船员教育和培训质量管理体系模式和评价研究
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摘要
近年来，ISO9000族国际标准在国际上得到广泛应用，发展迅速。20世纪90年代初，国际海事组织(IMO)将ISO质量管理体系原理引入国际航运安全管理。IMO于1995年颁布STCW95公约，为履约，中华人民共和国交通部颁布了《中华人民共和国船员教育和培训质量管理规则》(以下简称《规则》)，立法规定开展船员教育和培训的航海院校必须建立船员教育和培训质量管理体系，并接受主管机关的审核。因此，航海院校建立船员教育和培训质量管理体系是国际公约和国家法规的一项强制性要求。
目前，我国船员教育和培训质量管理体系有二种模式，一种是学校完全按《规则》要求建立质量体系，这种模式占大多数，这种模式的缺陷是1997年出台的《规则》及《指南》本身局限，质量体系缺少持续改进，统计技术等方面要求。另一种是上海海运学院、大连海事大学等4家学校按ISO9000标准建立质量体系，并符合《规则》要求，这些学校除取得我国主管机关颁发《船员教育和培训质量体系证书》外，还得取挪威船级社(DNV)等审核机构颁发质量体系证书，这些按94版ISO9000标准建立质量体系的学校也存在按2000版ISO9000标准改版问题。
本文分析了2000版ISO9000标准的结构和特点，剖析了八项质量管理原则，特别针对直接按ISO9000标准建立质量管理体系的学校按2000版ISO9000标准改版设计出一个指导模式，同时这一模式也为新建质量管理体系的学校及按《规则》建立质量管理体系的学校改版提供指导，本文并对主管机关修改《规则》提供建议。
由于各学校在规模、结构和所采用的过程不尽相同，为更好做好学校质量体系的审核工作，本文提出较为合理的评价方法，按ISO9001：2000标准质量管理体系的审核准则设计一个适用于各种学校的审核检查表的框架或提纲对学校的ISO9000质量管理体系进行评价，使不同审核员按此方法对学校的ISO9000质量体系运行的真实状况评价时，减少审核中的人为误差，使主管机关对学校质量管理体系有较为直观认识。本文在选择《运筹学》中层次分析法(AHP)作为理论基础，提出了一种ISO 9000质量管理体系定量评价方法，同时给出了根据定量评价结果进行定性判定的规则，使不同的审核员均能按此方法对学校ISO 9000质量管理体系运行的真实状况。
In recent years, IS09000, the international standard, is widely applied and developing quickly. In the beginning of 1990s of 20 Century, International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the theory of ISO quality management system into International shipping safety management. In 1995, IMO issued 1995 STCW Convention. In order to honoring the agreement, The Ministration of Communication of PRC (MOC) issued the Quality Management Rules on Education and Training for seafarers of PRC (QMR). According to the rules, all Maritime Colleges in China were stipulated to set up quality management systems on education and training for seafarers, and the systems must be approved by the Administration. So setting up the above-mentioned systems is a statutory requirement to all Maritime Colleges not only by the International Convention but also by domestic law of PRC. Now, there are two modes of quality management system on education and training for seafarers in China. One is that the colleges set up the quality management systems fully in accordance with the QMR, which is applied by most of the colleges. The deficiencies of the mode are the system has no requirements on continual improvementand statistic technique according to the 1977 QMR and its guidelines.
Another mode is applied by 4 colleges, such as Shanghai Maritime University and Dalian Maritime University. This quality management system is set up in accordance with IS09000: 1994 and the QMR as well. So these colleges got the Certificates of Quality Management System on education and training for seafarers issued by the Administration and the Certificates of ISO9000 Quality Management System issued by Audit Organizations such as Det Norske Veritas (DNV). This mode, which is set up in accordance with ISO9000: 1994, also needs to be adapted in accordance with ISO9000: 2000.
In this paper, the author describes the frameworks and the characters of
ISO9000: 2000, analyses the Eight principles on quality management, and
especially designs a reference mode on adapting the ISO9000: 1994 to
ISO9000: 2000, which can be applied by the 5 above-mentioned colleges. This
reference mode can also offer a guideline to colleges, which want to set up the
quality management system or/ and which want to adapt the QMS editor to
ISO9000: 2000 editor.
As the size, framework and process are various among the colleges, the
author offers a reasonable assessment method in order to make the quality
audit more efficient and accurate.
