新型光子晶体光纤及其实用化相关技术研究
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摘要
自1996年问世以来,光子晶体光纤以其传统光纤难以企及的独特特性,受到国内外科研人员的广泛关注。目前光子晶体光纤的应用领域已经扩展到光通信、光传感以及光电子学等众多领域。应用领域的不断拓展,迫切需要研发各种新型高性能光子晶体光纤,以及在光子晶体光纤的制作水平、接续问题及测试系统等方面的研究突破。
本论文在国家自然科学基金项目“色散、色散斜率一体化宽带补偿光子晶体光纤的研制及其应用研究”和国家973计划项目“面向光路交换网络的光纤器件理论与关键技术研究”的资助下,针对新型高性能光子晶体光纤设计及其实用化进程中亟待解决的光纤制作、熔接等问题进行了深入的理论和实验研究,同时开展光子晶体光纤M-Z型干涉仪及其传感应用研究,获得的主要创新成果如下：
1.基于全矢量有限元方法,采用内芯掺锗的双芯结构设计出一种新型色散补偿光纤。根据实际光纤预制棒的制作,首次分析内芯折射率凹陷对光纤色散特性的影响,研究结果表明,具有掺锗芯的光纤设计中应充分考虑中心凹陷参数的改变对相位匹配波长的影响。
2.针对色散补偿光纤的制作实现问题,提出了一种内芯采用纯硅、环芯引入掺氟棒构成大模场面积色散补偿光纤结构,纯硅内芯有利于降低光纤的传输损耗,掺氟环芯有利于提高光纤制作的容错能力,降低制作难度。
3.基于自制的掺锗芯PCF,研制出结构简单的M-Z干涉仪,并开展了基于该干涉仪的高低温度传感和张力传感实验,研究表明掺锗芯PCF在温度传感中温度敏感系数高(低温20～140℃：-43pm／℃,高温800～1050℃：-34.64pm／℃),干涉波形随温度增加均向短波长方向移动,最高可测量温度达到1030℃。在张力传感中具有很好的线性度,而且张力敏感系数较低,配合其温度敏感系数高的特性,这种干涉仪可以应用于温度和张力同时存在的情况,实现张力不敏感的温度传感。
4.基于谐振耦合理论,提出一种新型单偏振单模光子晶体光纤。数值分析表明,其单偏振单模带宽可达1000nm以上,远远高于现有报道的单偏振单模光纤,且输出模场呈近高斯分布,大的模场面积有利于降低与传统单模光纤的接续损耗。研究确定了中心芯折射率增加范围,并对其损耗特性进行优化设计,使x偏振模的损耗提高逾30dB,更有效的保证了光纤的单偏振性能。
5.基于管棒堆积拉丝法,开展了长期的光子晶体光纤制作工艺探索。研制出掺锗芯光子晶体光纤、保偏光子晶体光纤、单偏振单模光子晶体光纤、色散补偿光子晶体光纤以及具有光子晶体外包层的双包层光纤。通过优化熔接参数利用普通电弧熔接机,实现了掺锗芯光子晶体光纤和普通单模光纤低损耗熔接。
Ever since 1996, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have been attracting the interests of scientists all over the world owing to their unique properties. Along with the appearance of different kinds of PCFs and the progress of their fabrication techniques, a number of potential applications of PCFs have been developed. Up to now PCFs have been applied in a wide range of areas, such as optical communication, fiber sensor, and optoelectronics and so on. With the expansion of their application, many kinds of novel high performance PCFs are required to be developed, and some problems such as fabrication, splicing and testing systems for PCFs need to be broken through.
This dissertation is supported by National Nature Science Foundation Program "Study on the integrated broadband dispersion and dispersion slope compensation photonic crystal fibers and their applications" and the National 973 Program "Research on the theory and key techniques of optical fiber devices towards the optical switching networks". It mainly focuses on the theoretical and experimental investigations on the novel PCFs and their fabrication and splicing techniques, the M-Z fiber interferometers based on the developed PCF and its sensing applications. The main achievements are listed as follows:
1. Based on full vector finite element method, novel dual-concentric core dispersion compensation PCF is designed by inducing Ge-doped inner core. For the first time the influences of the central index dip in the inner core which is caused by the fabrication of fiber preform on the fiber dispersion is analyzed. Numerical results demonstrate that the effect of the central index dip of the inner core should not be neglected due to its effect on the phase matching wavelength shifts.
