光码分多址（OCDMA）编解码系统研究及实现
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摘要
码分多址(CDMA)技术已经成功地应用于卫星通信和移动通信领域,并且显示出许多优于其它技术的特点。光纤通信具有丰富的带宽资源,但存在着光/电、电/光转换的瓶颈。为充分利用光纤所能提供的带宽资源,同时允许更多的用户共享网络通道,便产生了光CDMA技术,它已成为光纤通信领域所关注的一大问题。光CDMA技术凭借其高安全保密性,软容量,支持异步接入,网络管理便捷等优良特点,吸引了越来越多人的注意和研究,具有巨大的发展潜力。
本文主要在介绍光CDMA关键技术的基础上,对光CDMA编解码系统的各个部分实现以及性能进行分析与研究,主要内容包括:
1、概括光CDMA技术的发展状况及其优点。
2、较详细的介绍光CDMA系统的关键技术,包括码字构造、编解码器的实现、阈值器的实现等等。
3、研究光CDMA通信系统的组成,并通过实验实现不同速率不同编码方式下的系统。
单用户二维时域/谱域编码的光CDMA双向视频传输演示系统
以等效相移光栅实现的用户速率为2.5Gbps的一维相位编码的光CDMA系统
4、分析光CDMA系统的接收部分性能,对接收到的信号进行阈值去噪处理,以解决多用户干扰问题。
5、介绍光CDMA技术的应用前景以及更多的编解码方案。
Code-division multiple-access (CDMA) technique has been successfully used in satellite communication and mobile communication area, and it shows much more advantages than other communication techniques. Fiber communication is famous for its wide band width, but it has constraints of optical-electrical and electrical-optical transformation. So in order to make full use of the optical band width and provide more shared network channels for users, people invent optical-code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) technique. And OCDMA is getting more and more attention for its good attributes as high security, soft capacity, asynchronous access, convenient network management, etc. and it has huge potential in communication area.
This thesis mainly discussed the realization and performance of all the OCDMA encode-decode system elements after the introduction to the CODMA key techniques. The main contents are outlined as follows:
1. Summarize the development and recent research achievements of OCDMA as well as its advantages.
2. List and analyze the key techniques of OCDMA system, including design of address codes, realization of coder and decoder, optical thresholder, etc.
3. Analyze the setup of OCDMA system and some system solutions, which have different bit rates and coding methods, are raised.
1) A 155Mbps, bidirectional demo system of OCDMA video transmission. (One user, two-dimensional wavelength-time coding.)
2) A 2.5Gbps, one-dimensional phase encoded OCDMA system using equivalent phase shift fiber Bragg grating.
4. Analyze the performance of receiving part of OCDMA system, and eliminate the noise of received signal to get rid of multiple-user-interference (MUI) using optical thresholder.
5. Introduce some application prospects of OCDMA techniques, and some more coding methods.
本文主要在介绍光CDMA关键技术的基础上,对光CDMA编解码系统的各个部分实现以及性能进行分析与研究,主要内容包括:
1、概括光CDMA技术的发展状况及其优点。
2、较详细的介绍光CDMA系统的关键技术,包括码字构造、编解码器的实现、阈值器的实现等等。
3、研究光CDMA通信系统的组成,并通过实验实现不同速率不同编码方式下的系统。
单用户二维时域/谱域编码的光CDMA双向视频传输演示系统
以等效相移光栅实现的用户速率为2.5Gbps的一维相位编码的光CDMA系统
4、分析光CDMA系统的接收部分性能,对接收到的信号进行阈值去噪处理,以解决多用户干扰问题。
5、介绍光CDMA技术的应用前景以及更多的编解码方案。
Code-division multiple-access (CDMA) technique has been successfully used in satellite communication and mobile communication area, and it shows much more advantages than other communication techniques. Fiber communication is famous for its wide band width, but it has constraints of optical-electrical and electrical-optical transformation. So in order to make full use of the optical band width and provide more shared network channels for users, people invent optical-code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) technique. And OCDMA is getting more and more attention for its good attributes as high security, soft capacity, asynchronous access, convenient network management, etc. and it has huge potential in communication area.