To design a framework or syllabus of audit check sheets, which can be applied
to all colleges, will reduce contrived error if the quality management systems of
the colleges are audited by different auditors and will make the Administration
get an intuitionistic understand of the systems.
In this article, the author brings forward a quantification assessment method,
which is based on the operations research theory of AHP, to audit the quality
management systems. And the author also puts forward qualitative judgement
rules based on the aforesaid quantification assessment results. All auditors
can assess the colleges' real operation situation of the quality management
systems in term of ISO9000: 2000.
目前，我国船员教育和培训质量管理体系有二种模式，一种是学校完全按《规则》要求建立质量体系，这种模式占大多数，这种模式的缺陷是1997年出台的《规则》及《指南》本身局限，质量体系缺少持续改进，统计技术等方面要求。另一种是上海海运学院、大连海事大学等4家学校按ISO9000标准建立质量体系，并符合《规则》要求，这些学校除取得我国主管机关颁发《船员教育和培训质量体系证书》外，还得取挪威船级社(DNV)等审核机构颁发质量体系证书，这些按94版ISO9000标准建立质量体系的学校也存在按2000版ISO9000标准改版问题。
本文分析了2000版ISO9000标准的结构和特点，剖析了八项质量管理原则，特别针对直接按ISO9000标准建立质量管理体系的学校按2000版ISO9000标准改版设计出一个指导模式，同时这一模式也为新建质量管理体系的学校及按《规则》建立质量管理体系的学校改版提供指导，本文并对主管机关修改《规则》提供建议。
由于各学校在规模、结构和所采用的过程不尽相同，为更好做好学校质量体系的审核工作，本文提出较为合理的评价方法，按ISO9001：2000标准质量管理体系的审核准则设计一个适用于各种学校的审核检查表的框架或提纲对学校的ISO9000质量管理体系进行评价，使不同审核员按此方法对学校的ISO9000质量体系运行的真实状况评价时，减少审核中的人为误差，使主管机关对学校质量管理体系有较为直观认识。本文在选择《运筹学》中层次分析法(AHP)作为理论基础，提出了一种ISO 9000质量管理体系定量评价方法，同时给出了根据定量评价结果进行定性判定的规则，使不同的审核员均能按此方法对学校ISO 9000质量管理体系运行的真实状况。
In recent years, IS09000, the international standard, is widely applied and developing quickly. In the beginning of 1990s of 20 Century, International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the theory of ISO quality management system into International shipping safety management. In 1995, IMO issued 1995 STCW Convention. In order to honoring the agreement, The Ministration of Communication of PRC (MOC) issued the Quality Management Rules on Education and Training for seafarers of PRC (QMR). According to the rules, all Maritime Colleges in China were stipulated to set up quality management systems on education and training for seafarers, and the systems must be approved by the Administration. So setting up the above-mentioned systems is a statutory requirement to all Maritime Colleges not only by the International Convention but also by domestic law of PRC. Now, there are two modes of quality management system on education and training for seafarers in China. One is that the colleges set up the quality management systems fully in accordance with the QMR, which is applied by most of the colleges. The deficiencies of the mode are the system has no requirements on continual improvementand statistic technique according to the 1977 QMR and its guidelines.
Another mode is applied by 4 colleges, such as Shanghai Maritime University and Dalian Maritime University. This quality management system is set up in accordance with IS09000: 1994 and the QMR as well. So these colleges got the Certificates of Quality Management System on education and training for seafarers issued by the Administration and the Certificates of ISO9000 Quality Management System issued by Audit Organizations such as Det Norske Veritas (DNV). This mode, which is set up in accordance with ISO9000: 1994, also needs to be adapted in accordance with ISO9000: 2000.
In this paper, the author describes the frameworks and the characters of
ISO9000: 2000, analyses the Eight principles on quality management, and
especially designs a reference mode on adapting the ISO9000: 1994 to
ISO9000: 2000, which can be applied by the 5 above-mentioned colleges. This
reference mode can also offer a guideline to colleges, which want to set up the
quality management system or/ and which want to adapt the QMS editor to
ISO9000: 2000 editor.
As the size, framework and process are various among the colleges, the
author offers a reasonable assessment method in order to make the quality
audit more efficient and accurate.
To design a framework or syllabus of audit check sheets, which can be applied
to all colleges, will reduce contrived error if the quality management systems of
the colleges are audited by different auditors and will make the Administration
get an intuitionistic understand of the systems.
