大跨建筑表皮的参数化设计方法研究
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摘要
随着计算机的发展，参数化的设计工具已经在建筑领域方兴未艾，但多数人对参数化的认知还停留在它是一种能设计各种自由形态的工具，不可否认，实现各种自由形态的建筑是参数化工具的一大功用，但更主要的是它还是一种全面辅助建筑师设计的方法，并可应用在建筑设计的各个环节。
大跨度建筑具有结构制约性强、空间体量大和文化指向性强这三个不同于一般建筑的特点，这些特点通过表皮的四大职能来实现，包括功能职能、生态职能、形式职能和建造职能。本文从认知心理学的角度分析了设计客体的本质、设计主体的思维规律以及参数化平台在设计思维中的优势与局限，并依此为理论依据构建了大跨建筑表皮的设计方法，并在参数化平台的能力范围内确定了具体的设计步骤，即设计要求的参数化图解建构、设计矛盾处理顺序的参数化建构及设计图解的参数化实现。
在设计要求的参数化图解建构方面，本文搭建了一条完整的“生成—检测—决策”参数化循环链条，并将围绕设计要求收集来的参数分为生成参数、检测参数和决策参数三类。在设计链条的每一个环节中，都依据“元设计”的思维类型组织这些参数，以提高设计效率。
在设计矛盾处理顺序的参数化建构方面，本文依据系统科学理论分析了大跨建筑表皮三个矛盾系统（表皮形态矛盾系统、表皮孔洞矛盾系统和表皮附着材料矛盾系统）的空间结构和时间结构，并根据矛盾的类型和解决矛盾时应用的方法，判定矛盾解决的难易程度。而后利用特征向量法为矛盾各方赋权，确定矛盾处理的先后顺序，并用计算机编程实现自动查询。
在设计图解的参数化实现方面，本文依据人脑的记忆模式建立了数据分类准则、数据表达方式以及数据库的设计方法，并演示了材料、结构和构造数据库的多种查询方式。最后以查询到的解为原型，通过相应的参数变化丰富大跨建筑表皮的形态。
总之，本文将参数化视为一系列辅助设计思维的工具与方法的集合（参数化平台），并努力挖掘它在计算、记忆和可视化方面的优势，使其能减少建筑师在设计过程中迭代的次数，并提高每次迭代的速度，最终使建筑师可以将更多的时间和精力投入到电脑尚不能替代的创造活动中去。
As the development of computers, the parametric design tool has beenunfolding, but most people still think that it is a tool which can be used to design agreat many of free forms. Actually，designing architectures with free forms is one ofthe purposes of the parametric tool, additionally, it is also a design method whichcan help architects in all aspects and be used in every step of the architecturaldesign.
Long-span architectures have three features which are different from othergeneral architectures, including strong structural conditionality, huge space volumeand strong cultural directivity. These features can be realized by the surface’s fourroles, such as functional role, ecological role, formal role and construction role.From the angle of the cognitive psychology, it analyzes the essence of the design’sobject, the thinking rule of the design’s subject as well as the advantages anddisvantages of the parametric platform in the design thinking. Based on thistheoretical foundation, it constructs the design method of the long-spanarchitecture’s surface and the specific design steps within the limits of theparametric platform’s ability. The steps are the parametric construction of thedesign requirements’ diagrams, the parametric construction of the designcontradictions’ solution order and the parametric realization of the design diagrams.
From the aspect of the parametric construction of the design requirements’diagram, it sets up a complete recycling chain of the parametric design, which is“generation—examination—desicion”, and divides the parameters collected aroundthe design requirements into three categories: generation parameters, examinationparameters and decision parameters. In each segment of the design chain, itorganizes these parameters based on the thinking types of the “meta-design” inorder to increase the design efficiency.
From the aspect of the parametric construction of the design contradictions’solution order, it analyzes the space structure and time structure of the threecontradictional systems (surface’s formal contradictional system, surface’s holecontradictional system and surface’s adhereing material contradictional system)based on the system theory. It also judges the difficulty level of the solution on thebasis of the contradiction types and solution methods. Then, it calculates theweightness of the different parties of a contradiction with the characteristic vectormethod in order to determine the solution order, meanwhile, the process can beprogrammed for automatic query.
From the aspect of the parametric realization of the design diagrams, it establishes the classification rule of the data, the expression way of the data and thedesign method of the database according to the brain’s memory mode, and alsoshows various kinds of data inquiry of the material database, the structure databaseand the construction database. At last, it treats the inquiry result as a prototype andchanges its parameters for more forms of the long-span architectures’ surface.
