WDM光传送网保护设计的研究
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摘要
进入九十年代以来，随着网络技术的发展以及新的Internet应用的出现，全球Internet业务呈现出一种爆炸式增长的趋势，由此对传输网络的带宽要求越来越高。有些传统的IP骨干网是基于SONET(SDH)的IP／ATM／SONET网络。SONET(SDH)目前常用的传输速率为2.5Gbit／s(OC48通道)和10Gbit／s(OC-192通道)，由于电领域的技术限制，进一步提高SONET(SDH)的传输速率已非常困难，然而一根光纤可提供的理论传输带宽约为50THz，可见光纤的容量还远远没有得到充分的利用。波分复用技术(Wavelength Division Multiplexing，WDM)允许在一根光纤中同时传输若干路不同波长的光信号，是目前充分利用光纤容量的方法中最具吸引力的一种。利用WDM传输技术和波长路由选择在物理网络上构架光层(Optical Layer)或虚拓扑层，对高层(例如IP层)提供大容量且结构灵活可变的传输通道，将成为未来Internet骨干网的核心传输方式。本文主要研究和WDM光传送网生存性有关的问题，主要集中在以下几个方面：抗毁WDM网络中的基于优先级的波长分配算法，网状WDM网络的抗毁设计，不考虑波长连续性限制时WDM网络的保护设计，以及考虑波长连续性限制时WDM网络的保护设计和波长转换器的合理放置。
第二章研究了抗毁WDM光传送网络中支持多优先级的波长分配算法。本章首先说明如何在动态业务下为每一光路请求提供可靠的连接，然后提出了两种基于优先级的波长分配方法。首次研究了动态业务环境中，在考虑网络生存性的前提下，基于优先级的波长分配算法的性能，并分析了业务量负载、单光纤链路中的可用波长数和每条链路包含的光纤数对网络性能的影响。
第三章研究了网状多光纤WDM网络的抗毁设计和性能分析。首先针对新的优化目标，建立整数线性规划(ILP)模型，对多光纤网状WDM网络进行抗毁设计，使用的保护策略包括共享通道保护和共享链路保护。然后以类CERNET网为例，给出求解结果并研究了不同保护策略的特点和波长转换对目标函数值的影响。最后用仿真的方法研究了动态业务并提供可靠连接的情况下，波长转换对连接请求阻塞率性能的影响。
第四章针对虚拓扑设计问题中的子问题2-如何在物理网络上合理放置光路以避免可能出现的失效扩散进行了深入研究。本文作者提出的VTMPD算法弥补了已有文献中的保护设计算法的不足，计算结果表明在负载均衡、实用性方面都有明显提高。
目前具备全波长转换能力的波长路由节点仍然相当昂贵，所以实际应用中为所有网络节点装配全波长转换器的作法尚不现实。因此有必要研究网络节点无波长转换能力和只有部分节点具有波长转换能力情况下的保护设计问题。第五章首先针对过去已有文献在保护设计时没有考虑波长连续性限制的不足，给出一种全新的保护设计算法。这种基于分层图的用于保护设计的虚拓扑映射算
摘 要
一
法除了以保护设计为目标外，将同时处理为光路寻找路由和为光路分配波长两
个子问题，并尽量均衡物理链路的负载和严格道守链路的容量限制。然后作者
又在这一算法的基础上提出了一种有效放置波长转换器的算法，只使用少量的
波长转换器就能获得与不考虑波长连续性限制时相近或相同的性能。这种保护
设计算法更加灵活和经济，实用性也更强。
作者在对本文提出和研究的各种算法进行性能测试和比较时，主要使用了
三类方法：＊）离散事件系统的计算机仿真。主要针对动态业务下的各种选路和
波长分配算法的研究，用于本文第二章和第三章。m使用整数线性规划法建立
网络模型，然后使用数学软件包求解此模型，用于本文第三章。间编写专用的
启发式算法解决复杂的网络设计问题，用于本文第四章和第五章。本文将在第
六章详细介绍作者进行的仿真和计算工作，给出本文提出的各种算法的伪码。
第七章分析了当前WDM网络研究领域的一些趋势，指出了一些热点问题。最
后是全文总结。
With the development of networking technologies and new services of Internet, there is an
explosive growth trend of Internet traffic, which needs tremendous network bandwidth. Some traditional IP backbone networks are IP/ATM/SONET architecture. Current transport rate of SONET or SDH is mostly 2.5Gb/s and lOGb/s. It is difficult to increase transport rate of SONET further because of the limitation of electronic domain. As we know, a single fiber can support more than SOTHz lower-loss bandwidth in theory. Their bandwidth is still underutilized. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a promising approach that can use the enormous bandwidth of the optical fiber. A single fib^r can be employed for multiple data streams simultaneously. All-optical networks employing the concept of WDM and wavelength routing are considered as the transport networks for the future. In this dissertation, we consider following problems: priority-based wavelength assignment algorithm in restorable WDM transport networks, design of resilient WDM mesh networks, design protection for WDM networks without and with considering wavelength continuity constraint, efficient placement of wavelength converters.
