武汉市主要湖泊淡水鱼重金属污染及其基础研究
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摘要
随着环境污染的加剧，重金属离子对水产品的毒性研究越来越受到重视。重金属离子被生物体吸收后，与生物体内蛋白质和酶等高分子物质结合，产生不可逆转的变性，导致生理或代谢过程的障碍。目前，重金属离子对水生生物生理、代谢的影响及对水生生物致毒机制的研究已经取得了进展，而重金属离子对鱼蛋白加工品质和结构影响的报道较少。因此，试验以武汉地区三种较有代表性水体及常见淡水鱼作为测试对象，测定了锌、铜、铅、铬、镉五种较常见重金属的富集情况；分析了不同重金属离子对鲫肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白的流变学、凝胶特性、ATPase和SH基总量的影响；研究了重金属离子对蛋白结构和构象的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1、武汉地区湖泊水体和淡水鱼的污染状况
选择武汉地区具有代表性的城市湖泊——南湖、东湖和野芷湖，对湖泊底积物、湖水和主要淡水鱼采用ICP-OES法分别测定了锌、铜、铅、铬、镉等重金属的含量。结果表明，野芷湖湖水中铜含量和东湖湖水中镉含量分别为0.010 mg／L和0.0054mg／L，超过了国家规定的淡水养殖水域的水质标准。三个湖底泥中的镉含量分别为0.95 mg／L、1.07 mg／L、1.13 mg／L，均超过无公害水产品产地环境要求。鱼类不同组织器官对各种重金属积累能力明显不同，主要分布于鳞片和鳃中，其食用部分各重金属含量均远低于人体卫生消费标准。
2、重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白流变学和凝胶特性的影响
采用旋转粘度仪和物性测定仪分别研究了添加重金属离子Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cr~(3+)、Cd~(2+)后，重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白流变学和凝胶特性的影响。结果表明，肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白溶液均表现为假塑性流体的特征。添加重金属离子后，肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白的粘度系数先下降后上升，流变指数先升高后下降。肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白溶液的硬度、稠度、粘度、粘聚性也发生变化，Zn~(2+)、Cr~(3+)和Cd~(2+)对溶液的影响明显，硬度和稠度先下降后明显上升，粘性和粘聚性先略有升高，而后下降，Cu~(2+)和pb~(2+)的影响不明显。重金属离子对蛋白凝胶的硬度、粘聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性有显著影响(p＜0.01)，降低食用价值。
3、重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白ATPase活性和SH基总量的影响
研究了不同浓度的重金属离子Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白ATPase活性和SH基总量的影响。随Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)浓度的升高，肌动球蛋白的ATPase活性和SH基总量先略有升高，后呈现下降趋势。肌球蛋白的ATPase活性直接下降，SH基总量先升高后下降。而Cu~(2+)浓度的升高引起肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白中ATPase活性和SH基总量含量明显下降，显示了较强的毒性。
4、重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白构象的影响
分别采用FTIR和CD研究重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白构象的影响。利用FTIR分析Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cr~(3+)、Cd~(2+)对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白结构的影响，结果表明，重金属离子与肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白结合时，可能与酰胺基结合，羟基、羧基、氨基可能参与配位。重金属离子与蛋白结合后，缔合羟基峰产生红移，酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的位置和相对强度也发生变化。
在低离子浓度时，没有显著的金属-蛋白的相互作用。随离子浓度的增大，重金属离子与蛋白络合物的峰强度和位置发生变化。α-螺旋和β-折叠的变化出现在高离子浓度，α-螺旋减少，β-折叠增加。
利用CD研究了Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白构象的影响。结果表明，加入Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)后，肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白的α-螺旋减少，β-折叠增加，与FTIR的结果一致。肌球蛋白的α-螺旋从56.9％减到48.1％和38.5％，而β-折叠从13.8％增到25.8％和30.2％。肌动球蛋白的α-螺旋从40.1％降到25.8％和26.8％，β-折叠升到25.0％和22.4％。
With the increasing of contamination of heavy metals, the study of toxicity on fishery products has been attached more importance to. Heavy metals combine with protein and enzyme inside organism after being absorbed, which results in irreversible denaturalization and obstacle of physiological and metabolizable. The researches of enrichment in aquatic lives and toxic mechanism of heavy metals have made a rapid progress, Whereas, there were few reports on the effects of process and configuration on protein. Therefore heavy metals, such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd, of three representative waters and freshwater fishes in Wuhan were determined. The effects of heavy metals on the rheological and gel properties of actomyosin and myosin were analyzed, and the effects on ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content were also discussed. At the same time the influences on configuration of actomyosin and myosin were studied. These