This thesis mainly discussed the realization and performance of all the OCDMA encode-decode system elements after the introduction to the CODMA key techniques. The main contents are outlined as follows:
1. Summarize the development and recent research achievements of OCDMA as well as its advantages.
2. List and analyze the key techniques of OCDMA system, including design of address codes, realization of coder and decoder, optical thresholder, etc.
3. Analyze the setup of OCDMA system and some system solutions, which have different bit rates and coding methods, are raised.
1) A 155Mbps, bidirectional demo system of OCDMA video transmission. (One user, two-dimensional wavelength-time coding.)
2) A 2.5Gbps, one-dimensional phase encoded OCDMA system using equivalent phase shift fiber Bragg grating.
4. Analyze the performance of receiving part of OCDMA system, and eliminate the noise of received signal to get rid of multiple-user-interference (MUI) using optical thresholder.
5. Introduce some application prospects of OCDMA techniques, and some more coding methods.
引文
1.张宝富,全光网络[M],北京:人民邮电出版社,2002.
2.吉建华,徐铭,王可,杨淑雯,″一种混合WDMA/OCDMA系统的性能分析”,光学技术,sep.2004,vol.30 NO.5
3.Marom,E.,"Optical delay line matched filters",IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems,1978,25(6):360-364.
4.Heritage,J.,Thurston,R.,Weiner,A.,"Picosecond pulse shaping by spectral phase and amplitude manipulation",Optics Letters 1985,10(12):609-911.
5.Weiner,A.M.,Heritage,J.P.,Thurston,R.N.,"Synthesis of phase coherent,picosecond optical square pulses".Optics Letters,1986,11(3):153.
6.X.Wang,Naoya Wada,Taro Hamanaka,Ken-ichi Kitayama and Akihiko Nishikl,"10-user,truly-asynchronous OCDMA experiment with 511-chip SSFBG en/decoder and SC-based optical thresholder",OSA,2004
7.F.R.Chung,J.A.Saline,and V.K.Wei,"Optical orthogonal codes;design,analysis and applications".IEEE trans.Inform.Theory,May 1989,vol.35,pp.595-604
8.Xu Wang,Koji Matsushima,Akihiko Nishiki,Naoya Wada,and Ken-ichi Kitayama,"High reflectivity superstructured FBG for coherent optical code generation and recognition",Optics Express,2004,Vol.12,No.22
9.李传起,孙小菡,OCDMA系统地址码理论,中国科学技术大学出版社
10.朱近康,CDMA通信技术,北京:人民邮电出版社,2001,pp71-78。
11.丁美玲,章献民,陈抗生,“基于光纤布拉格光栅编解码器的直接序列扩频跳频光码分多址系统”,光学学报,2002,22,2002,22(7):842-846
12.Ding Meiling,Ran Jia,"The encoder/decoder based on parallel FBGs in optical CDMA system",International Conference on Info-tech and Info-net,2001,Vol.2,pp.688-692
13.Kurokawa.T,Tsuda O.K."Time-space-conversion optical signal processing using arrayed-waveguide grating.Elec.Lett,1999,33(22);pp1890-1891
14.左超,马文华,濮宏图,林金桐,“相位编码扩谱OCDMA系统性能分析”,电子学报,April,2002,vol.30 No4
15.A.Grunnet-Jepsen;A.Johnson,"Spectral phase encoding and decoding using fiber bragg gratings",Optical Fiber Communication Conference and the International Conference on Integrated Optical and Optical Fiber Communication,1999,Technical Digest.Volume Supplement,21-26,Feb.1999,pp.PD 33/1-PD33/3 Suppl.