WDM Network will play important role in future backbone networks. It is necessary that WDM networks have the capability against component failure and support multi-priority. Two priority-based wavelength assignment methods, Wavelength Number Method and Assignment Quota Method, are proposed in Chapter 2. We study network performance when these wavelength assignment methods are used for survivable WDM network in dynamic traffic pattern. Contents include influences on blocking probability from traffic load, total number of available wavelengths per link, and the number of fibers per link.
Integer Linear Programming (1LP) method for designing resilient WDM mesh networks is given in Chapter 3. Two types of protection strategies, Shared-Path Protection and Shared-Link Protection, are used. The optimization objective is to minimize the total fiber length needed. CERNET is used as an example. By solving ILP models, the features of different protection strategies are analyzed. The influence of wavelength conversion on the optimization objective is also investigated.
In network architecture using overlay mode, internal dependence of lightpaths could lead to the critical status that the failure of a physical fiber leaves the virtual topology unconnected. This may make the restoration of service by the higher level networks using the WDM network (such
as SDH, ATM or IP) impossible. It is necessary to avoid the above cases while embedding virtual topology into physical topology. VTMPD algorithm proposed in Chapter 4 aims at Design Protection, considering load balance and capacity constraint of physical links simultaneously. We also compare the performance of VTMPD with the existent DAP algorithm. The numerical results show that VTMPD algorithm is better than DAP algorithm.
DAP algorithm always assumes that all network nodes have full-range wavelength conversion capability. However, full-range converters are still expensive. A new heuristic algorithm, called Virtual Topology Mapping for Design Protection Based on Layered Graph (LG_VTMDP), used in design protection for WDM optical networks is proposed in Chapter 5. The algorithm considers two problems of routing and wavelength assignment simultaneously. Load balancing and capacity constraints of physical links are also considered. The LG_VTMDP algorithm is shown to perform better than the combination of the DAP algorithm and existent wavelength assignment algorithms. Based on the result of the LG_VTMDP algorithm, an efficient Wavelength Converter Placement (WCP) algorithm is presented subsequently.
We have used three methods to evaluate all the algorithms mentioned in this dissertation. The main frames of these method and pseudo codes of the algorithms proposed in this dissertation are given in Chapter 6.
第二章研究了抗毁WDM光传送网络中支持多优先级的波长分配算法。本章首先说明如何在动态业务下为每一光路请求提供可靠的连接，然后提出了两种基于优先级的波长分配方法。首次研究了动态业务环境中，在考虑网络生存性的前提下，基于优先级的波长分配算法的性能，并分析了业务量负载、单光纤链路中的可用波长数和每条链路包含的光纤数对网络性能的影响。
第三章研究了网状多光纤WDM网络的抗毁设计和性能分析。首先针对新的优化目标，建立整数线性规划(ILP)模型，对多光纤网状WDM网络进行抗毁设计，使用的保护策略包括共享通道保护和共享链路保护。然后以类CERNET网为例，给出求解结果并研究了不同保护策略的特点和波长转换对目标函数值的影响。最后用仿真的方法研究了动态业务并提供可靠连接的情况下，波长转换对连接请求阻塞率性能的影响。
第四章针对虚拓扑设计问题中的子问题2-如何在物理网络上合理放置光路以避免可能出现的失效扩散进行了深入研究。本文作者提出的VTMPD算法弥补了已有文献中的保护设计算法的不足，计算结果表明在负载均衡、实用性方面都有明显提高。
目前具备全波长转换能力的波长路由节点仍然相当昂贵，所以实际应用中为所有网络节点装配全波长转换器的作法尚不现实。因此有必要研究网络节点无波长转换能力和只有部分节点具有波长转换能力情况下的保护设计问题。第五章首先针对过去已有文献在保护设计时没有考虑波长连续性限制的不足，给出一种全新的保护设计算法。这种基于分层图的用于保护设计的虚拓扑映射算
摘 要
一
法除了以保护设计为目标外，将同时处理为光路寻找路由和为光路分配波长两
个子问题，并尽量均衡物理链路的负载和严格道守链路的容量限制。然后作者
又在这一算法的基础上提出了一种有效放置波长转换器的算法，只使用少量的
波长转换器就能获得与不考虑波长连续性限制时相近或相同的性能。这种保护
设计算法更加灵活和经济，实用性也更强。
作者在对本文提出和研究的各种算法进行性能测试和比较时，主要使用了
三类方法：＊）离散事件系统的计算机仿真。主要针对动态业务下的各种选路和
波长分配算法的研究，用于本文第二章和第三章。m使用整数线性规划法建立
网络模型，然后使用数学软件包求解此模型，用于本文第三章。间编写专用的
启发式算法解决复杂的网络设计问题，用于本文第四章和第五章。本文将在第
六章详细介绍作者进行的仿真和计算工作，给出本文提出的各种算法的伪码。
第七章分析了当前WDM网络研究领域的一些趋势，指出了一些热点问题。最
后是全文总结。
With the development of networking technologies and new services of Internet, there is an
