不同保护性耕作措施对内陆河灌区冬小麦田土壤物理性状的影响
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摘要
通过设置在甘肃省武威市黄羊镇甘肃农业大学试验站的田间定位试验,以传统耕作(T)为对照,研究了秸秆翻压(TIS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、免耕立茬(NTSS)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS))处理对冬小麦田土壤物理性状及其产量的影响,得出以下主要结论：
1.在各个生育时期内NTSS和NTS处理较T、TIS和NT处理明显的增加了0-30 cm土层土壤含水量,在测定时期内0-30cm土层NTS处理的土壤含水量均高于其他(T、TIS和NT)处理同时变化幅度最小；在30-150cm土层土壤含水量在所测定的生育时期内各处理含水量差距不明显。NTS处理在提高0-30cm土层冬小麦田含水量的同时也保持了30-150cm土层的土壤含水量,为冬小麦的生长提供更多的水分。
2.冬小麦田土壤的容重在测定时期内,NTS、NTSS、NT和TIS处理的土壤容重在测定的3个土壤层次均小于T处理,NTS和NTSS处理与T处理差异显著,可以降低冬小麦田的土壤容重。经过长期免耕秸秆覆盖处理NTS与其他处理相比有效控制了(0-30cm)土壤容重的增加。同时T和TIS处理由于翻耕,可以降低冬小麦田0-20cm土层的土壤坚实度,且在返青期、拔节期和孕穗期表现的更加明显,NTS处理可以有效降低20-40cm土层的土壤坚实度。NTS可以有效的控制土壤坚实度的增加保持土壤坚实度的相对稳定。
3.耕作措施影响冬小麦田的土壤温度,在测定时期内T、TIS和NT处理的土壤温度总是高于NTS和NTSS处理,在气温上升的过程中,NTS和NTSS处理的土壤温度上升缓慢,有明显降低土壤温度的作用,在冬小麦生长发育的前期土壤温度NTS>NTSS处理,后期NTS 4. NTS、NTSS、NT和TIS处理与T处理相比测定的3个层次内均能提高土壤中大团聚体>0.25mm(机械稳定性团聚体)的含量,NTS处理的含量最高,其主要是提高了各层次>5mmm和2-5mmm粒径的土壤团聚体含量；NTS、NTSS、NT和TIS处理与T处理相比测定的3个层次内均能提高土壤重大团聚体(水稳性团聚体)的含量,其中NTS处理与T处理差异显著,在测定的3各层次中,NTS和NTSS处理均能提高1-0.5mm和0.25-0.5mm粒径的土壤水稳性团聚的含量,其中NTS处理可以有效的提高水稳性团聚体的稳定率,NTS处理在改善土壤结构的同时,也增加了这种改善相对稳定性。
5.在测定时期内,NTS和NTSS处理能显著提高0-5cm和5-10cm土层的土壤有机质含量,TIS处理在10-20cm和20-30cm土层可以提高有机质含量。与T相比,NTS、NTSS、NT和TIS处理都可以提高作物产量,其中NTSS和NTS较T分别提高冬小麦产量26.2%和12.4%。NTS处理提高最多,与T处理差异显著；与T相比各处理均能提高冬小麦田的水分利用效率,NTSS和NTS处理较T处理分别提高了19.6%和12.6%,NTS处理提高最多,与T处理差异显著。
Effect of tillage with stubble incorporated (TIS), no-tillage without stubble retention (NT), no-tillage with stubble standing (NTSS) and no-tillage with stubble retention (NTS) on yield and soil physical properties of winter wheat was studied by taking conventional tillage (T) as the control on a ten years'located experiment in Huangyang experimental station, Wuwei city, Gansu province. The main conclusions were showed as follow:
1. Soil water content in 0-30cm layer in each growth stage was significantly increased in NTSS and NTS plots in comparison to that in T, TIS and NT plots under the same outside moisture conditions, the content in 0-30cm layer had significant changes among different measurement dates, that in 30-150cm layer kept stable, which indicated 0-30 soil body was the main body for moisture consumption of winter wheat in Hex irrigation region, while 30-150cm layer displayed a better effect on replenishment and equilibration for 0-30cm soil layer moisture, different tillage treatments had different effects on water content in winter wheat field. Soil water content in 0-30cm layer in NTSS and NTS plots in each growth stage was significantly higher than that in T, TIS and NT plots, while 30-150cm layer had no significant changes. Water content decreased from returning green stage to maturity under the same environmental factors.
