沉管隧道地基砂流法加固的足尺试验及其机理研究
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摘要
伴随着社会经济的快速发展，江、河、海峡（湾）两岸城市的发展与交通运输的矛盾日益凸显，建设水下隧道已成为国内外跨河（海）交通载体的一个趋势。沉管隧道以其优越性而成为水下隧道建设的主要型式。砂流法是目前先进的沉管隧道的地基处理方法，应用广泛。前人针对工程实践进行了系列砂流法试验研究并获得了一定的成果，但存在较多模糊甚至是空白之处：缺乏管节上抬、不同施工边界、管节底面粗糙度等对砂流法影响的研究。此外，至今没获得基槽流场分布以及砂盘的扩展过程，无法对砂盘的扩展尺寸、充满度、密实度、水压力等参数给出合理解释，从而制约了砂流法的设计、施工取值。
针对上述沉管隧道地基砂流法加固技术研究中存在的问题，本文在前人研究的基础上通过大型砂流法足尺模型试验获得了详实的试验数据；探讨了管节上抬、砂盘施工顺序、阻淤措施、管节底面粗糙度等因素对砂盘扩展的影响；分析了砂盘各特征参数与施工参数的关联；结合模型试验所获得的砂盘结构形态，采用数值计算和理论分析解释了砂盘形成、扩展的机理。最后对应给出工程实践建议。本文主要的研究成果和结论为：
（1）提出了沉管隧道地基加固的砂流法足尺模型试验原则。建造了大型砂流法足尺试验模型系统用以模拟一个砂盘范围内的管节施工；试验模型、试验设备、试验材料、试验条件均能足尺模拟实际工程并指导工程实践选型。研制开发了砂盘探测器并用于试验砂盘的实时探测；改进了原位灌砂法并用于砂盘密实度测试。
（2）管节抬升过程总体符合指数函数型的上抬位移模式，可分为三个阶段，具有快-慢-快的特点。砂流法致使管节上抬的瞬时跳动幅度不大且基本保持水平抬升状态。管节上抬过程对砂盘扩展的均衡性没有影响，但明显降低了砂盘半径扩展速率，影响充满度。工程实践中需采取压重等有效措施确保管节上抬发生在砂盘扩展至设计半径之后；可通过管节上抬的水压力判别式预测管节上抬临界点，通过管节的上抬量、上抬速率综合判断管节所处的阶段；在设计标高允许的情况下适当利用抬升Ⅰ阶段可减小流缝、流槽的厚度，适当增大了砂盘密实度。
（3）边界处的砂盘仍能充满基槽。封堵边界使得砂盘各向扩展速度不均，但对该方向的砂盘扩展及砂盘总体扩展趋势没有明显影响。管节短边处的边界封堵可改善砂盘“外突”问题，有利于增大砂盘充满度。边界封堵对压砂系统水压力及模型板底水压力峰值均没有影响，但明显影响封堵侧水压力的波动特征；在一定程度上降低砂盘上层密实度，且使得各层砂盘的密实度在平面分布上的离散性增大；对封堵侧的砂盘密实度没有特别的影响。工程中适当的边界封堵可“迫使”砂盘形成近似矩形砂堆，提高砂盘充满度，节省施工时间；过多的边界则对砂盘不利。
（4）不同管节底面粗糙度条件下的砂盘尺寸及充满度均较大。粗糙度小的管节底面使得砂盘扩展速度较快，均衡性更佳。工程中应采取充分措施保证管节底面的平整度和光滑度；砂盘尺寸可达850cm以上，设计中可适当增大砂盘半径。
（5）砂流法过程先后经历了砂盘的“形成”和“扩展”阶段两个主要阶段。“形成”阶段导致砂颗粒的明显分选，“扩展”阶段形成砂盘斜层状纹理结构但分选减弱。砂流法在基槽间隙中形成砂盘、冲积坑、流缝、流槽、斜层状纹理等结构。砂颗粒主要通过“冲积坑—流缝—流槽”进行长距离输送并在砂盘外围形成斜层状纹理，这是砂盘扩展的根本原因。
（6）流缝、流槽的时空分布决定砂盘各向的输砂量，是影响砂盘扩展均衡性的因素之一。砂盘各向扩展速度随砂盘半径的增大而逐渐出现差异（不均衡扩展），砂盘半径平均扩展趋势随时间呈二次曲线关系。
（7）砂泵出口水压力不受施工条件及时间影响，仅与砂泵特性有关；管节底各处水压力随砂盘的扩展而上升、波动。管节底中心区域的水压力趋势为在波动中线性增大，峰值出现在试验结束前，也是管节底最大水压力值。
Along with the rapid development of social and economic, rivers, Strait on both sides of theBay urban development and transportation have become increasingly outstanding, theconstruction of underwater tunnel has become a trend at home and abroad across the river (sea)transport carrier. Immersed tube tunnel its superiority and the main types of underwater tunnelconstruction. Sand flow method is advanced immersed tube tunnel foundation treatmentmethod, widely used.Series of sand flow experimental investigation of the previousengineering practice and get some results, but there are even more vague gaps: the lack ofpipe section elevation, different construction boundary, the bottom surface roughness of thepipe section on the sand flow method research.
In addition, so far no foundation trench flow field distribution and the expansion process ofthe sand tray, sand tray cannot be extended size, full density, water pressure and otherparameters give a reasonable explanation, thereby constraining the sand flow method design,construction take value.
