柴达木盆地北缘构造发育特征及其对油气成藏的控制
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摘要
柴达木盆地北缘为盆地侏罗系含油气系统的分布区,剩余油气资源丰富。中、新生代以来,多期不同性质的构造运动不仅导致了柴北缘地区复杂的构造变形,同时控制了烃源岩的分布和演化,生储盖组合的形成,圈闭的形成和分布,油气的运聚与改造过程。本文在全面总结前人研究成果的基础上,首次以“大柴北缘”的视角,以地震、钻井、测井及野外地质调查资料为基础,综合应用构造、沉积、层序地层、有机地球化学、物探等多学科、多方法的研究手段,进一步落实了柴北缘构造发育、演化特征,查明了构造对油气成藏的控制作用,提出了新的有利预探领域。
1、羌塘地块、拉萨地块及喜马拉雅地体和印度洋板块向北漂移与欧亚大陆的拼合是柴北缘盆地形成演化的主要动力来源。塔里木板块、华北板块的运移方向、速度影响着柴北缘的受力方式和应力大小;阿尔金断裂的走滑方向及活动强度、南祁连山前挤压应力的大小控制着柴北缘盆地的性质与构造变形强度。
2、自早侏罗世以来,柴北缘经历了早侏罗世断陷型盆地、中侏罗世断坳复合型盆地、晚侏罗世—早白垩世坳陷型盆地及第三纪以来的坳陷型盆地的成盆演化过程。燕山末期构造运动和喜山晚期构造运动是柴北缘盆地结构和构造格局的形成期、改造期和定型期。
3、柴北缘构造变形十分强烈,发育数量众多、类型丰富的断裂、褶皱构造。这些构造在时间上具有多期性;在成因和样式上具有多样性;在空间上则具有明显的分层性、分带性以及分段性的发育特征。
4、原型盆地类型和盆地结构控制了沉积体系展布和沉积相类型;燕山末期构造运动的强度和断裂发育程度一定程度上控制了中、新生界储层物性。原型盆地性质、结构和构造运动期次、强度控制了中、下侏罗统烃源岩分布、有机质热演化过程和生排烃期次;两期构造运动控制形成了柴北缘两期成藏的普遍规律。断裂构造是柴北缘油气运移的主要通道。晚喜山期构造运动强度控制了油气藏的后期保存程度;断裂的封堵性控制了油气藏的富集程度。
5、德令哈坳陷中侏罗统含油气系统、伊北凹陷周缘深层天然气及石炭系具有一定的勘探潜力,是柴北缘三个重要的油气预探新区、新领域。
The northern margin of Qaidam Basin is a distribution area of the Jurassic petroleum system, and hydrocarbon resources are abundant. Since Mesozoic era and Cainozoic era, the tectonic movements with different properties and multi-stage effect have not only led to complex tectonic deformation but also controlled a series of processes such as the distribution and evolution of hydrocarbon source rocks, the formation of the combination of source-reservoir-cap, the formation and distribution of traps, the accumulation and transformation of oil gas. Through summarizing the previous research, with perspective of the large north margin of Qaidam for the first time and on the basis of seismic, drilling, logging and geologic investigation materials, this paper further fulfills the characteristics of tectonic development and evolution, identifies the control effect of structure on hydrocarbon accumulation, and proposes new favorable pre-exploration fields through using multi-disciplinary land multi-methods which include tectonics, sedimentation, sequence stratigraphy, organic geochemistry, geophysical exploration and others.
1. The Qiangtang block, the Lhasa block, the Himalayan block and the Indian plate drift northward and combine with the Eurasian continent, which are the main power sources of formation and evolution of the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. The migration direction and speed of the Tarim plate and the North China plate affect the force manner and stress intensity of the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. The direction and intensity of strike-slip events of Arkin fault and the intensity of extrusion stress of the South Qilian Mountains control the property and intensity of tectonic deformation of the northern margin of Qaidam Basin.
2. The northern margin of Qaidam Basin has experienced Early Jurassic fault basin, Middle Jurassic fault-depression composite basin, Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous depression basin and Tertiary depression basin since Early Jurassic. The late Yanshan tectonic movement and the late Himalayan tectonic movement are the periods of formation, transformation and stereotypes for the structure and tectonic framework of the north Qaidam Basin.
3. The north of Qaidam Basin deforms intensively and develops numerous fractures and folds which are abundant in type. These structures are characterized by polystage activity in aspect of time, diversity in aspect of the genesis and style, and obvious stratification, zonation and segmentation in the space.
4. The types of prototype basin and the basin structure control the depositional systems and sedimentary facies; the strength of tectonic movement and the degree of development of fracture in late Yanshan control the properties of Mesozoic and Cenozoic reservoir. The property and structure of prototype basin, the period and intensity of tectonic movements control the distribution of Middle and lower Jurassic's hydrocarbon source rock, the thermal evolution of organic matter and the period of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion; two-period tectonic movements forms the universal law for two-period reservoir-forming. The fault structure is the main thoroughfare for hydrocarbon migration. The intensity of Late Himalayan tectonic movement controls the reservoir degree of post-preservation; fault sealing controls the enrichment of oil and gas reservoirs.
