飞秒激光脉冲时域空域整形及时空耦合特性研究
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摘要
超短超强脉冲激光技术的迅速发展，为人类研究光与物质之间的超快相互作用、探索极端情况下新的物理现象与规律提供了强有力的技术支撑。很多情况下，不仅需要超短超强的飞秒脉冲光束，还对其时域波形与空间光场分布有特定要求，飞秒脉冲光束整形技术已成为超快领域不可或缺的工具，是当今超快研究领域热点之一，其成果已经广泛的应用于飞秒物理学、飞秒化学、信号处理、安全通信、生物学、医学成像以及飞秒微加工等领域。本文以实现飞秒脉冲光束任意时域波形与空间分布的整形为研究目标，对飞秒脉冲光束的时域和空域整形，以及飞秒激光脉冲时空耦合特性进行理论分析和实验研究，主要包括：
1.以零色散4f傅里叶变换脉冲整形为基础研究飞秒激光脉冲时域整形，并以伽利略非球面镜折射整形系统为理论基础，研究飞秒脉冲光束空间整形。对飞秒脉冲光束的时域与空域整形结果进行优化设计，利用模拟退火迭代算法和梯度下降控制算法对飞秒脉冲的时域和空域整形进行补偿反馈优化，并从实验上进行验证。为飞秒脉冲时域与空域整形系统的进一步优化奠定基础。
2.液晶空间光调制器是飞秒脉冲时域与空域整形的核心器件，从实验上检测液晶空间光调制器的输入电压控制与位相调制深度的响应关系，并得到液晶空间光调制器的输入位图灰度级与相位调制深度的关系图，为飞秒脉冲整形系统的误差分析以及液晶空间光调制器的位相控制程序，实现液晶空间光调制器的精确自动化控制提供数据依据。通过对频率分辨光开关法（FROG）的基本原理以及计算机模拟分析，对FROG的误差进行了研究，对完善飞秒脉冲测量仪器的研究以及飞秒脉冲时域整形补偿分析具有重要参考价值。
3.理论上分析了零色散整形系统的分辨率与各光学元件间距角度失调的关系，并详细讨论了间距角度失调对系统效率和输出脉冲时间特性的影响。实验结果表明：透镜位置失调会导致脉冲展宽，且两个透镜位置失调对脉宽展宽的规律对称，光栅位置失调也会导致脉冲展宽。此外，器件角度失调对系统效率的影响大于位置失调。使用600线的光栅、30cm焦距的傅里叶透镜，当间距失调小于0.5cm，角度失调小于9°时可以满足系统效率变化和脉冲展宽都小于5%。在此基础上，提出并设计了嵌套准4f飞秒脉冲时域波形整形系统，可将飞秒脉冲各频率分量在二维方向上展开实现飞秒傅里叶变换时域整形。该系统对有效提高傅里叶平面上液晶空间光调制器像元阵列的利用率，并使得整形系统变得更加紧凑具有潜在的应用价值，并从实验上验证了利用嵌套准4f飞秒脉冲时域波形整形的可行性。
4.研究和分析了伽利略双非球面镜整形系统，并将其引入了飞秒脉冲光束的空间光场分布整形。建立了基于液晶空间光调制器的伽利略非球面镜飞秒脉冲光束空域整形的实验装置，基于该实验装置实验上得到了飞秒高斯空心光束、飞秒超高斯平顶光束。采用直接对飞秒脉冲光束波前相位调制的方法，得到了飞秒径向偏振光束以及飞秒涡旋光束。并对飞秒径向偏振光束以及飞秒涡旋光束的时域特性进行分析，研究了实验装置对飞秒脉冲时域特性的影响。
5.研究了4f整形系统的时空耦合特性，并对一阶空时耦合空间啁啾进行了详细的理论和实验研究。从实验上得到了空间啁啾的飞秒高斯光束、飞秒径向偏振光束以及飞秒涡旋光束的空间啁啾量与相应的时域脉冲宽度的关系，对飞秒脉冲空间啁啾的控制与利用具有重要指导意义。
6.搭建了飞秒脉冲光束的时域波形与空间分布的整形系统，实现了对飞秒脉冲光束任意空间分布以及典型的时域波形分布的整形，并对整形脉冲光束进行时域特性研究。
本文的研究工作主要是搭建飞秒脉冲时域与空域整形系统，研究了飞秒脉冲空时耦合特性，分析了整形系统的色散补偿反馈，提出并验证套嵌整形系统的可行性，总结了整形系统对飞秒脉冲时域特性的影响，并对失调系统进行了研究，为飞秒脉冲光束的时域与空域整形系统的进一步优化提供指导，为未来小型紧凑高效的整形系统的设计提供依据。
The great progresses in ultrafast and ultrahigh femtosecond pulse laser areproviding powerful tools for the investigations on opt-electronic interactions and novalphysical phenomena and rules under extreme conditions. But in many applications, justgeneral ultrafast and ultrahigh laser pulse can not be satisfied and particular temporalwaveforms and special spatial profiles of the laser pulses are needed. Pulse beamshaping techniques become indispensable to realize arbitrary temporal waveforms andspatial profiles, which have been one of the most important scientific researches inultrafast area. Both temporally and spatially shaped ultrafast pulse beam have beenapplied in the studies of ultrashort pulse code division multiple access communications,image processing in biomedicine, femtosecond chemistry, femtosecond physics andfemtosecond ablation and so on. The research target of this paper is to generate arbitaryspatial and temporal waveforms. According to this target theory and experimentalworks about pulse beam shaping and temporal-spatial coupling are investigated in detail.The main contents of this paper are shown as follows:
1. The thesis begins with a comprehensive reviewing about the developmenthistory and updated achievenements and applied backgrounds of the femtosecond pulsebeam temporal and spatial shaping. Based on4f zero-dispersion Fourier transformshaping setup and direct wavefront phase modulating according to the Galileanasperical lenses shaping setup, temporal and spatial shaping are investigated. Dispersioncompensations for temporal and spatial shaping are investigated, which can be used forthe further design of the shaping system.
2. The liquid cystal spatial light modulataor (LC-SLM) is the key opticalcomponent of the shaping setup, of which the relation between input voltage and phaseresponse is experimentally calibrated. Subsequently, the grayscale image phaseresponse is obtained, which can support the automatable control of the LC-SLM.Moreover, by analysis the measuring principle and simulation of the frequency resolvedoptical gating (FROG), the error of the FROG is studied, which is valuable forimproving femtosecond pulse checking and compensating the dispersion of temporalshaping.
3. In order to study the effect of mismatched spacing and angle on zero-dispersionfemtosecond pulse shaping temporal properties, the relation between the resolution andthe mismatched spacing of the system was analyzed in theory. And then the effect ofmismatched spacing and angle on the system efficiency and pulse temporal propertywas discussed. The experimental results indicate that lens misalignment will broadenthe pulse and the influence of the first grating is symmetrical with the influence of thesecond one. Moreover, the influence on system efficiency of angle misalignment ismore serious than spacing misalignment. If600lines per millimeter grating and lens of30centimeter focal length were used, when the angle misalignment is smaller than9°orspacing misalignment is shorter than0.5centimeters, the changing of system efficiencyand pulse width are both smaller than5%. All the results above are helpful to anin-depth study on the zero-dispersion pulse shaping system. Nested qusi-4f pulseshaping setup is proposed, which can disper the frequent components in two dimensionsthat can improve the usage of the LC-SLM.
4. Based on Galilean refractive aspheric lens shaping theory, a setup usingLC-SLM is proposed and the spatial profile of the pulse beam is shaped. Dark hollowGaussian beam and super-Gaussian flattop beam are generated. Based on purepolarizing controlling and direct wavefront phase modulating, fentosecond radiallypolarized beam and vortex beam are generated, and the temporal properties are studied.
5. Temporal-spatial properties of4f shaping setup and spatial chirp in first orderare investigated in detail. The relationships between spatial chirped Gaussian beamvortex beam radially polarized beam and spatial chirp parameters are obtained, whichare valuable for spatial chirp control and utilized.
6. A setup for both temporal and spatial pulse shaping is proposed, based on whicharbitrary spatial profiles and typical temporal waveforms are generated. And thetemporal properties are analyzed in detail.