explosive growth trend of Internet traffic, which needs tremendous network bandwidth. Some traditional IP backbone networks are IP/ATM/SONET architecture. Current transport rate of SONET or SDH is mostly 2.5Gb/s and lOGb/s. It is difficult to increase transport rate of SONET further because of the limitation of electronic domain. As we know, a single fiber can support more than SOTHz lower-loss bandwidth in theory. Their bandwidth is still underutilized. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a promising approach that can use the enormous bandwidth of the optical fiber. A single fib^r can be employed for multiple data streams simultaneously. All-optical networks employing the concept of WDM and wavelength routing are considered as the transport networks for the future. In this dissertation, we consider following problems: priority-based wavelength assignment algorithm in restorable WDM transport networks, design of resilient WDM mesh networks, design protection for WDM networks without and with considering wavelength continuity constraint, efficient placement of wavelength converters.
WDM Network will play important role in future backbone networks. It is necessary that WDM networks have the capability against component failure and support multi-priority. Two priority-based wavelength assignment methods, Wavelength Number Method and Assignment Quota Method, are proposed in Chapter 2. We study network performance when these wavelength assignment methods are used for survivable WDM network in dynamic traffic pattern. Contents include influences on blocking probability from traffic load, total number of available wavelengths per link, and the number of fibers per link.
Integer Linear Programming (1LP) method for designing resilient WDM mesh networks is given in Chapter 3. Two types of protection strategies, Shared-Path Protection and Shared-Link Protection, are used. The optimization objective is to minimize the total fiber length needed. CERNET is used as an example. By solving ILP models, the features of different protection strategies are analyzed. The influence of wavelength conversion on the optimization objective is also investigated.
In network architecture using overlay mode, internal dependence of lightpaths could lead to the critical status that the failure of a physical fiber leaves the virtual topology unconnected. This may make the restoration of service by the higher level networks using the WDM network (such
as SDH, ATM or IP) impossible. It is necessary to avoid the above cases while embedding virtual topology into physical topology. VTMPD algorithm proposed in Chapter 4 aims at Design Protection, considering load balance and capacity constraint of physical links simultaneously. We also compare the performance of VTMPD with the existent DAP algorithm. The numerical results show that VTMPD algorithm is better than DAP algorithm.
DAP algorithm always assumes that all network nodes have full-range wavelength conversion capability. However, full-range converters are still expensive. A new heuristic algorithm, called Virtual Topology Mapping for Design Protection Based on Layered Graph (LG_VTMDP), used in design protection for WDM optical networks is proposed in Chapter 5. The algorithm considers two problems of routing and wavelength assignment simultaneously. Load balancing and capacity constraints of physical links are also considered. The LG_VTMDP algorithm is shown to perform better than the combination of the DAP algorithm and existent wavelength assignment algorithms. Based on the result of the LG_VTMDP algorithm, an efficient Wavelength Converter Placement (WCP) algorithm is presented subsequently.
We have used three methods to evaluate all the algorithms mentioned in this dissertation. The main frames of these method and pseudo codes of the algorithms proposed in this dissertation are given in Chapter 6.
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