5. Jurassic petroleum system of Delingha depression, the deep gas in the margin of Yibei depression and Carboniferous have a certain exploration potential, they are three important new areas for the pre-exploration of oil and gas.
1、羌塘地块、拉萨地块及喜马拉雅地体和印度洋板块向北漂移与欧亚大陆的拼合是柴北缘盆地形成演化的主要动力来源。塔里木板块、华北板块的运移方向、速度影响着柴北缘的受力方式和应力大小;阿尔金断裂的走滑方向及活动强度、南祁连山前挤压应力的大小控制着柴北缘盆地的性质与构造变形强度。
2、自早侏罗世以来,柴北缘经历了早侏罗世断陷型盆地、中侏罗世断坳复合型盆地、晚侏罗世—早白垩世坳陷型盆地及第三纪以来的坳陷型盆地的成盆演化过程。燕山末期构造运动和喜山晚期构造运动是柴北缘盆地结构和构造格局的形成期、改造期和定型期。
3、柴北缘构造变形十分强烈,发育数量众多、类型丰富的断裂、褶皱构造。这些构造在时间上具有多期性;在成因和样式上具有多样性;在空间上则具有明显的分层性、分带性以及分段性的发育特征。
4、原型盆地类型和盆地结构控制了沉积体系展布和沉积相类型;燕山末期构造运动的强度和断裂发育程度一定程度上控制了中、新生界储层物性。原型盆地性质、结构和构造运动期次、强度控制了中、下侏罗统烃源岩分布、有机质热演化过程和生排烃期次;两期构造运动控制形成了柴北缘两期成藏的普遍规律。断裂构造是柴北缘油气运移的主要通道。晚喜山期构造运动强度控制了油气藏的后期保存程度;断裂的封堵性控制了油气藏的富集程度。
5、德令哈坳陷中侏罗统含油气系统、伊北凹陷周缘深层天然气及石炭系具有一定的勘探潜力,是柴北缘三个重要的油气预探新区、新领域。
The northern margin of Qaidam Basin is a distribution area of the Jurassic petroleum system, and hydrocarbon resources are abundant. Since Mesozoic era and Cainozoic era, the tectonic movements with different properties and multi-stage effect have not only led to complex tectonic deformation but also controlled a series of processes such as the distribution and evolution of hydrocarbon source rocks, the formation of the combination of source-reservoir-cap, the formation and distribution of traps, the accumulation and transformation of oil gas. Through summarizing the previous research, with perspective of the large north margin of Qaidam for the first time and on the basis of seismic, drilling, logging and geologic investigation materials, this paper further fulfills the characteristics of tectonic development and evolution, identifies the control effect of structure on hydrocarbon accumulation, and proposes new favorable pre-exploration fields through using multi-disciplinary land multi-methods which include tectonics, sedimentation, sequence stratigraphy, organic geochemistry, geophysical exploration and others.
1. The Qiangtang block, the Lhasa block, the Himalayan block and the Indian plate drift northward and combine with the Eurasian continent, which are the main power sources of formation and evolution of the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. The migration direction and speed of the Tarim plate and the North China plate affect the force manner and stress intensity of the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. The direction and intensity of strike-slip events of Arkin fault and the intensity of extrusion stress of the South Qilian Mountains control the property and intensity of tectonic deformation of the northern margin of Qaidam Basin.
2. The northern margin of Qaidam Basin has experienced Early Jurassic fault basin, Middle Jurassic fault-depression composite basin, Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous depression basin and Tertiary depression basin since Early Jurassic. The late Yanshan tectonic movement and the late Himalayan tectonic movement are the periods of formation, transformation and stereotypes for the structure and tectonic framework of the north Qaidam Basin.
3. The north of Qaidam Basin deforms intensively and develops numerous fractures and folds which are abundant in type. These structures are characterized by polystage activity in aspect of time, diversity in aspect of the genesis and style, and obvious stratification, zonation and segmentation in the space.
4. The types of prototype basin and the basin structure control the depositional systems and sedimentary facies; the strength of tectonic movement and the degree of development of fracture in late Yanshan control the properties of Mesozoic and Cenozoic reservoir. The property and structure of prototype basin, the period and intensity of tectonic movements control the distribution of Middle and lower Jurassic's hydrocarbon source rock, the thermal evolution of organic matter and the period of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion; two-period tectonic movements forms the universal law for two-period reservoir-forming. The fault structure is the main thoroughfare for hydrocarbon migration. The intensity of Late Himalayan tectonic movement controls the reservoir degree of post-preservation; fault sealing controls the enrichment of oil and gas reservoirs.
5. Jurassic petroleum system of Delingha depression, the deep gas in the margin of Yibei depression and Carboniferous have a certain exploration potential, they are three important new areas for the pre-exploration of oil and gas.
引文
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