绿洲灌区保护性耕作对冬小麦旗叶水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
为了探讨在河西绿洲灌区保护性耕作方式对冬小麦旗叶水分利用效率的影响,设计传统耕作(T)、秸秆还田(TIS)、免耕(NT)、免耕覆盖(NTS)和免耕立茬(NTSS)五种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式旗叶水分利用效率的日变化和生育期变化特征,以及与之变化相关的生理、生态因子,结果表明:
1.免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕立茬及秸秆还田耕作方式的旗叶水分利用效率的全生育期平均值都高于传统耕作方式。其中,NTS耕作方式比传统耕作方式T高18.84%,NTSS耕作方式比传统耕作方式T高51.01%,TIS耕作方式比传统耕作方式T高36.81%;NT耕作方式由于具有较高的叶片蒸腾速率,所以旗叶水分利用效率比传统耕作方式降低了2.32%。
2.四种保护性耕作方式的光合速率全生育期平均值都高于传统耕作方式T。NT耕作方式的光合、蒸腾作用都强于传统耕作方式T,且差值较大,说明免耕方式使冬小麦旗叶叶片功能加强,蒸腾速率升高,提供动力增强叶片的光合速率;而NTSS和TIS耕作方式蒸腾速率虽低于传统耕作方式T,但光合速率却高于T耕作方式,说明免耕立茬和秸秆还田耕作方式能抑制冬小麦旗叶的蒸腾作用,降低水分损耗。
3.抽穗期保护性耕作方式比传统耕作方式旗叶水分利用效率低。保护性耕作方式虽然有较高的旗叶光合速率,但由于同时具有较高的蒸腾速率因而使旗叶得不到相应较高的水分利用效率;气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、空气相对湿度和土壤温度是影响该时期旗叶水分利用效率的主要生理生态因素。
4.开花期保护性耕作方式比传统耕作方式旗叶水分利用效率高。造成该生育时期不同耕作方式间旗叶水分利用效率差异的主要直接因素仍是叶片蒸腾速率;除NTSS耕作方式外,保护性耕作方式的光合速率普遍高于传统耕作方式,同时蒸腾速率低于传统耕作方式,尤其在下午高温时段,因此保护性耕作方式的旗叶水分利用效率能保持较好水平;这一时期保护性耕作方式在土壤含水量和叶片温度方面没有优势;保护性耕作方式的土壤温度是通过降低它的光合速率来影响旗叶水分利用效率的,而传统耕作方式的土壤温度则是通过加大叶片蒸腾速率来降低它的水分利用效率。
5.灌浆期各耕作方式间旗叶水分利用效率差异不大。在这一时期,同一耕作方式的旗叶光合速率和蒸腾速率变化规律相似,造成不同耕作方式间的叶片水分利用效率数值相近;叶片水势过低是蒸腾速率过大的生理因素;土壤温度过高是蒸腾速率过大的生态因素。
6.完熟期不同耕作方式的叶片Pn、Tr都明显低于前几个生育期。由于传统耕作方式T的旗叶叶片功能衰退快,它的光合速率和蒸腾速率都低于四种保护性耕作方式,但其旗叶水分利用效率高于保护性耕作方式;气孔导度是造成旗叶水分利用效率降低的主要生理因素,土壤温度是造成叶片蒸腾速率增大、叶片光合作用降低,从而导致旗叶水分利用效率降低的主要生态因素。
7.保护性耕作方式能提高冬小麦旗叶水分利用效率以及产量水平水分利用效率。耕作方式提高旗叶水分利用效率的途径是通过改造农田小环境,在保障光合速率的前提下降低蒸腾速率来实现的;其中保护性耕作方式能增加大气相对湿度、降低土壤日温差,这都有利于降低叶片蒸腾速率。
In order to discuss the flag leaf water use efficiency of winter wheat under different conservation tillage in Hexi irrigation district. We designed the five treatments, which were conventional tillage (T), tillage with straw returned (TIS), no-tillage (NT), no tillage with straw mulch (NTS), no tillage and stubble standing (NTSS), to study the diuranal changes and stages changes of the flag leaf water use efficiency of winter wheat and the affected factors correlated with WUE. The results showed that:
1. The flag leaf water use efficiency of TIS、NTS、NTSS were higher than that of the conventional tillage except NT. The NTS、NTSS and TIS were 18.84%、51.01%、36.81% higher than T. The flag leaf water use efficiency of NT was decreased 2.32% compared to T because of its higher transpiration rate.
