kinds of evaluation indexes systems.They are layout convergence, tickets convergence and scheduling. Based on theevaluationindexesanditsweightcoefficients calculate generalized utility function value of theprograms and establish the evaluation model of transferoptimizationscheme by using thegeneralized utility function method.
引文
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