区域性场地地震动放大研究及应用
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摘要
场地类别的划分国际上大多采用场地地表30米的剪切波速Vs30指标，通常场地Vs30的测量是依靠打钻孔来实现的，然而区域性场地Vs30仅依靠打钻孔显然不切实际，为此需要研究较为精确的方法对区域性场地Vs30进行估算。Vs30是量化地震动的场地放大系数的重要指标，其中场地的放大系数研究通常采用地表基岩参考场地谱比法，在此过程中基岩参考场地的选取到底采用哪些标准比较合理还值得深入研究，另外对于地表_井下强震观测台阵，采用井下基岩参考场地谱比法估算土层场地放大存在的问题也有待解决。场地放大在建筑抗震设计中也给予了充分的考虑，然而我国当前抗震设计规范没有完全考虑不同场地条件下地震动的显著差异，对于不同场地类别仅改变设计反应谱形状，平台值没有改变，因此如何得到基于中国场地分类的场地放大系数对我国设计反应谱的平台值进行调整十分关键。另外，近年来随着长周期建筑物的增多，对长周期地震动场地放大特征和我国抗震设计反应谱长周期段的可靠性进行研究具有重要的意义。目前，我国地震动生成系统技术手段比较落后，开发考虑场地放大效应的新型地震动生成系统有待进一步探索。本文主要围绕以上几个问题进行论文选题，研究内容摘要如下：
1、区域性场地Vs30估算与PGA放大系数研究
提出了综合考虑地质和地形坡度的场地Vs30估算方法，以广东省区域为研究对象绘制了该区域场地Vs30分布图。并结合工程钻孔资料提出了基于钻孔的场地Vs30的修正方法，借助该方法实现了广东省和汶川区域场地Vs30的修正。经过统计分析得到Vs30与峰值加速度放大系数经验关系式，绘制了汶川区域的场地放大系数和PGA分布图，通过对比发现场地Vs30估算和修正方法，提高了区域性场地Vs30估算精度，该成果具有广泛的应用价值。
2、标准参考场地选取与深度校正模型
通过对基岩场地场地放大效应的研究，分析了欧美基岩参考场地选取指标Vs30的局限性，给出基岩参考场地的选取应同时采用Vs30和卓越频率f0双重标准，并验证了采用双重指标的合理性。对于地表和井下台阵，为了克服井下基岩参考场地谱比法缺陷，分析了井下基岩参考场地谱比法计算场地放大系数时钻井深度造成的影响，提出了井下基岩参考场地谱比法深度校正模型，并分析了该模型的合理性，得出深度校正模型对井下基岩参考场地谱比法计算场地放大效应十分可靠。
3、中国场地分类标准的场地放大系数研究
为了得到我国抗震规范设计反应谱的场地放大系数短周期Fa和中等周期Fv，在获取133个日本KiK-net台网地表与井下台站强震观测数据和钻孔资料的情况下，按照中国的场地分类标准对KiK-net台网台站场地进行了分类。利用井下基岩参考谱比法、深度校正和几何平均，得到每个台站场地的平均谱比。计算平均谱比在0.1~0.5s和0.5~2.0s周期范围内的平均值，按照I类基岩场地放大系数进行标准化得到短周期Fa和中等周期Fv，通过对比分析发现本文的Fa和Fv较为合理，该成果对实现我国设计反应谱平台值的调整非常有效。
4、厚覆盖土层场地放大特征分析
在获取汶川5.12地震主震和余震强震记录的基础上，计算了渭河盆地27个台站强震记录东西与南北向的PGA和周期分别为0.1s、5.0s和10.0s反应谱值，采用空间插值法分析了PGA和不同周期反应谱值空间变化的宏观特征，结果表明渭河盆地第四纪覆盖层厚度对长周期地震动具有一定的控制作用。为了对长周期地震动特征进行深入研究，分别对比分析了加速度反应谱随场地、震级和距离因素影响的变化规律，并将汶川地震主震C+D类场地反应谱与我国现行抗震规范II类场地反应谱进行比较，认为现行规范谱应用于长周期结构的抗震设计显然有不足之处，本文的研究成果对抗震设计地震波选取和考虑长周期部分的可靠性具有一定的意义。
5、考虑场地特征的地震动快速生成系统
概述了我国强震观测技术的发展现状，提出了准实时地震动速报系统中断层、极震区和宏观震中快速评估方法，结合本文区域性场地Vs30估算和场地放大系数成果，开发了考虑场地特征地震动快速生成系统。
The shear wave velocity from surface to30meters depth (Vs30) was used assite classification index in internation. However, measurement of Vs30wasdependent on drilling, which was obviously unpractical for large area. Thereforethe method of calculating Vs30was put forward. The spectral ratio method ofsurface rock reference site is dopted in estimation of site amplification effect forsoil layer generally, so how to select the surface rock reference site and whichstandard should be used had became significant problems. For the surface anddown hole strong motion observation array, there are some problems still existedin the down hole rock reference site spectral ratio. At present, the Chinese seismiccode did not consider the obvious difference among the ground motions ofdifferent site condition. Although the shape of design response spectra wasmodified, the platform value was not changed. So it is a key problem on how toobtain site amplification coefficient based on the Chinese site classification. Inrecent years, with the increasing of digital strong motion records of greatearthquakes in China, it became significant to study the site effect on long periodstrong ground motion and the effect of long period