16.P.Petropoulos,N.Wada,P.C.Teh,M.Ibsen,W.Chujo,K.-I.Kitayama,and D.J.Richardson,"Demonstration of a 64-Chip OCDMA System Using Superstructured Fiber Gratings and Time-Gating Detection",IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS,November,2001,VOL.13,NO.11
17.Xu Wang,Koji Matsushima,Akihiko Nishiki,Naoya Wada,and Ken-ichi Kitayama,"High reflectivity superstructured FBG for coherent optical code generation and recognition",Optics Express,November,2004,Vol.12,No.22
18.X.Wang,K.Matsushima,K.I.Kitayama,A.Nishiki and Oshiba,"Demonstration of the improvement of apodized 127-chip SSFBG in coherent time-spreading OCDMA network",2003 OSA
19.燕萌,姚敏玉,张洪明,张鋆,彭越,王华,鲁涛,“基于等效相移光栅的光码分多址编/解码实验”,中国激光,2006,vol.33,NO.2
20.Yitang Dai,Xiangfei Chen,Shizhong Xie etal.,"Equivalent phase shift in a fiber Bragg grating achieved by changing the sampling period",[J]IEEE Photon.Technol.Lett.,2004,16(10),pp2284-2286
21.李晓滨,赵晓辉,“引入两个光硬件限幅器的全光异步CDMA通信系统高斯近似下系统性能分析”,通信学报,2001,vol.22,No.2,pp 21-27
22.万生鹏,胡渝,“一种新的光CDMA编码方案”,通信学报,2001,Vol.22,No.1:12-17
23.Peh Chiong Teh,Periklis Petropoulos,Morten Ibsen,and David J.Richardson," A Comparative Study of the Performance of Seven and 63-Chip Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access Encoders and Decoders Based on Superstructured Fiber Bragg Gratings",Journal of Lightwave Technology,September,2001,Vol.19,No.9
24.Salehi J A,"Code division multiple-access techniques in optical fiber networks",Part 1:Fundamental Principles,IEEE Transactions on Communications,1989,37(8):824-833
25.Djafar K.Mynbaev,Lowell L.Seheiner,Fiber-Optic Communications Technology,北京,科学出版社
26.贾东方,丁永奎,胡志勇,王肇颖,李世忱,“光纤中超连续谱产生机理研究”,光电子·激光,May 2004,Vol.15.No.5
27.Camille-Sophie Bres,Yue-Kai Huang,Darren Rand,Ivan Glesk,Paul R.Prucnal,Taher Bazan,Craig Michie,David Harle,and Ivan Andonovic,"On the experimental characterization of beat noise in 2-D time-spreading wavelength-hopping OCDMA systems," IEEE Photon.Technol.Lett.,Nov.2006.vol.18,no.21,pp.2314-2316
28.L.Tancevski and L.A.Rusch,"Impact of beat noise on the performance of 2-D optical CDMA systems",IEEE Commun.Lett.,Aug.2000.vol.4,no.8,pp.264-266
29.X.Wang and K.Kitayama,"Analysis of beat noise in coherent and incoherent time-spreading OCDMA," J.Lightw.Technol.,Oct.2004.vol.22,no.10,pp.2226-2235
30.Govind P.Agrawal,"Nonlinear Fiber Optics,and Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics" Third Edition,Publishing House of Electronics Industry,Beijing
31.J.P.Sokoloff,P.R.Prucnal,I.Giesk,and M.Kane,"A terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD)," IEEE Photon.Technol.Lett.,Jul.1993,vol.5,no.7,pp.787-790
32.J.M.Tang,PS.Spencer,K.A.Shore,"Analysis of operating characteristics of TOADs using gain saturation and nonlinear gain in SOAs",February 1998,IEE Pvoc-Optoelectvon,Vol.145,No.1
33.刘贤炳,叶培大,“非线性元件的偏移量对TOAD开关窗口的影响”,光通信技术,1999,23(4),pp.310-314
34.王卓然,于晋龙,韩金婷,杨恩泽,“SOA注入电流及位置偏移量对TOAD开关窗口的影响”,中国激光,2004.12,Vol.31,No.2
35.吴斌,杨伯君,“主动锁模掺铒光纤环激光器的原理和稳定性研究”,光子技术,2005.9,3(9)
36.王芬,陈达如,秦山,何赛灵,“基于PCF实现稳定输出的主动锁模光纤激光器”,光电子·激光,2007.9,Vol.18.No.9
37.何理,杨伯君,张茹,“主动锁模光纤环形激光器的新进展”,光通信研究,2005,vol.6
38.Li Yu-hua,Lou Cai-yun,Wu Jian,etc,"Novel method to simultaneously compress pulse and suppress super mode noise in actively mode-locked fiber laser",Photon Techno Lett,1998,10(9),pp:1250-1252