2. The photosynthesis rate of the TIS、NT、NTS and NTSS were higher than that of T. The photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate of NT were higher than that of T, and the discrepancy of NT and T was great. So the function of flag leaf under NT was stronger, the transpiration rate rose, which could raise the photosynthesis rate. The transpiration rate of NTSS and NTS were lower than that of T, but the photosynthesis rate of them was higher than that of T. It showed that NTSS and TIS could restrain the transpiration rate of winter wheat and decrease wastage of winter.
3. The water use efficiency of flag leaf under conservation tillage was lower than that of conventional tillage at heading stage. The photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate of flag leaf on conservation tillage were also higher, so their WUE were lower. The main physiological and ecological factors were stomatal conductance、intercellular CO_2、relative humidity and soil temperature which influenced the WUE of flag leaf.
4. The water use efficiency of flag leaf under conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage at flowering stage. The transpiration rate of leaf was the direct factor that influenced the discrepancy of WUE under different conservation tillage. The photosynthesis rates of conservation tillage were higher than that of conventional tillage, but the transpiration rate of them were lower than that of convaentional tillage except NTSS. So the WUE of flag leaf was higher under conservation tillage especially in the afternoon. The content of soil water and the leaf temperature had no advantage under conservation tillage. The soil temperature of conservation tillage decreased the photosynthesis rate and influenced the WUE of leaf. The soil temperature of conventional tillage increased transpiration rate and decreased the WUE of leaf.
5. The discrepancy was not great of water use efficiency of flag leaf on all treatments at filling stage. The rule of photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate of flag leaf were similar under the same tillage. So the WUE were similar under different tillage. Because the leaf water potential was lower, which was physiological factor, the transpiration rate was higher. The soil temperature was higher, which was ecology factor, the transpiration rate was higher.
6. The Pn and Tr were significantly lower than that of former stages at maturity stages. The photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate under conventional tillage were lower than that of conservation tillage because the function of flag leaf degenerated rapidly under conventional tillage. So the WUE of flag leaf was higher than conservation tillage. The stomatal conductance could decrease the WUE of flag leaf, which was main physiological factor. The soil temperature was main ecological factor, which increased the transpiration rate of leaf and decreased photosynthesis rate. So the WUE of flag leaf was decreased.
7. The water use efficiency on flag leaf level and water use efficiency on yield level of winter wheat had increased under conservation tillage. The measure could increase the water use efficiency of flag leaf under different tillage by changing the small environment of farmland, in order to decrease the transpiration rate but ensured the photosynthesis rate. The conservation tillage could increase relative humidity of air and decrease the discrepancy of soil daily temperature. So they were in favor of decreasing transpiration rate.
1.免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕立茬及秸秆还田耕作方式的旗叶水分利用效率的全生育期平均值都高于传统耕作方式。其中,NTS耕作方式比传统耕作方式T高18.84%,NTSS耕作方式比传统耕作方式T高51.01%,TIS耕作方式比传统耕作方式T高36.81%;NT耕作方式由于具有较高的叶片蒸腾速率,所以旗叶水分利用效率比传统耕作方式降低了2.32%。
2.四种保护性耕作方式的光合速率全生育期平均值都高于传统耕作方式T。NT耕作方式的光合、蒸腾作用都强于传统耕作方式T,且差值较大,说明免耕方式使冬小麦旗叶叶片功能加强,蒸腾速率升高,提供动力增强叶片的光合速率;而NTSS和TIS耕作方式蒸腾速率虽低于传统耕作方式T,但光合速率却高于T耕作方式,说明免耕立茬和秸秆还田耕作方式能抑制冬小麦旗叶的蒸腾作用,降低水分损耗。
3.抽穗期保护性耕作方式比传统耕作方式旗叶水分利用效率低。保护性耕作方式虽然有较高的旗叶光合速率,但由于同时具有较高的蒸腾速率因而使旗叶得不到相应较高的水分利用效率;气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、空气相对湿度和土壤温度是影响该时期旗叶水分利用效率的主要生理生态因素。
4.开花期保护性耕作方式比传统耕作方式旗叶水分利用效率高。造成该生育时期不同耕作方式间旗叶水分利用效率差异的主要直接因素仍是叶片蒸腾速率;除NTSS耕作方式外,保护性耕作方式的光合速率普遍高于传统耕作方式,同时蒸腾速率低于传统耕作方式,尤其在下午高温时段,因此保护性耕作方式的旗叶水分利用效率能保持较好水平;这一时期保护性耕作方式在土壤含水量和叶片温度方面没有优势;保护性耕作方式的土壤温度是通过降低它的光合速率来影响旗叶水分利用效率的,而传统耕作方式的土壤温度则是通过加大叶片蒸腾速率来降低它的水分利用效率。
5.灌浆期各耕作方式间旗叶水分利用效率差异不大。在这一时期,同一耕作方式的旗叶光合速率和蒸腾速率变化规律相似,造成不同耕作方式间的叶片水分利用效率数值相近;叶片水势过低是蒸腾速率过大的生理因素;土壤温度过高是蒸腾速率过大的生态因素。
6.完熟期不同耕作方式的叶片Pn、Tr都明显低于前几个生育期。由于传统耕作方式T的旗叶叶片功能衰退快,它的光合速率和蒸腾速率都低于四种保护性耕作方式,但其旗叶水分利用效率高于保护性耕作方式;气孔导度是造成旗叶水分利用效率降低的主要生理因素,土壤温度是造成叶片蒸腾速率增大、叶片光合作用降低,从而导致旗叶水分利用效率降低的主要生态因素。