2. Soil bulk density of NTS, NTSS, NT and NIS was significantly lower than that of T in the measurement period, bulk density of NTS,1.30g/cm3, was the lowest among five treatments, NTSS took second place, both reached significant level in comparison to T, which indicated both NTSS and NTS could increased bulk density. Long term no-tillage with stubble retention could efficiently mitigate the increase of soil bulk density (0-30cm), soil compaction (0-20cm) was also decreased by T and TIS because of tillage and incorporating treatments, the mitigation was highlighted within returning green, jointing and booting stage. NTSS could significantly decrease soil compaction in 20-40cm layer. Soil compaction would increase after wheat harvesting while T, TIS, NT, NTSS and NTS significantly and NTSS, NTS not, in which soil compaction of NTS was lowest among five treatments, indicating soil compaction of NTS kept relatively stable by mitigating increase of compaction to promote stability of soil structure.
3. Capillary porosity was effectively increased by NTS and NTSS, improving soil water retention and absorption as well as soil structure, in which NTS displayed better than NTSS. Total porosity was increased by NTS and NTSS, no-capillary porosity was also improved by NTSS in comparison to other treatments. Tillage treatments influenced soil temperature, soil temperature of T, TIS and NT was also higher than that of NTS and NTSS, the soil temperature of NTS and NTSS increased slowly, temperature difference was smaller from morning to night, having a significant effect of lowering temperature.
4. Elastic-stable aggregate of NTS, NTSS, NT and NIS was improved in comparison to T, in which NTS was highest. Those treatments could also improve the content of soil aggregate within its particle size>5cm and 2-5cm. NTS, NTSS, NT and NIS could improve water-stable aggregate content, in which NTS and T reached significant level. NTS and NTSS could improve 1-0.5mm and 0.25-0.5mm. Water-stable aggregate content, indicating NTS could not only improve soil structure, but also ameliorate relative stableness and eternality of soil.
5. Tillage treatments influenced yield and WUE of winter spring. NTS, NTSS, NT and TIS could improve wheat yield significantly, NTSS and NTS increased yield by 26.2% and 12.4%, respectively, in comparison to T, of which NTS outputted the highest yield. NTS, NTSS, NT and TIS could also improve WUE, NTSS and NTS increased by 19.6% and 12.6%, respectively, compared with T, of which NTS yielded highest WUE. NTS and NTSS could significantly improve soil organic matter in 0-10cm soil layer, while TIS 10-30cm soil layer. Organic matter of each treatment decreased from returning green to maturity stage, of which NTS's decreasing range was smallest, indicating the replenishment of organic matter was better than other treatments.
1.在各个生育时期内NTSS和NTS处理较T、TIS和NT处理明显的增加了0-30 cm土层土壤含水量,在测定时期内0-30cm土层NTS处理的土壤含水量均高于其他(T、TIS和NT)处理同时变化幅度最小；在30-150cm土层土壤含水量在所测定的生育时期内各处理含水量差距不明显。NTS处理在提高0-30cm土层冬小麦田含水量的同时也保持了30-150cm土层的土壤含水量,为冬小麦的生长提供更多的水分。
2.冬小麦田土壤的容重在测定时期内,NTS、NTSS、NT和TIS处理的土壤容重在测定的3个土壤层次均小于T处理,NTS和NTSS处理与T处理差异显著,可以降低冬小麦田的土壤容重。经过长期免耕秸秆覆盖处理NTS与其他处理相比有效控制了(0-30cm)土壤容重的增加。同时T和TIS处理由于翻耕,可以降低冬小麦田0-20cm土层的土壤坚实度,且在返青期、拔节期和孕穗期表现的更加明显,NTS处理可以有效降低20-40cm土层的土壤坚实度。NTS可以有效的控制土壤坚实度的增加保持土壤坚实度的相对稳定。
3.耕作措施影响冬小麦田的土壤温度,在测定时期内T、TIS和NT处理的土壤温度总是高于NTS和NTSS处理,在气温上升的过程中,NTS和NTSS处理的土壤温度上升缓慢,有明显降低土壤温度的作用,在冬小麦生长发育的前期土壤温度NTS>NTSS处理,后期NTS
5.在测定时期内,NTS和NTSS处理能显著提高0-5cm和5-10cm土层的土壤有机质含量,TIS处理在10-20cm和20-30cm土层可以提高有机质含量。与T相比,NTS、NTSS、NT和TIS处理都可以提高作物产量,其中NTSS和NTS较T分别提高冬小麦产量26.2%和12.4%。NTS处理提高最多,与T处理差异显著；与T相比各处理均能提高冬小麦田的水分利用效率,NTSS和NTS处理较T处理分别提高了19.6%和12.6%,NTS处理提高最多,与T处理差异显著。
Effect of tillage with stubble incorporated (TIS), no-tillage without stubble retention (NT), no-tillage with stubble standing (NTSS) and no-tillage with stubble retention (NTS) on yield and soil physical properties of winter wheat was studied by taking conventional tillage (T) as the control on a ten years'located experiment in Huangyang experimental station, Wuwei city, Gansu province. The main conclusions were showed as follow:
1. Soil water content in 0-30cm layer in each growth stage was significantly increased in NTSS and NTS plots in comparison to that in T, TIS and NT plots under the same outside moisture conditions, the content in 0-30cm layer had significant changes among different measurement dates, that in 30-150cm layer kept stable, which indicated 0-30 soil body was the main body for moisture consumption of winter wheat in Hex irrigation region, while 30-150cm layer displayed a better effect on replenishment and equilibration for 0-30cm soil layer moisture, different tillage treatments had different effects on water content in winter wheat field. Soil water content in 0-30cm layer in NTSS and NTS plots in each growth stage was significantly higher than that in T, TIS and NT plots, while 30-150cm layer had no significant changes. Water content decreased from returning green stage to maturity under the same environmental factors.
2. Soil bulk density of NTS, NTSS, NT and NIS was significantly lower than that of T in the measurement period, bulk density of NTS,1.30g/cm3, was the lowest among five treatments, NTSS took second place, both reached significant level in comparison to T, which indicated both NTSS and NTS could increased bulk density. Long term no-tillage with stubble retention could efficiently mitigate the increase of soil bulk density (0-30cm), soil compaction (0-20cm) was also decreased by T and TIS because of tillage and incorporating treatments, the mitigation was highlighted within returning green, jointing and booting stage. NTSS could significantly decrease soil compaction in 20-40cm layer. Soil compaction would increase after wheat harvesting while T, TIS, NT, NTSS and NTS significantly and NTSS, NTS not, in which soil compaction of NTS was lowest among five treatments, indicating soil compaction of NTS kept relatively stable by mitigating increase of compaction to promote stability of soil structure.
3. Capillary porosity was effectively increased by NTS and NTSS, improving soil water retention and absorption as well as soil structure, in which NTS displayed better than NTSS. Total porosity was increased by NTS and NTSS, no-capillary porosity was also improved by NTSS in comparison to other treatments. Tillage treatments influenced soil temperature, soil temperature of T, TIS and NT was also higher than that of NTS and NTSS, the soil temperature of NTS and NTSS increased slowly, temperature difference was smaller from morning to night, having a significant effect of lowering temperature.
4. Elastic-stable aggregate of NTS, NTSS, NT and NIS was improved in comparison to T, in which NTS was highest. Those treatments could also improve the content of soil aggregate within its particle size>5cm and 2-5cm. NTS, NTSS, NT and NIS could improve water-stable aggregate content, in which NTS and T reached significant level. NTS and NTSS could improve 1-0.5mm and 0.25-0.5mm. Water-stable aggregate content, indicating NTS could not only improve soil structure, but also ameliorate relative stableness and eternality of soil.
5. Tillage treatments influenced yield and WUE of winter spring. NTS, NTSS, NT and TIS could improve wheat yield significantly, NTSS and NTS increased yield by 26.2% and 12.4%, respectively, in comparison to T, of which NTS outputted the highest yield. NTS, NTSS, NT and TIS could also improve WUE, NTSS and NTS increased by 19.6% and 12.6%, respectively, compared with T, of which NTS yielded highest WUE. NTS and NTSS could significantly improve soil organic matter in 0-10cm soil layer, while TIS 10-30cm soil layer. Organic matter of each treatment decreased from returning green to maturity stage, of which NTS's decreasing range was smallest, indicating the replenishment of organic matter was better than other treatments.
引文
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