光纤光栅传感技术在桥梁健康监测中的应用研究
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摘要
光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)以其优良的传感性能和特点，在桥梁健康监测领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。作为一种新的传感技术，尽管很早就展开了研究，但在实际工程应用水平上，与传统的电磁类传感技术相比，还存在一定的差距。本文针对光纤光栅传感技术的不完善之处，在新型低频加速度传感器研制和传感系统集成的设计和实现方面做了一些研究工作。主要内容包括：
(1)探讨了光纤光栅传感器在实际使用中应变测试时温度补偿、光纤光栅传感器寿命预测、传感系统复用方式等几个问题。
(2)对光纤光栅传感技术进行了不同层面的性能实验。对光纤光栅应变传感器进行了抗电磁干扰、抗零飘、可重复性等基本性能实验，表明光纤光栅传感器有较好的抗电磁干扰、抗零飘、重复性等性能，与传统的电阻应变片相比，性能更稳定、更可靠、更精确；在混凝土模型拟静力实验中，使用了不同类型的光纤光栅传感器，验证了光纤光栅传感器的可靠性和可行性；实桥实验表明光纤光栅传感技术可以用于结构的短、长期健康监测。
(3)研究开发了一种可放大振动信号、工作频带宽的FBG低频加速度传感器。改善了以往用悬臂梁作为弹性元件，栅区直接粘贴在悬臂梁表面带来的啁啾或多峰现象，并且通过增加阻尼，拓宽了传感器的工作频带，并对提出的加速度传感器进行了优化设计。实验结果表明，所设计的光纤光栅振动传感器线性度好，抗横向干扰能力强，灵敏度达到90pm／ms~(-2)，上限工作频率可取到传感器无阻尼固有频率的80％左右，根据土木工程实际应用，还可以进一步调整传感器的设计参数，从而改善其性能；与传统传感器进行了对比实验证明，设计的新型加速度传感器性能良好。
(4)对增敏光纤光栅应变传感器进行了静、动态性能试验，验证了其性能。
(5)设计并实现了以光纤光栅温度传感器、光纤光栅增敏应变传感器和自行研制的加速度传感器组成的桥梁健康监测集成系统；通过对实验模型完好、损伤状态下的测试实验，验证了建构的光纤光栅监测系统集成的有效性，实现了多参数测试，为独立应用光纤光栅传感技术建立桥梁健康监测实测系统奠定了基础。
The research on the application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for bridgehealth monitoring is a recent research focus, owing to their excellent sensing capacity.Although FBG is a new sensing technology, the relative research was developed longbefore. Compared with the traditional electromagnetism technology, the FBG sensingtechnology has some disadvantages in the applications. This dissertation attempts tostudy the fresh problems brought from the new sensing technology, carry out theresearch on a novel FBG low-frequency-measurement accelerometer and design andestablish Bridge Health Monitoring (BHM) system based on FBG technology. As asummary, the research work in this dissertation contains the following:
Firstly, some practical problems related to the temperature compensation whenusing FBG to monitor the strain, the lifetime prediction of FBG, multiplexing modesand design of BHM were analyzed.
Secondly, different levels of tests were carried out. A series of tests wereconducted to compare the performance of the FBG strain sensors with the resistancestrain chips in terms of electromagnetic immunity, zero drift and repeatability. Theresults verified the attractive performances of the FBG strain sensors with respect tostabilization, reliability and veracity. After that, several kinds of FBG sensors wereused for the measurement of a concrete column. The results showed that the FBGsensors had its favorable workability and feasibility. Finally, a FBG sensing systemwas installed on the real Bridges. The success of these applicable researches on thelarge scale projects verified that the FBG sensing technologies have great potentialfor bridge health monitoring.
Thirdly, a special low-frequency-measurement structure is developed to amplifythe vibration response and broaden the working frequency range. A L-shapedstructure is adopted to ward off the chirped phenomenon. Moreover, some dampingliquid is infused into the sensor to increase the working frequency range, and anoptimal design is obtained. A series of shaking table tests were then conducted toevaluate the sensitivity, linearity, transverse anti-jamming ability and amplitude-frequency characteristic of the prototype FBG accelerometer with differentdamping. The result shows that the design concept is feasible, and the sensitivity is upto 90pm/ms~(-2) and the maximum working frequency is about 80% of the undampednatural frequency. Compared with the traditional accelerometer, the prototype FBGaccelerometer shows excellent workability.
Fourthly, the static and dynamic performance tests of the strain FBG enhancedsensors were conducted. The results verified that the strain FBG enhanced sensorshave excellent performance.