39.P.Azmi,M.Nasiri-Kenari,J.A.Salehi.Low-rate "super-orthogonal channel coding for fiber-optical CDMA communication system",J.Lightwave Technol.,2001,Vol.19,No.6:847-855
40.Che-Li Lin,"Channel interference reduction using random Manchester codes for both synchronous and asynchronous fiber-optical CDMA Systems",J.Lightwave Technol.,2000,Vol.18,No.1:26-33
41.J.H.Wu,"Synchronous fiber-optic code division multiple access networks with error control eoding",Electron.Lett.,1992,Vol.28,No.11:2118-2120
42.Xu Wang,Naoya Wada,Gabriella Cincotti,Tetsuya Miyazaki,and Ken-ichi Kitayama,"Demonstration of Over 128-Gb/s-Capacity(12-User×10.71-Gb/s/User)Asynchronous OCDMA Using FEC and AWG-Based Multiport Optical Encoder/Decoders",IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,August l,2006,Vol.18,No.15
43.Lei Xu,Ivan Glesk,Varghese Baby,Paul R.Prucnal,"Multiple access interference(MAI)noise reduction in a 2D optical CDMA system using ultrafast optical thresholding",Lasers and Electro-Optics Society,2004,Leos 2004,The 17th Annual Meeting of the IEEE
44.K.L.Deng,etal,"Unbalanced TOAD for optical data and clock separation in self-clocked transparent OTDM networks",IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,1997,pp830
45.J.M.Tang,P.S.Spencer,K.A.Shore,"Analysis of operating characteristics of TOADs using gain saturation and nonlinear gain in SOAs",IEEE Proceedings online no.19981343
46.Xu Wang,Taro Hamanaka,Naoya Wada,and Ken-ichi Kitayama,"Dispersion-flattened-fiber based optical thresholder for multiple-access-interference suppression in OCDMA system",Optics Express,11 July 2005,Vol.13,No.14
47.Z.Zhang and A.M.Weiner,"Novel optical thresholder based on second harmonic generation in long periodically poled lithium niobate for ultrashort pulse optical code division multiple access",Optical Fiber Communication Conference,2000
48.M.H.Chou,I.Brener,M.M.Fejer,E.E.Chaban and S.B.Christman,"1.5-μm-band wavelength conversion based on cascaded second-order nonlinearity in LiNbO3 waveguides",IEEE Photon.Technol.Lett.,1999,Vol.11,No.6,pp653-655
49.顾畹仪,张杰,《全光通信网》,北京邮电大学出版社,2001
50.万生鹏,“光CDMA系统及其关键技术”,[博士论文],成都,电子科技大学,2002
51.蔡茂国,杨淑雯,周建华,董海峰,“IP over OCDMA技术及其解决方案”,深圳大学学报(理工版),2001,Vol.18.No.4
52.Chongfu Zhang,Kun Qiu,and Bo Xu,"Investigation on Performance of Passive Optical Network Based on OCDMA",Communications,Circuits and Systems Proceedings,2006 International Conference on Volume 3,25-28 June 2006 Page(s):1851-1855
53.陈雪,“无源光网络技术”,北京邮电大学出版社,2006
54.Ying-xun Zhu,Rong Wang,Tao Pu,"Novel multi-channel temporal phase En/Decoder used in OCDMA over WDM PON",Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronics Conference,2007Asia,17-19 Oct.2007 Page(s):421-423
55.周秀丽,谭庆贵,胡渝,“OCDMA系统中2-D码和3-D码”,应用光学,2005,26(2):15-17
56.Jose M.Castro,Ivan Djordjevic,Lyubo Minkov,Christoph M.Greiner,Dmitri Iazikov,Thomas W.Mossberg,and David F.Geraghty,"Compact OCDMA Encoders based on the Antisymmetric Waveguide Bragg Grating",IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2006,Vol.18,No.7
57.陈彪,王福昌,陈佳佳,胡建东,何赛灵,“基于光纤光栅和二维编码的OCDMA分插复用”,光电子·激光,2006,Vol.17,No.3,pp:324-327
2.吉建华,徐铭,王可,杨淑雯,″一种混合WDMA/OCDMA系统的性能分析”,光学技术,sep.2004,vol.30 NO.5
3.Marom,E.,"Optical delay line matched filters",IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems,1978,25(6):360-364.