strong ground motion on thereliability of Chinese design response spectra in the long period phase. Thedevelopment of technical mean of earthquake disaster loss evaluation system wasrelatively backward at present and the ability of integrating seismic data inearthquake field was limited, so the development of new earthquake disaster lossevaluation system should be further studied. This paper centered on such issues asthe topic of the thesis, major contents are abstracted as following:
1. Study on estimation of regional site Vs30and PGA amplificationcoefficient
Estimation of Vs30method was put forward based on geology andtopographic slope, and the Vs30distribution map of Guangdong Province wasdrawn by this method. The site Vs30correction method was also proposed basedon engineering borehole data and site Vs30correction of Guangdong and Sichuanprovince was realized. In the case of statistic analysis relationship of Vs30andpeak acceleration amplification coefficient, PGA distribution map of Wenchuanwas drawn. It showed that the estimation of Vs30method and the correlationmethod improved estimation accuracy of regional Vs30, which had wideapplication in the intensity quick report system, seismic design,ground motionattenuation relationships and seismic zoning.
2. Standard reference site selection and depth correction model
Based on the study of rock site amplification effect, the limitations of Vs30standard for rock reference site selection in Europe and the United States wasanalysed, The double standard Vs30and predominant frequency f0was promotedto select rock reference site, whose rationality was also verified. In order toovercome the defect of the down hole rock reference site spectral ratio for surfaceand down hole strong motion observation array, based on the analysis of thedrilling depth impact, a depth correction model of down hole rock reference sitespectral ratio was put forward. By analyzing the rationality of the model, it could come to a conclusion that depth correction model was very reliable.
3. Study on site amplification of Chinese site classificationIn order to get the site amplification coefficient of short-period Fa andmedium-period Fv, strong motion records and borehole data were collected fromJapanese KiK-net strong ground motion arrays, and then according to thestandard Chinese site classification, the stations site classification were completed.With the down hole rock reference site spectral ratio, depth correlation andgeometric mean, the average spectra of every station site was calculated. Takingaverage value within the range period0.1~0.5s and0.5~2.0s, standardizing on thebasis of I site classification, in the end site amplification coefficient ofshort-period Fa and medium-period Fv were gotten. Through comparativeanalysis, the rationality of short-period Fa and medium-period Fv were verified.The achievement is very effective to adjust the value of Chinese design responsespectra platform.