Finally, a BHM system was designed. The FBG monitoring system composed ofthe FBG thermometers, the strain FBG enhanced sensors and the above mentionedaccelerometers. The experiments were conducted using a structure model under theintact and damage states. The results showed that the designed monitoring system hadreasonable feasibility.
(1)探讨了光纤光栅传感器在实际使用中应变测试时温度补偿、光纤光栅传感器寿命预测、传感系统复用方式等几个问题。
(2)对光纤光栅传感技术进行了不同层面的性能实验。对光纤光栅应变传感器进行了抗电磁干扰、抗零飘、可重复性等基本性能实验，表明光纤光栅传感器有较好的抗电磁干扰、抗零飘、重复性等性能，与传统的电阻应变片相比，性能更稳定、更可靠、更精确；在混凝土模型拟静力实验中，使用了不同类型的光纤光栅传感器，验证了光纤光栅传感器的可靠性和可行性；实桥实验表明光纤光栅传感技术可以用于结构的短、长期健康监测。
(3)研究开发了一种可放大振动信号、工作频带宽的FBG低频加速度传感器。改善了以往用悬臂梁作为弹性元件，栅区直接粘贴在悬臂梁表面带来的啁啾或多峰现象，并且通过增加阻尼，拓宽了传感器的工作频带，并对提出的加速度传感器进行了优化设计。实验结果表明，所设计的光纤光栅振动传感器线性度好，抗横向干扰能力强，灵敏度达到90pm／ms~(-2)，上限工作频率可取到传感器无阻尼固有频率的80％左右，根据土木工程实际应用，还可以进一步调整传感器的设计参数，从而改善其性能；与传统传感器进行了对比实验证明，设计的新型加速度传感器性能良好。
(4)对增敏光纤光栅应变传感器进行了静、动态性能试验，验证了其性能。
(5)设计并实现了以光纤光栅温度传感器、光纤光栅增敏应变传感器和自行研制的加速度传感器组成的桥梁健康监测集成系统；通过对实验模型完好、损伤状态下的测试实验，验证了建构的光纤光栅监测系统集成的有效性，实现了多参数测试，为独立应用光纤光栅传感技术建立桥梁健康监测实测系统奠定了基础。
The research on the application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for bridgehealth monitoring is a recent research focus, owing to their excellent sensing capacity.Although FBG is a new sensing technology, the relative research was developed longbefore. Compared with the traditional electromagnetism technology, the FBG sensingtechnology has some disadvantages in the applications. This dissertation attempts tostudy the fresh problems brought from the new sensing technology, carry out theresearch on a novel FBG low-frequency-measurement accelerometer and design andestablish Bridge Health Monitoring (BHM) system based on FBG technology. As asummary, the research work in this dissertation contains the following:
Firstly, some practical problems related to the temperature compensation whenusing FBG to monitor the strain, the lifetime prediction of FBG, multiplexing modesand design of BHM were analyzed.
Secondly, different levels of tests were carried out. A series of tests wereconducted to compare the performance of the FBG strain sensors with the resistancestrain chips in terms of electromagnetic immunity, zero drift and repeatability. Theresults verified the attractive performances of the FBG strain sensors with respect tostabilization, reliability and veracity. After that, several kinds of FBG sensors wereused for the measurement of a concrete column. The results showed that the FBGsensors had its favorable workability and feasibility. Finally, a FBG sensing systemwas installed on the real Bridges. The success of these applicable researches on thelarge scale projects verified that the FBG sensing technologies have great potentialfor bridge health monitoring.
Thirdly, a special low-frequency-measurement structure is developed to amplifythe vibration response and broaden the working frequency range. A L-shapedstructure is adopted to ward off the chirped phenomenon. Moreover, some dampingliquid is infused into the sensor to increase the working frequency range, and anoptimal design is obtained. A series of shaking table tests were then conducted toevaluate the sensitivity, linearity, transverse anti-jamming ability and amplitude-frequency characteristic of the prototype FBG accelerometer with differentdamping. The result shows that the design concept is feasible, and the sensitivity is upto 90pm/ms~(-2) and the maximum working frequency is about 80% of the undampednatural frequency. Compared with the traditional accelerometer, the prototype FBGaccelerometer shows excellent workability.
Fourthly, the static and dynamic performance tests of the strain FBG enhancedsensors were conducted. The results verified that the strain FBG enhanced sensorshave excellent performance.
Finally, a BHM system was designed. The FBG monitoring system composed ofthe FBG thermometers, the strain FBG enhanced sensors and the above mentionedaccelerometers. The experiments were conducted using a structure model under theintact and damage states. The results showed that the designed monitoring system hadreasonable feasibility.
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