In a word, this thesis proposes a system for both temporal and spatial shaping offemtosecond pulse beam. Temporal-spatial coupling and dispersion compensation andthe effects of the shaping setup on femtosecond pulse temporal proerties are studied.The effect of mismatched spacing and angle on4f zero-dispersion femtosecond pulseshaping is investigated and nested shaping system is proposed. All the results above areof potential value for improving the shaping system and designing the future minaturecompact and high efficiency shaping system.
1.以零色散4f傅里叶变换脉冲整形为基础研究飞秒激光脉冲时域整形，并以伽利略非球面镜折射整形系统为理论基础，研究飞秒脉冲光束空间整形。对飞秒脉冲光束的时域与空域整形结果进行优化设计，利用模拟退火迭代算法和梯度下降控制算法对飞秒脉冲的时域和空域整形进行补偿反馈优化，并从实验上进行验证。为飞秒脉冲时域与空域整形系统的进一步优化奠定基础。
2.液晶空间光调制器是飞秒脉冲时域与空域整形的核心器件，从实验上检测液晶空间光调制器的输入电压控制与位相调制深度的响应关系，并得到液晶空间光调制器的输入位图灰度级与相位调制深度的关系图，为飞秒脉冲整形系统的误差分析以及液晶空间光调制器的位相控制程序，实现液晶空间光调制器的精确自动化控制提供数据依据。通过对频率分辨光开关法（FROG）的基本原理以及计算机模拟分析，对FROG的误差进行了研究，对完善飞秒脉冲测量仪器的研究以及飞秒脉冲时域整形补偿分析具有重要参考价值。
3.理论上分析了零色散整形系统的分辨率与各光学元件间距角度失调的关系，并详细讨论了间距角度失调对系统效率和输出脉冲时间特性的影响。实验结果表明：透镜位置失调会导致脉冲展宽，且两个透镜位置失调对脉宽展宽的规律对称，光栅位置失调也会导致脉冲展宽。此外，器件角度失调对系统效率的影响大于位置失调。使用600线的光栅、30cm焦距的傅里叶透镜，当间距失调小于0.5cm，角度失调小于9°时可以满足系统效率变化和脉冲展宽都小于5%。在此基础上，提出并设计了嵌套准4f飞秒脉冲时域波形整形系统，可将飞秒脉冲各频率分量在二维方向上展开实现飞秒傅里叶变换时域整形。该系统对有效提高傅里叶平面上液晶空间光调制器像元阵列的利用率，并使得整形系统变得更加紧凑具有潜在的应用价值，并从实验上验证了利用嵌套准4f飞秒脉冲时域波形整形的可行性。
4.研究和分析了伽利略双非球面镜整形系统，并将其引入了飞秒脉冲光束的空间光场分布整形。建立了基于液晶空间光调制器的伽利略非球面镜飞秒脉冲光束空域整形的实验装置，基于该实验装置实验上得到了飞秒高斯空心光束、飞秒超高斯平顶光束。采用直接对飞秒脉冲光束波前相位调制的方法，得到了飞秒径向偏振光束以及飞秒涡旋光束。并对飞秒径向偏振光束以及飞秒涡旋光束的时域特性进行分析，研究了实验装置对飞秒脉冲时域特性的影响。
5.研究了4f整形系统的时空耦合特性，并对一阶空时耦合空间啁啾进行了详细的理论和实验研究。从实验上得到了空间啁啾的飞秒高斯光束、飞秒径向偏振光束以及飞秒涡旋光束的空间啁啾量与相应的时域脉冲宽度的关系，对飞秒脉冲空间啁啾的控制与利用具有重要指导意义。
6.搭建了飞秒脉冲光束的时域波形与空间分布的整形系统，实现了对飞秒脉冲光束任意空间分布以及典型的时域波形分布的整形，并对整形脉冲光束进行时域特性研究。
本文的研究工作主要是搭建飞秒脉冲时域与空域整形系统，研究了飞秒脉冲空时耦合特性，分析了整形系统的色散补偿反馈，提出并验证套嵌整形系统的可行性，总结了整形系统对飞秒脉冲时域特性的影响，并对失调系统进行了研究，为飞秒脉冲光束的时域与空域整形系统的进一步优化提供指导，为未来小型紧凑高效的整形系统的设计提供依据。
The great progresses in ultrafast and ultrahigh femtosecond pulse laser areproviding powerful tools for the investigations on opt-electronic interactions and novalphysical phenomena and rules under extreme conditions. But in many applications, justgeneral ultrafast and ultrahigh laser pulse can not be satisfied and particular temporalwaveforms and special spatial profiles of the laser pulses are needed. Pulse beamshaping techniques become indispensable to realize arbitrary temporal waveforms andspatial profiles, which have been one of the most important scientific researches inultrafast area. Both temporally and spatially shaped ultrafast pulse beam have beenapplied in the studies of ultrashort pulse code division multiple access communications,image processing in biomedicine, femtosecond chemistry, femtosecond physics andfemtosecond ablation and so on. The research target of this paper is to generate arbitaryspatial and temporal waveforms. According to this target theory and experimentalworks about pulse beam shaping and temporal-spatial coupling are investigated in detail.The main contents of this paper are shown as follows:
1. The thesis begins with a comprehensive reviewing about the developmenthistory and updated achievenements and applied backgrounds of the femtosecond pulsebeam temporal and spatial shaping. Based on4f zero-dispersion Fourier transformshaping setup and direct wavefront phase modulating according to the Galileanasperical lenses shaping setup, temporal and spatial shaping are investigated. Dispersioncompensations for temporal and spatial shaping are investigated, which can be used forthe further design of the shaping system.