4. Characteristic analysis of site amplification for thick overburden
Based on the Wenchuan main shock and after shock records, the PGA andresponse spectra value at period0.1s,5.0s,10.0s of27stations in Weihe basinwere calculated.With the spatial interpolation method, the spatial variationcharacteristics of PGA and response spectra value were analized. The resultsshowed that the quaternary overburden thickness controlled action on long-periodstrong ground motion. For further study of long-period ground motioncharacteristics, comparative analysis of variation regulation of accelerationresponse spectra with site, magnitude and distance factors was done, and then theresponse spectra of class C+D site in Wenchuan earthquake and the Chineseseismic code response spectra of class II site were compared, it could beconcluded that Chinese seismic code response spectra applying to seismic designof long-period structure was not reliable. Our research on seismic wave selectionand reliability of long-period seismic design has a certain significance.
5. Study on ground motion rapid generation system
The development status of strong motion observation technology issumarized, in the quasi-real-time intensity quick report system rapid assessmentmethods of faults, meizoseismal area and Macro epicenter were put forward.
1、区域性场地Vs30估算与PGA放大系数研究
提出了综合考虑地质和地形坡度的场地Vs30估算方法，以广东省区域为研究对象绘制了该区域场地Vs30分布图。并结合工程钻孔资料提出了基于钻孔的场地Vs30的修正方法，借助该方法实现了广东省和汶川区域场地Vs30的修正。经过统计分析得到Vs30与峰值加速度放大系数经验关系式，绘制了汶川区域的场地放大系数和PGA分布图，通过对比发现场地Vs30估算和修正方法，提高了区域性场地Vs30估算精度，该成果具有广泛的应用价值。
2、标准参考场地选取与深度校正模型
通过对基岩场地场地放大效应的研究，分析了欧美基岩参考场地选取指标Vs30的局限性，给出基岩参考场地的选取应同时采用Vs30和卓越频率f0双重标准，并验证了采用双重指标的合理性。对于地表和井下台阵，为了克服井下基岩参考场地谱比法缺陷，分析了井下基岩参考场地谱比法计算场地放大系数时钻井深度造成的影响，提出了井下基岩参考场地谱比法深度校正模型，并分析了该模型的合理性，得出深度校正模型对井下基岩参考场地谱比法计算场地放大效应十分可靠。
3、中国场地分类标准的场地放大系数研究
为了得到我国抗震规范设计反应谱的场地放大系数短周期Fa和中等周期Fv，在获取133个日本KiK-net台网地表与井下台站强震观测数据和钻孔资料的情况下，按照中国的场地分类标准对KiK-net台网台站场地进行了分类。利用井下基岩参考谱比法、深度校正和几何平均，得到每个台站场地的平均谱比。计算平均谱比在0.1~0.5s和0.5~2.0s周期范围内的平均值，按照I类基岩场地放大系数进行标准化得到短周期Fa和中等周期Fv，通过对比分析发现本文的Fa和Fv较为合理，该成果对实现我国设计反应谱平台值的调整非常有效。
4、厚覆盖土层场地放大特征分析
在获取汶川5.12地震主震和余震强震记录的基础上，计算了渭河盆地27个台站强震记录东西与南北向的PGA和周期分别为0.1s、5.0s和10.0s反应谱值，采用空间插值法分析了PGA和不同周期反应谱值空间变化的宏观特征，结果表明渭河盆地第四纪覆盖层厚度对长周期地震动具有一定的控制作用。为了对长周期地震动特征进行深入研究，分别对比分析了加速度反应谱随场地、震级和距离因素影响的变化规律，并将汶川地震主震C+D类场地反应谱与我国现行抗震规范II类场地反应谱进行比较，认为现行规范谱应用于长周期结构的抗震设计显然有不足之处，本文的研究成果对抗震设计地震波选取和考虑长周期部分的可靠性具有一定的意义。
5、考虑场地特征的地震动快速生成系统
概述了我国强震观测技术的发展现状，提出了准实时地震动速报系统中断层、极震区和宏观震中快速评估方法，结合本文区域性场地Vs30估算和场地放大系数成果，开发了考虑场地特征地震动快速生成系统。
The shear wave velocity from surface to30meters depth (Vs30) was used assite classification index in internation. However, measurement of Vs30wasdependent on drilling, which was obviously unpractical for large area. Thereforethe method of calculating Vs30was put forward. The spectral ratio method ofsurface rock reference site is dopted in estimation of site amplification effect forsoil layer generally, so how to select the surface rock reference site and whichstandard should be used had became significant problems. For the surface anddown hole strong motion observation array, there are some problems still existedin the down hole rock reference site spectral ratio. At present, the Chinese seismiccode did not consider the obvious difference among the ground motions ofdifferent site condition. Although the shape of design response spectra wasmodified, the platform value was not changed. So it is a key problem on how toobtain site amplification coefficient based on the Chinese site classification. Inrecent years, with the increasing of digital strong motion records of greatearthquakes in China, it became significant to study the site effect on long periodstrong ground motion and the effect of long period strong ground motion on thereliability of Chinese design response spectra in the long period phase. Thedevelopment of technical mean of earthquake disaster loss evaluation system wasrelatively backward at present and the ability of integrating seismic data inearthquake field was limited, so the development of new earthquake disaster lossevaluation system should be further studied. This paper centered on such issues asthe topic of the thesis, major contents are abstracted as following:
1. Study on estimation of regional site Vs30and PGA amplificationcoefficient
Estimation of Vs30method was put forward based on geology andtopographic slope, and the Vs30distribution map of Guangdong Province wasdrawn by this method. The site Vs30correction method was also proposed basedon engineering borehole data and site Vs30correction of Guangdong and Sichuanprovince was realized. In the case of statistic analysis relationship of Vs30andpeak acceleration amplification coefficient, PGA distribution map of Wenchuanwas drawn. It showed that the estimation of Vs30method and the correlationmethod improved estimation accuracy of regional Vs30, which had wideapplication in the intensity quick report system, seismic design,ground motionattenuation relationships and seismic zoning.
2. Standard reference site selection and depth correction model
Based on the study of rock site amplification effect, the limitations of Vs30standard for rock reference site selection in Europe and the United States wasanalysed, The double standard Vs30and predominant frequency f0was promotedto select rock reference site, whose rationality was also verified. In order toovercome the defect of the down hole rock reference site spectral ratio for surfaceand down hole strong motion observation array, based on the analysis of thedrilling depth impact, a depth correction model of down hole rock reference sitespectral ratio was put forward. By analyzing the rationality of the model, it could come to a conclusion that depth correction model was very reliable.
3. Study on site amplification of Chinese site classificationIn order to get the site amplification coefficient of short-period Fa andmedium-period Fv, strong motion records and borehole data were collected fromJapanese KiK-net strong ground motion arrays, and then according to thestandard Chinese site classification, the stations site classification were completed.With the down hole rock reference site spectral ratio, depth correlation andgeometric mean, the average spectra of every station site was calculated. Takingaverage value within the range period0.1~0.5s and0.5~2.0s, standardizing on thebasis of I site classification, in the end site amplification coefficient ofshort-period Fa and medium-period Fv were gotten. Through comparativeanalysis, the rationality of short-period Fa and medium-period Fv were verified.The achievement is very effective to adjust the value of Chinese design responsespectra platform.
4. Characteristic analysis of site amplification for thick overburden
Based on the Wenchuan main shock and after shock records, the PGA andresponse spectra value at period0.1s,5.0s,10.0s of27stations in Weihe basinwere calculated.With the spatial interpolation method, the spatial variationcharacteristics of PGA and response spectra value were analized. The resultsshowed that the quaternary overburden thickness controlled action on long-periodstrong ground motion. For further study of long-period ground motioncharacteristics, comparative analysis of variation regulation of accelerationresponse spectra with site, magnitude and distance factors was done, and then theresponse spectra of class C+D site in Wenchuan earthquake and the Chineseseismic code response spectra of class II site were compared, it could beconcluded that Chinese seismic code response spectra applying to seismic designof long-period structure was not reliable. Our research on seismic wave selectionand reliability of long-period seismic design has a certain significance.
5. Study on ground motion rapid generation system
The development status of strong motion observation technology issumarized, in the quasi-real-time intensity quick report system rapid assessmentmethods of faults, meizoseismal area and Macro epicenter were put forward.
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