7.保护性耕作方式能提高冬小麦旗叶水分利用效率以及产量水平水分利用效率。耕作方式提高旗叶水分利用效率的途径是通过改造农田小环境,在保障光合速率的前提下降低蒸腾速率来实现的;其中保护性耕作方式能增加大气相对湿度、降低土壤日温差,这都有利于降低叶片蒸腾速率。
In order to discuss the flag leaf water use efficiency of winter wheat under different conservation tillage in Hexi irrigation district. We designed the five treatments, which were conventional tillage (T), tillage with straw returned (TIS), no-tillage (NT), no tillage with straw mulch (NTS), no tillage and stubble standing (NTSS), to study the diuranal changes and stages changes of the flag leaf water use efficiency of winter wheat and the affected factors correlated with WUE. The results showed that:
1. The flag leaf water use efficiency of TIS、NTS、NTSS were higher than that of the conventional tillage except NT. The NTS、NTSS and TIS were 18.84%、51.01%、36.81% higher than T. The flag leaf water use efficiency of NT was decreased 2.32% compared to T because of its higher transpiration rate.
2. The photosynthesis rate of the TIS、NT、NTS and NTSS were higher than that of T. The photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate of NT were higher than that of T, and the discrepancy of NT and T was great. So the function of flag leaf under NT was stronger, the transpiration rate rose, which could raise the photosynthesis rate. The transpiration rate of NTSS and NTS were lower than that of T, but the photosynthesis rate of them was higher than that of T. It showed that NTSS and TIS could restrain the transpiration rate of winter wheat and decrease wastage of winter.
3. The water use efficiency of flag leaf under conservation tillage was lower than that of conventional tillage at heading stage. The photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate of flag leaf on conservation tillage were also higher, so their WUE were lower. The main physiological and ecological factors were stomatal conductance、intercellular CO_2、relative humidity and soil temperature which influenced the WUE of flag leaf.
4. The water use efficiency of flag leaf under conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage at flowering stage. The transpiration rate of leaf was the direct factor that influenced the discrepancy of WUE under different conservation tillage. The photosynthesis rates of conservation tillage were higher than that of conventional tillage, but the transpiration rate of them were lower than that of convaentional tillage except NTSS. So the WUE of flag leaf was higher under conservation tillage especially in the afternoon. The content of soil water and the leaf temperature had no advantage under conservation tillage. The soil temperature of conservation tillage decreased the photosynthesis rate and influenced the WUE of leaf. The soil temperature of conventional tillage increased transpiration rate and decreased the WUE of leaf.
5. The discrepancy was not great of water use efficiency of flag leaf on all treatments at filling stage. The rule of photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate of flag leaf were similar under the same tillage. So the WUE were similar under different tillage. Because the leaf water potential was lower, which was physiological factor, the transpiration rate was higher. The soil temperature was higher, which was ecology factor, the transpiration rate was higher.
6. The Pn and Tr were significantly lower than that of former stages at maturity stages. The photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate under conventional tillage were lower than that of conservation tillage because the function of flag leaf degenerated rapidly under conventional tillage. So the WUE of flag leaf was higher than conservation tillage. The stomatal conductance could decrease the WUE of flag leaf, which was main physiological factor. The soil temperature was main ecological factor, which increased the transpiration rate of leaf and decreased photosynthesis rate. So the WUE of flag leaf was decreased.
7. The water use efficiency on flag leaf level and water use efficiency on yield level of winter wheat had increased under conservation tillage. The measure could increase the water use efficiency of flag leaf under different tillage by changing the small environment of farmland, in order to decrease the transpiration rate but ensured the photosynthesis rate. The conservation tillage could increase relative humidity of air and decrease the discrepancy of soil daily temperature. So they were in favor of decreasing transpiration rate.
引文
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