main results were indicated as follows:1、Contamination of water and freshwater fishes in lakes of WuhanSamples were analyzed for Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd by ICP-OES in clays, waters and fishes from representative lakes -South Lake, East Lake and Yezhi Lake in Wuhan. The results were obtained as follow: the Cu concentration from Yezhi Lake and the Cd concentration from East Lake were respectively 0.010mg/L and 0.0054mg/L, and higher than that in the standard of water quality in freshwater cultivation. The Cd concentrations of three lakes sediments were 0.95mg/L, 1.07mg/L and 1.13mg/L respectively, and also higher than that in the habitat surroundings requirement of harmless aquatic products. The variety of heavy metals concentrations had been observed in different tissues and organs. Heavy metals were mainly accumulated in scales and gills. The concentrations of heavy metals of mussels were much lower than the health standard of consumptions.2、The effects of heavy metals on rheological and gel properties of actomyosin and myosinThe effects of Zn~(2+),Cu~(2+),Pb~(2+),Cr~(3+),Cd~(2+)on the rheological and gel properties of actomyosin and myosin were determined by a rotary rheometer and texture analyzer. Results showed that the solutions of actomyosin and myosin were artificial model liquid. Comparing heavy metals treatments with no added ones, some changes of viscosity index and rheological coefficient happened. The viscosity index of actomyosin and myosin resolution increased after decreasing, whereas, rheological coefficient had a reverse trend. Heavy metals affected hardness, consistency, viscosity and cohesiveness of resolution. Hardness and consistency firstly had a drop, then had a distinct rise after an addition of Zn~(2+), Cr~(3+) and Cd~(2+), but viscosity and cohesiveness were oppositional. There were no clear effects of Cu~(2+) and Pb~(2+) Heavy metals had notable effects on hardeness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness of gel properties, which reduced edible value.
3、The effects of heavy metals on ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content of actomyosin and myosin
ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content of actomyosin and myosin was studied. The results showed similar trend of actomyosin and myosin by adding heavy metals. With the increasing of Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+)concentration, ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content of actomyosin firstly raised slightly, and then decreased obviously. ATPase activity of myosin dropped, and total sulfhydryl content of myosin is similar to one of actomyosin. But the accession of Cu~(2+) concentration reduced ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content evidently, which displayed terribly toxicity.
4、The study of heavy metals on actomyosin and myosin by FTIR and CD
The effects of Zn~(2+), Cu~(2+), pb~(2+), Cr~(3+) and Cd~(2+) were analyzed by FTIR. The results showed that metals had a similar effect on actomyosin and myosin, and the acyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl and amide were matched. Aider metals and protein complexed, concluded hydroxyl had Einstein shift, and the position and relative intensity of amideⅠand amideⅡhad changes. At low concentration, there was no major metal-protein reciprocity. With the rise of concentration, some changes occurred in the intensity and location of apex. There were changes ofα-helix andβ-sheet in the presence of high cation concentration,α-helix decreased andβ-sheet rised.