4.Heritage,J.,Thurston,R.,Weiner,A.,"Picosecond pulse shaping by spectral phase and amplitude manipulation",Optics Letters 1985,10(12):609-911.
5.Weiner,A.M.,Heritage,J.P.,Thurston,R.N.,"Synthesis of phase coherent,picosecond optical square pulses".Optics Letters,1986,11(3):153.
6.X.Wang,Naoya Wada,Taro Hamanaka,Ken-ichi Kitayama and Akihiko Nishikl,"10-user,truly-asynchronous OCDMA experiment with 511-chip SSFBG en/decoder and SC-based optical thresholder",OSA,2004
7.F.R.Chung,J.A.Saline,and V.K.Wei,"Optical orthogonal codes;design,analysis and applications".IEEE trans.Inform.Theory,May 1989,vol.35,pp.595-604
8.Xu Wang,Koji Matsushima,Akihiko Nishiki,Naoya Wada,and Ken-ichi Kitayama,"High reflectivity superstructured FBG for coherent optical code generation and recognition",Optics Express,2004,Vol.12,No.22
9.李传起,孙小菡,OCDMA系统地址码理论,中国科学技术大学出版社
10.朱近康,CDMA通信技术,北京:人民邮电出版社,2001,pp71-78。
11.丁美玲,章献民,陈抗生,“基于光纤布拉格光栅编解码器的直接序列扩频跳频光码分多址系统”,光学学报,2002,22,2002,22(7):842-846
12.Ding Meiling,Ran Jia,"The encoder/decoder based on parallel FBGs in optical CDMA system",International Conference on Info-tech and Info-net,2001,Vol.2,pp.688-692
13.Kurokawa.T,Tsuda O.K."Time-space-conversion optical signal processing using arrayed-waveguide grating.Elec.Lett,1999,33(22);pp1890-1891
14.左超,马文华,濮宏图,林金桐,“相位编码扩谱OCDMA系统性能分析”,电子学报,April,2002,vol.30 No4
15.A.Grunnet-Jepsen;A.Johnson,"Spectral phase encoding and decoding using fiber bragg gratings",Optical Fiber Communication Conference and the International Conference on Integrated Optical and Optical Fiber Communication,1999,Technical Digest.Volume Supplement,21-26,Feb.1999,pp.PD 33/1-PD33/3 Suppl.