2. A kind of novel DCPCF with pure silica in the inner core and fluorine-doped rods in the ring core is proposed. It has large mode field area and is easy to keep the optical properties of this DCPCF during the fabrication process. Moreover, the transmission loss can be further lowed due to pure silica inner core.
3. Based on the home-made Ge-doped core PCF, the simple structured M-Z interferometers are successfully fabricated. They are applied in the experiment of low and high temperature sensing and strain sensing. The experimental results indicate that the Ge-doped core PCF interferometer has high temperature sensitive coefficient which reaches to-43pm/℃in the low temperature (20～140℃) experiment and-34.64pm/℃in high temperature (800～1050℃) measurement, and the interference spectrum shifts towards the short wavelength as the temperature increase. The highest measuring temperature is as high as 1030℃. In the strain sensing, the interferometer has good linearity and low strain sensitive coefficient. With its high temperature sensitive coefficient, this interferometer can be used as strain-insensitive temperature sensor.
4. Based on the analysis of the resonant coupling theory, a new type of single-polarization single-mode PCF is proposed. Numerical results show that the bandwidth of the single-polarization single-mode PCF is great than 1000nm and much wider than the existing structures. The output mode field of this PCF is nearly Gaussian distribution, and the mode area of this PCF is similar to that of SMF which is helpful to reduce the splice loss between this PCF and SMF. In addition, the increment of central core refractive index is determined from the analysis. Through optimizing the confinement loss, the confinement loss of x-polarized mode can be increased more than 30dB which can efficiently ensure the single-polarization properties of the fiber.
5. With the stack-draw method, various kinds of PCF such as Ge-doped core PCFs, polarization maintaining PCF, single-polarization single-mode PCF, dispersion compensation PCF, and photonic crystal dual-cladding fiber are successfully fabricated. By optimizing the fusion parameters, the low splicing loss between Ge-doped core PCF and SMF can be realized by using a conventional arc fusion splicer.
本论文在国家自然科学基金项目“色散、色散斜率一体化宽带补偿光子晶体光纤的研制及其应用研究”和国家973计划项目“面向光路交换网络的光纤器件理论与关键技术研究”的资助下,针对新型高性能光子晶体光纤设计及其实用化进程中亟待解决的光纤制作、熔接等问题进行了深入的理论和实验研究,同时开展光子晶体光纤M-Z型干涉仪及其传感应用研究,获得的主要创新成果如下：
1.基于全矢量有限元方法,采用内芯掺锗的双芯结构设计出一种新型色散补偿光纤。根据实际光纤预制棒的制作,首次分析内芯折射率凹陷对光纤色散特性的影响,研究结果表明,具有掺锗芯的光纤设计中应充分考虑中心凹陷参数的改变对相位匹配波长的影响。
2.针对色散补偿光纤的制作实现问题,提出了一种内芯采用纯硅、环芯引入掺氟棒构成大模场面积色散补偿光纤结构,纯硅内芯有利于降低光纤的传输损耗,掺氟环芯有利于提高光纤制作的容错能力,降低制作难度。
3.基于自制的掺锗芯PCF,研制出结构简单的M-Z干涉仪,并开展了基于该干涉仪的高低温度传感和张力传感实验,研究表明掺锗芯PCF在温度传感中温度敏感系数高(低温20～140℃：-43pm／℃,高温800～1050℃：-34.64pm／℃),干涉波形随温度增加均向短波长方向移动,最高可测量温度达到1030℃。在张力传感中具有很好的线性度,而且张力敏感系数较低,配合其温度敏感系数高的特性,这种干涉仪可以应用于温度和张力同时存在的情况,实现张力不敏感的温度传感。
4.基于谐振耦合理论,提出一种新型单偏振单模光子晶体光纤。数值分析表明,其单偏振单模带宽可达1000nm以上,远远高于现有报道的单偏振单模光纤,且输出模场呈近高斯分布,大的模场面积有利于降低与传统单模光纤的接续损耗。研究确定了中心芯折射率增加范围,并对其损耗特性进行优化设计,使x偏振模的损耗提高逾30dB,更有效的保证了光纤的单偏振性能。
5.基于管棒堆积拉丝法,开展了长期的光子晶体光纤制作工艺探索。研制出掺锗芯光子晶体光纤、保偏光子晶体光纤、单偏振单模光子晶体光纤、色散补偿光子晶体光纤以及具有光子晶体外包层的双包层光纤。通过优化熔接参数利用普通电弧熔接机,实现了掺锗芯光子晶体光纤和普通单模光纤低损耗熔接。
Ever since 1996, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have been attracting the interests of scientists all over the world owing to their unique properties. Along with the appearance of different kinds of PCFs and the progress of their fabrication techniques, a number of potential applications of PCFs have been developed. Up to now PCFs have been applied in a wide range of areas, such as optical communication, fiber sensor, and optoelectronics and so on. With the expansion of their application, many kinds of novel high performance PCFs are required to be developed, and some problems such as fabrication, splicing and testing systems for PCFs need to be broken through.