In a word, the paper treats the parameterization as a set of a series of tools andmethods to aid design thinking, and tries to tap its advantages in the computation,storage and visualization in order to reduce the number of the iteration and increaseeach one’s speed, so architects can input more time and energy into the creationwhich the computers cannot even replace.
大跨度建筑具有结构制约性强、空间体量大和文化指向性强这三个不同于一般建筑的特点，这些特点通过表皮的四大职能来实现，包括功能职能、生态职能、形式职能和建造职能。本文从认知心理学的角度分析了设计客体的本质、设计主体的思维规律以及参数化平台在设计思维中的优势与局限，并依此为理论依据构建了大跨建筑表皮的设计方法，并在参数化平台的能力范围内确定了具体的设计步骤，即设计要求的参数化图解建构、设计矛盾处理顺序的参数化建构及设计图解的参数化实现。
在设计要求的参数化图解建构方面，本文搭建了一条完整的“生成—检测—决策”参数化循环链条，并将围绕设计要求收集来的参数分为生成参数、检测参数和决策参数三类。在设计链条的每一个环节中，都依据“元设计”的思维类型组织这些参数，以提高设计效率。
在设计矛盾处理顺序的参数化建构方面，本文依据系统科学理论分析了大跨建筑表皮三个矛盾系统（表皮形态矛盾系统、表皮孔洞矛盾系统和表皮附着材料矛盾系统）的空间结构和时间结构，并根据矛盾的类型和解决矛盾时应用的方法，判定矛盾解决的难易程度。而后利用特征向量法为矛盾各方赋权，确定矛盾处理的先后顺序，并用计算机编程实现自动查询。
在设计图解的参数化实现方面，本文依据人脑的记忆模式建立了数据分类准则、数据表达方式以及数据库的设计方法，并演示了材料、结构和构造数据库的多种查询方式。最后以查询到的解为原型，通过相应的参数变化丰富大跨建筑表皮的形态。
总之，本文将参数化视为一系列辅助设计思维的工具与方法的集合（参数化平台），并努力挖掘它在计算、记忆和可视化方面的优势，使其能减少建筑师在设计过程中迭代的次数，并提高每次迭代的速度，最终使建筑师可以将更多的时间和精力投入到电脑尚不能替代的创造活动中去。
As the development of computers, the parametric design tool has beenunfolding, but most people still think that it is a tool which can be used to design agreat many of free forms. Actually，designing architectures with free forms is one ofthe purposes of the parametric tool, additionally, it is also a design method whichcan help architects in all aspects and be used in every step of the architecturaldesign.
Long-span architectures have three features which are different from othergeneral architectures, including strong structural conditionality, huge space volumeand strong cultural directivity. These features can be realized by the surface’s fourroles, such as functional role, ecological role, formal role and construction role.From the angle of the cognitive psychology, it analyzes the essence of the design’sobject, the thinking rule of the design’s subject as well as the advantages anddisvantages of the parametric platform in the design thinking. Based on thistheoretical foundation, it constructs the design method of the long-spanarchitecture’s surface and the specific design steps within the limits of theparametric platform’s ability. The steps are the parametric construction of thedesign requirements’ diagrams, the parametric construction of the designcontradictions’ solution order and the parametric realization of the design diagrams.
From the aspect of the parametric construction of the design requirements’diagram, it sets up a complete recycling chain of the parametric design, which is“generation—examination—desicion”, and divides the parameters collected aroundthe design requirements into three categories: generation parameters, examinationparameters and decision parameters. In each segment of the design chain, itorganizes these parameters based on the thinking types of the “meta-design” inorder to increase the design efficiency.
From the aspect of the parametric construction of the design contradictions’solution order, it analyzes the space structure and time structure of the threecontradictional systems (surface’s formal contradictional system, surface’s holecontradictional system and surface’s adhereing material contradictional system)based on the system theory. It also judges the difficulty level of the solution on thebasis of the contradiction types and solution methods. Then, it calculates theweightness of the different parties of a contradiction with the characteristic vectormethod in order to determine the solution order, meanwhile, the process can beprogrammed for automatic query.
From the aspect of the parametric realization of the design diagrams, it establishes the classification rule of the data, the expression way of the data and thedesign method of the database according to the brain’s memory mode, and alsoshows various kinds of data inquiry of the material database, the structure databaseand the construction database. At last, it treats the inquiry result as a prototype andchanges its parameters for more forms of the long-span architectures’ surface.
In a word, the paper treats the parameterization as a set of a series of tools andmethods to aid design thinking, and tries to tap its advantages in the computation,storage and visualization in order to reduce the number of the iteration and increaseeach one’s speed, so architects can input more time and energy into the creationwhich the computers cannot even replace.
引文
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