In this article, the author brings forward a quantification assessment method,
which is based on the operations research theory of AHP, to audit the quality
management systems. And the author also puts forward qualitative judgement
rules based on the aforesaid quantification assessment results. All auditors
can assess the colleges' real operation situation of the quality management
systems in term of ISO9000: 2000.
引文
1、《职业技术教育培训ISO9001国际标准认证与管理务实》，吴志平等编著，广东经济出版社出版
2、上海海运学院《质量手册》 (版本号04／00)
3、上海远洋教育培训中心《质量手册》 (版本号01／00)
4、舟山航海学校质量手册(版号D／0)
5、GB／T19000-2000idt ISO9000；2000《质量管理体系，基础和术语》
6、GB／T19001-2000 idt ISO9001：2000
7、论船舶安全检的质量船制度 高德毅 中国航海
8、2000版ISO9000族质量管理体系国际标准应用指南 蒋鸿章著 国防工业出版社
9、《ISM规则与实施》 张宝辰编著，人民交通出版社出版
10、《STCW95公约》，IMO
11、《中华人民共和国船员教育和培训质量管理规则》，中华人民共和国港务监督局，港监字[1997]348号1997．10．9
12、《中华人民共和国船员教育和部训质量体系审核实施细则》，中华人民共和国港务监督局，港监字[1997]348号1997．10．9
13、《船员教育和培训质量体系指南》，中华人民共和国港务监督局，港监字[1998]143号，1998．5．27
14、《船舶法定检验质量管理体系的建立与运行》，熊惠军等主编，人民交通出版社 2002．3
15、《谈改进船员管理两个质量体系的意见》，申春生，中国海事，2002年第6期
16、运筹学教程力 胡运权 主编 清华大学出版社 1998年6月第一版，P398-392
17、《按照ISO9001：2000标准编制审核检查表示例》宋其玉 中国质量认证 2002年第3期
18、ISO 9000管理体系手册 (美)James S. Davies 中国标准出版社 2000年1月第一版
19、ISO 9000质量体系实用指导 (英)David Hoyle 中国标准出版社 2000年1月第一版
20、ISO 2000版文件编写教程 中国兴轻质量体系认证中心 2002年3月第一版
21、《现代质量管理学》，潭跃雄 中南工业大学出版社 1999
22、《建设工程施工质量管理体系专业应用指南(GB／T19001-2000标准)》，编号：CNACR-TG-001：2001
2、上海海运学院《质量手册》 (版本号04／00)
3、上海远洋教育培训中心《质量手册》 (版本号01／00)
4、舟山航海学校质量手册(版号D／0)
5、GB／T19000-2000idt ISO9000；2000《质量管理体系，基础和术语》
6、GB／T19001-2000 idt ISO9001：2000
7、论船舶安全检的质量船制度 高德毅 中国航海
8、2000版ISO9000族质量管理体系国际标准应用指南 蒋鸿章著 国防工业出版社
9、《ISM规则与实施》 张宝辰编著，人民交通出版社出版
10、《STCW95公约》，IMO
11、《中华人民共和国船员教育和培训质量管理规则》，中华人民共和国港务监督局，港监字[1997]348号1997．10．9
12、《中华人民共和国船员教育和部训质量体系审核实施细则》，中华人民共和国港务监督局，港监字[1997]348号1997．10．9
13、《船员教育和培训质量体系指南》，中华人民共和国港务监督局，港监字[1998]143号，1998．5．27
14、《船舶法定检验质量管理体系的建立与运行》，熊惠军等主编，人民交通出版社 2002．3
15、《谈改进船员管理两个质量体系的意见》，申春生，中国海事，2002年第6期
16、运筹学教程力 胡运权 主编 清华大学出版社 1998年6月第一版，P398-392
17、《按照ISO9001：2000标准编制审核检查表示例》宋其玉 中国质量认证 2002年第3期
18、ISO 9000管理体系手册 (美)James S. Davies 中国标准出版社 2000年1月第一版
19、ISO 9000质量体系实用指导 (英)David Hoyle 中国标准出版社 2000年1月第一版
20、ISO 2000版文件编写教程 中国兴轻质量体系认证中心 2002年3月第一版
21、《现代质量管理学》，潭跃雄 中南工业大学出版社 1999
22、《建设工程施工质量管理体系专业应用指南(GB／T19001-2000标准)》，编号：CNACR-TG-001：2001
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