This dissertation is supported by National Nature Science Foundation Program "Study on the integrated broadband dispersion and dispersion slope compensation photonic crystal fibers and their applications" and the National 973 Program "Research on the theory and key techniques of optical fiber devices towards the optical switching networks". It mainly focuses on the theoretical and experimental investigations on the novel PCFs and their fabrication and splicing techniques, the M-Z fiber interferometers based on the developed PCF and its sensing applications. The main achievements are listed as follows:
1. Based on full vector finite element method, novel dual-concentric core dispersion compensation PCF is designed by inducing Ge-doped inner core. For the first time the influences of the central index dip in the inner core which is caused by the fabrication of fiber preform on the fiber dispersion is analyzed. Numerical results demonstrate that the effect of the central index dip of the inner core should not be neglected due to its effect on the phase matching wavelength shifts.
2. A kind of novel DCPCF with pure silica in the inner core and fluorine-doped rods in the ring core is proposed. It has large mode field area and is easy to keep the optical properties of this DCPCF during the fabrication process. Moreover, the transmission loss can be further lowed due to pure silica inner core.
3. Based on the home-made Ge-doped core PCF, the simple structured M-Z interferometers are successfully fabricated. They are applied in the experiment of low and high temperature sensing and strain sensing. The experimental results indicate that the Ge-doped core PCF interferometer has high temperature sensitive coefficient which reaches to-43pm/℃in the low temperature (20～140℃) experiment and-34.64pm/℃in high temperature (800～1050℃) measurement, and the interference spectrum shifts towards the short wavelength as the temperature increase. The highest measuring temperature is as high as 1030℃. In the strain sensing, the interferometer has good linearity and low strain sensitive coefficient. With its high temperature sensitive coefficient, this interferometer can be used as strain-insensitive temperature sensor.
4. Based on the analysis of the resonant coupling theory, a new type of single-polarization single-mode PCF is proposed. Numerical results show that the bandwidth of the single-polarization single-mode PCF is great than 1000nm and much wider than the existing structures. The output mode field of this PCF is nearly Gaussian distribution, and the mode area of this PCF is similar to that of SMF which is helpful to reduce the splice loss between this PCF and SMF. In addition, the increment of central core refractive index is determined from the analysis. Through optimizing the confinement loss, the confinement loss of x-polarized mode can be increased more than 30dB which can efficiently ensure the single-polarization properties of the fiber.
5. With the stack-draw method, various kinds of PCF such as Ge-doped core PCFs, polarization maintaining PCF, single-polarization single-mode PCF, dispersion compensation PCF, and photonic crystal dual-cladding fiber are successfully fabricated. By optimizing the fusion parameters, the low splicing loss between Ge-doped core PCF and SMF can be realized by using a conventional arc fusion splicer.
引文
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