2. The liquid cystal spatial light modulataor (LC-SLM) is the key opticalcomponent of the shaping setup, of which the relation between input voltage and phaseresponse is experimentally calibrated. Subsequently, the grayscale image phaseresponse is obtained, which can support the automatable control of the LC-SLM.Moreover, by analysis the measuring principle and simulation of the frequency resolvedoptical gating (FROG), the error of the FROG is studied, which is valuable forimproving femtosecond pulse checking and compensating the dispersion of temporalshaping.
3. In order to study the effect of mismatched spacing and angle on zero-dispersionfemtosecond pulse shaping temporal properties, the relation between the resolution andthe mismatched spacing of the system was analyzed in theory. And then the effect ofmismatched spacing and angle on the system efficiency and pulse temporal propertywas discussed. The experimental results indicate that lens misalignment will broadenthe pulse and the influence of the first grating is symmetrical with the influence of thesecond one. Moreover, the influence on system efficiency of angle misalignment ismore serious than spacing misalignment. If600lines per millimeter grating and lens of30centimeter focal length were used, when the angle misalignment is smaller than9°orspacing misalignment is shorter than0.5centimeters, the changing of system efficiencyand pulse width are both smaller than5%. All the results above are helpful to anin-depth study on the zero-dispersion pulse shaping system. Nested qusi-4f pulseshaping setup is proposed, which can disper the frequent components in two dimensionsthat can improve the usage of the LC-SLM.
4. Based on Galilean refractive aspheric lens shaping theory, a setup usingLC-SLM is proposed and the spatial profile of the pulse beam is shaped. Dark hollowGaussian beam and super-Gaussian flattop beam are generated. Based on purepolarizing controlling and direct wavefront phase modulating, fentosecond radiallypolarized beam and vortex beam are generated, and the temporal properties are studied.
5. Temporal-spatial properties of4f shaping setup and spatial chirp in first orderare investigated in detail. The relationships between spatial chirped Gaussian beamvortex beam radially polarized beam and spatial chirp parameters are obtained, whichare valuable for spatial chirp control and utilized.
6. A setup for both temporal and spatial pulse shaping is proposed, based on whicharbitrary spatial profiles and typical temporal waveforms are generated. And thetemporal properties are analyzed in detail.
In a word, this thesis proposes a system for both temporal and spatial shaping offemtosecond pulse beam. Temporal-spatial coupling and dispersion compensation andthe effects of the shaping setup on femtosecond pulse temporal proerties are studied.The effect of mismatched spacing and angle on4f zero-dispersion femtosecond pulseshaping is investigated and nested shaping system is proposed. All the results above areof potential value for improving the shaping system and designing the future minaturecompact and high efficiency shaping system.
引文
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