The effect of heavy metal Cu~(2+) and Pb~(2+) on actomyosin and myosin was also studied by CD. The result indicated that considerable changes were observed from those of theα-helix(40.1%) andβ-sheet(16.5%) in the uncomplexed actomyosin to the Cu~(2+) complexesα-helix(25.8%) andβ-sheet(25.0%), and to the Pb~(2+) complexesα-helix(26.8%) andβ-sheet(22.4%). At the same time, there were notable changes from those of theα-helix(56.9%) andβ-sheet(13.8%) in the uncomplexed myosin to the Cu~(2+) complexesα-helix(48.1%) andβ-sheet(13.8%), and to the Pb~(2+) complexesα-helix(38.5%) andβ-sheet(30.2%)
1、武汉地区湖泊水体和淡水鱼的污染状况
选择武汉地区具有代表性的城市湖泊——南湖、东湖和野芷湖，对湖泊底积物、湖水和主要淡水鱼采用ICP-OES法分别测定了锌、铜、铅、铬、镉等重金属的含量。结果表明，野芷湖湖水中铜含量和东湖湖水中镉含量分别为0.010 mg／L和0.0054mg／L，超过了国家规定的淡水养殖水域的水质标准。三个湖底泥中的镉含量分别为0.95 mg／L、1.07 mg／L、1.13 mg／L，均超过无公害水产品产地环境要求。鱼类不同组织器官对各种重金属积累能力明显不同，主要分布于鳞片和鳃中，其食用部分各重金属含量均远低于人体卫生消费标准。
2、重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白流变学和凝胶特性的影响
采用旋转粘度仪和物性测定仪分别研究了添加重金属离子Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cr~(3+)、Cd~(2+)后，重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白流变学和凝胶特性的影响。结果表明，肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白溶液均表现为假塑性流体的特征。添加重金属离子后，肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白的粘度系数先下降后上升，流变指数先升高后下降。肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白溶液的硬度、稠度、粘度、粘聚性也发生变化，Zn~(2+)、Cr~(3+)和Cd~(2+)对溶液的影响明显，硬度和稠度先下降后明显上升，粘性和粘聚性先略有升高，而后下降，Cu~(2+)和pb~(2+)的影响不明显。重金属离子对蛋白凝胶的硬度、粘聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性有显著影响(p＜0.01)，降低食用价值。
3、重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白ATPase活性和SH基总量的影响
研究了不同浓度的重金属离子Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白ATPase活性和SH基总量的影响。随Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)浓度的升高，肌动球蛋白的ATPase活性和SH基总量先略有升高，后呈现下降趋势。肌球蛋白的ATPase活性直接下降，SH基总量先升高后下降。而Cu~(2+)浓度的升高引起肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白中ATPase活性和SH基总量含量明显下降，显示了较强的毒性。
4、重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白构象的影响
分别采用FTIR和CD研究重金属离子对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白构象的影响。利用FTIR分析Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cr~(3+)、Cd~(2+)对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白结构的影响，结果表明，重金属离子与肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白结合时，可能与酰胺基结合，羟基、羧基、氨基可能参与配位。重金属离子与蛋白结合后，缔合羟基峰产生红移，酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的位置和相对强度也发生变化。
在低离子浓度时，没有显著的金属-蛋白的相互作用。随离子浓度的增大，重金属离子与蛋白络合物的峰强度和位置发生变化。α-螺旋和β-折叠的变化出现在高离子浓度，α-螺旋减少，β-折叠增加。
利用CD研究了Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白构象的影响。结果表明，加入Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)后，肌动球蛋白和肌球蛋白的α-螺旋减少，β-折叠增加，与FTIR的结果一致。肌球蛋白的α-螺旋从56.9％减到48.1％和38.5％，而β-折叠从13.8％增到25.8％和30.2％。肌动球蛋白的α-螺旋从40.1％降到25.8％和26.8％，β-折叠升到25.0％和22.4％。
With the increasing of contamination of heavy metals, the study of toxicity on fishery products has been attached more importance to. Heavy metals combine with protein and enzyme inside organism after being absorbed, which results in irreversible denaturalization and obstacle of physiological and metabolizable. The researches of enrichment in aquatic lives and toxic mechanism of heavy metals have made a rapid progress, Whereas, there were few reports on the effects of process and configuration on protein. Therefore heavy metals, such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd, of three representative waters and freshwater fishes in Wuhan were determined. The effects of heavy metals on the rheological and gel properties of actomyosin and myosin were analyzed, and the effects on ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content were also discussed. At the same time the influences on configuration of actomyosin and myosin were studied. These main results were indicated as follows:1、Contamination of water and freshwater fishes in lakes of WuhanSamples were analyzed for Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd by ICP-OES in clays, waters and fishes from representative lakes -South Lake, East Lake