16.P.Petropoulos,N.Wada,P.C.Teh,M.Ibsen,W.Chujo,K.-I.Kitayama,and D.J.Richardson,"Demonstration of a 64-Chip OCDMA System Using Superstructured Fiber Gratings and Time-Gating Detection",IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS,November,2001,VOL.13,NO.11
17.Xu Wang,Koji Matsushima,Akihiko Nishiki,Naoya Wada,and Ken-ichi Kitayama,"High reflectivity superstructured FBG for coherent optical code generation and recognition",Optics Express,November,2004,Vol.12,No.22
18.X.Wang,K.Matsushima,K.I.Kitayama,A.Nishiki and Oshiba,"Demonstration of the improvement of apodized 127-chip SSFBG in coherent time-spreading OCDMA network",2003 OSA
19.燕萌,姚敏玉,张洪明,张鋆,彭越,王华,鲁涛,“基于等效相移光栅的光码分多址编/解码实验”,中国激光,2006,vol.33,NO.2
20.Yitang Dai,Xiangfei Chen,Shizhong Xie etal.,"Equivalent phase shift in a fiber Bragg grating achieved by changing the sampling period",[J]IEEE Photon.Technol.Lett.,2004,16(10),pp2284-2286
21.李晓滨,赵晓辉,“引入两个光硬件限幅器的全光异步CDMA通信系统高斯近似下系统性能分析”,通信学报,2001,vol.22,No.2,pp 21-27
22.万生鹏,胡渝,“一种新的光CDMA编码方案”,通信学报,2001,Vol.22,No.1:12-17
23.Peh Chiong Teh,Periklis Petropoulos,Morten Ibsen,and David J.Richardson," A Comparative Study of the Performance of Seven and 63-Chip Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access Encoders and Decoders Based on Superstructured Fiber Bragg Gratings",Journal of Lightwave Technology,September,2001,Vol.19,No.9
24.Salehi J A,"Code division multiple-access techniques in optical fiber networks",Part 1:Fundamental Principles,IEEE Transactions on Communications,1989,37(8):824-833
25.Djafar K.Mynbaev,Lowell L.Seheiner,Fiber-Optic Communications Technology,北京,科学出版社
26.贾东方,丁永奎,胡志勇,王肇颖,李世忱,“光纤中超连续谱产生机理研究”,光电子·激光,May 2004,Vol.15.No.5
27.Camille-Sophie Bres,Yue-Kai Huang,Darren Rand,Ivan Glesk,Paul R.Prucnal,Taher Bazan,Craig Michie,David Harle,and Ivan Andonovic,"On the experimental characterization of beat noise in 2-D time-spreading wavelength-hopping OCDMA systems," IEEE Photon.Technol.Lett.,Nov.2006.vol.18,no.21,pp.2314-2316
28.L.Tancevski and L.A.Rusch,"Impact of beat noise on the performance of 2-D optical CDMA systems",IEEE Commun.Lett.,Aug.2000.vol.4,no.8,pp.264-266
29.X.Wang and K.Kitayama,"Analysis of beat noise in coherent and incoherent time-spreading OCDMA," J.Lightw.Technol.,Oct.2004.vol.22,no.10,pp.2226-2235
30.Govind P.Agrawal,"Nonlinear Fiber Optics,and Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics" Third Edition,Publishing House of Electronics Industry,Beijing
31.J.P.Sokoloff,P.R.Prucnal,I.Giesk,and M.Kane,"A terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD)," IEEE Photon.Technol.Lett.,Jul.1993,vol.5,no.7,pp.787-790
32.J.M.Tang,PS.Spencer,K.A.Shore,"Analysis of operating characteristics of TOADs using gain saturation and nonlinear gain in SOAs",February 1998,IEE Pvoc-Optoelectvon,Vol.145,No.1
33.刘贤炳,叶培大,“非线性元件的偏移量对TOAD开关窗口的影响”,光通信技术,1999,23(4),pp.310-314
34.王卓然,于晋龙,韩金婷,杨恩泽,“SOA注入电流及位置偏移量对TOAD开关窗口的影响”,中国激光,2004.12,Vol.31,No.2
35.吴斌,杨伯君,“主动锁模掺铒光纤环激光器的原理和稳定性研究”,光子技术,2005.9,3(9)
36.王芬,陈达如,秦山,何赛灵,“基于PCF实现稳定输出的主动锁模光纤激光器”,光电子·激光,2007.9,Vol.18.No.9
37.何理,杨伯君,张茹,“主动锁模光纤环形激光器的新进展”,光通信研究,2005,vol.6
38.Li Yu-hua,Lou Cai-yun,Wu Jian,etc,"Novel method to simultaneously compress pulse and suppress super mode noise in actively mode-locked fiber laser",Photon Techno Lett,1998,10(9),pp:1250-1252
39.P.Azmi,M.Nasiri-Kenari,J.A.Salehi.Low-rate "super-orthogonal channel coding for fiber-optical CDMA communication system",J.Lightwave Technol.,2001,Vol.19,No.6:847-855
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