and Yezhi Lake in Wuhan. The results were obtained as follow: the Cu concentration from Yezhi Lake and the Cd concentration from East Lake were respectively 0.010mg/L and 0.0054mg/L, and higher than that in the standard of water quality in freshwater cultivation. The Cd concentrations of three lakes sediments were 0.95mg/L, 1.07mg/L and 1.13mg/L respectively, and also higher than that in the habitat surroundings requirement of harmless aquatic products. The variety of heavy metals concentrations had been observed in different tissues and organs. Heavy metals were mainly accumulated in scales and gills. The concentrations of heavy metals of mussels were much lower than the health standard of consumptions.2、The effects of heavy metals on rheological and gel properties of actomyosin and myosinThe effects of Zn~(2+),Cu~(2+),Pb~(2+),Cr~(3+),Cd~(2+)on the rheological and gel properties of actomyosin and myosin were determined by a rotary rheometer and texture analyzer. Results showed that the solutions of actomyosin and myosin were artificial model liquid. Comparing heavy metals treatments with no added ones, some changes of viscosity index and rheological coefficient happened. The viscosity index of actomyosin and myosin resolution increased after decreasing, whereas, rheological coefficient had a reverse trend. Heavy metals affected hardness, consistency, viscosity and cohesiveness of resolution. Hardness and consistency firstly had a drop, then had a distinct rise after an addition of Zn~(2+), Cr~(3+) and Cd~(2+), but viscosity and cohesiveness were oppositional. There were no clear effects of Cu~(2+) and Pb~(2+) Heavy metals had notable effects on hardeness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness of gel properties, which reduced edible value.
3、The effects of heavy metals on ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content of actomyosin and myosin
ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content of actomyosin and myosin was studied. The results showed similar trend of actomyosin and myosin by adding heavy metals. With the increasing of Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+)concentration, ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content of actomyosin firstly raised slightly, and then decreased obviously. ATPase activity of myosin dropped, and total sulfhydryl content of myosin is similar to one of actomyosin. But the accession of Cu~(2+) concentration reduced ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl content evidently, which displayed terribly toxicity.
4、The study of heavy metals on actomyosin and myosin by FTIR and CD
The effects of Zn~(2+), Cu~(2+), pb~(2+), Cr~(3+) and Cd~(2+) were analyzed by FTIR. The results showed that metals had a similar effect on actomyosin and myosin, and the acyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl and amide were matched. Aider metals and protein complexed, concluded hydroxyl had Einstein shift, and the position and relative intensity of amideⅠand amideⅡhad changes. At low concentration, there was no major metal-protein reciprocity. With the rise of concentration, some changes occurred in the intensity and location of apex. There were changes ofα-helix andβ-sheet in the presence of high cation concentration,α-helix decreased andβ-sheet rised.
The effect of heavy metal Cu~(2+) and Pb~(2+) on actomyosin and myosin was also studied by CD. The result indicated that considerable changes were observed from those of theα-helix(40.1%) andβ-sheet(16.5%) in the uncomplexed actomyosin to the Cu~(2+) complexesα-helix(25.8%) andβ-sheet(25.0%), and to the Pb~(2+) complexesα-helix(26.8%) andβ-sheet(22.4%). At the same time, there were notable changes from those of theα-helix(56.9%) andβ-sheet(13.8%) in the uncomplexed myosin to the Cu~(2+) complexesα-helix(48.1%) andβ-sheet(13.8%), and to the Pb~(2+) complexesα-helix(38.5%) andβ-sheet(30.2%)
引文
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