Problems sand flow method for the foundations of the immersed tube tunnel reinforcementtechnology, this article on the basis of previous studies by large sand flow method scale test ofdetailed experimental data; explore the elevation of the pipe section, the constructionsequence of the sand tray resistance of silt measures, the bottom surface roughness of the pipesection and other factors affect the extension of the sand tray; analysis of the characteristicparameters and construction parameters of the sand tray association; the sand traymorphology obtained by the combination of model test, the use of numerical calculation andtheoretical analysis and interpretation the sand tray formation mechanism of expansionFinally, the corresponding recommendations were given for engineering practice. In thispaper, the findings and conclusions as follow:
（1）Foundation reinforcement of the immersed tube tunnel by the sand flow method scale testof principle. The construction of large-scale the sand flow method full-scale test model systemto simulate the construction of a sand tray within the pipe section; test model, test equipment,test materials, test conditions can be enough feet to simulate the actual project and guide theselection of engineering practice. Developed a sand tray detectors and for the real-time detection of the test sand tray; improved situ sand replacement method and used for sand traydensity test
（2）The pipe section uplift the overall process in line with the exponential rising displacementmode, can be divided into three phases, with a fast-slow-fast. The sand flow method toenable the pipe section elevation instantaneous beat modest and basic to maintain the level ofuplift. The elevation of the pipe section has no effect on the balance of sand tray extension,but significantly reduced the growth rate of the sand disk radius, affecting fullness.Engineering practice weights and effective measures to be taken to ensure that the pipesection elevation occurred in the sand tray is extended to the design radius; design elevationto allow the case to the appropriate use of uplift I stage can reduce the flow seam, thethickness of the chute, and increase the density of the sand tray.
（3）At the boundary of the sand tray still full of foundation trench. Plugging the boundary thesand disk of the uneven pace of expansion, but no significant effect on the direction of thesand tray extension and sand tray overall expansion trend. Short pipe section at the edge ofthe boundary blocking can improve the sand tray "projecting", is conducive to increasing thesand tray full of degrees. The border closure the pressure sand system water pressure and themodel plate bottom water peak pressure has no effect, but significant effect on the blockingside water pressure fluctuation characteristics; reduce to some extent the upper density of thesand tray, and making layers of sand tray the increased density in the plane distribution ofdiscrete; sand rent density is not particularly affected on the closure side. Engineeringappropriate boundary closure can "force" the sand disk formed approximate rectangular Sand,improve the sand tray fullness, save construction time, too many boundaries adverse sandtray.
（4）Different pipe section bottom surface roughness of sand tray size and fullness. Theroughness of the underside of the pipe section so that the sand tray extension faster, betterbalanced. The project should take adequate measures to ensure the flatness and smoothness ofthe underside of the pipe section; the sand tray size up to850cm, the design may beappropriate to increase the radius of the sand tray.
（5）The sand flow method process has gone through two main phases of the sand tray "form"and "expansion" phase. The formed phase leads to a clear separation of the sand particles, "extended" phase formation sand tray oblique layered texture, but sorting weakened. Sandflow method in the base slot gap formed sand tray, alluvial pit flow seam, launder, obliquelayered texture structure.
（6）Flow seam, the spatial and temporal distribution of the chute decided to lose the amountof sand of the sand tray, extended balance one of the factors affecting the sand tray. Sand eachdisk with the sand disk radius increases to the rate of expansion and the gradual emergence ofdifferences (uneven expansion), sand disc radius expansion trends over time showed aquadratic relationship.
（7）Sand pump outlet water pressure from the construction conditions and the influence oftime, only sand pump characteristics; the pipe section throughout the bottom water pressureincrease with the expansion of the sand tray fluctuations. The pipe section at the end of thecentral area of water pressure trend of increase in the fluctuations in the linear peak before theend of the test, the pipe section at the end of the maximum water pressure.
针对上述沉管隧道地基砂流法加固技术研究中存在的问题，本文在前人研究的基础上通过大型砂流法足尺模型试验获得了详实的试验数据；探讨了管节上抬、砂盘施工顺序、阻淤措施、管节底面粗糙度等因素对砂盘扩展的影响；分析了砂盘各特征参数与施工参数的关联；结合模型试验所获得的砂盘结构形态，采用数值计算和理论分析解释了砂盘形成、扩展的机理。最后对应给出工程实践建议。本文主要的研究成果和结论为：
（1）提出了沉管隧道地基加固的砂流法足尺模型试验原则。建造了大型砂流法足尺试验模型系统用以模拟一个砂盘范围内的管节施工；试验模型、试验设备、试验材料、试验条件均能足尺模拟实际工程并指导工程实践选型。研制开发了砂盘探测器并用于试验砂盘的实时探测；改进了原位灌砂法并用于砂盘密实度测试。
（2）管节抬升过程总体符合指数函数型的上抬位移模式，可分为三个阶段，具有快-慢-快的特点。砂流法致使管节上抬的瞬时跳动幅度不大且基本保持水平抬升状态。管节上抬过程对砂盘扩展的均衡性没有影响，但明显降低了砂盘半径扩展速率，影响充满度。工程实践中需采取压重等有效措施确保管节上抬发生在砂盘扩展至设计半径之后；可通过管节上抬的水压力判别式预测管节上抬临界点，通过管节的上抬量、上抬速率综合判断管节所处的阶段；在设计标高允许的情况下适当利用抬升Ⅰ阶段可减小流缝、流槽的厚度，适当增大了砂盘密实度。
（3）边界处的砂盘仍能充满基槽。封堵边界使得砂盘各向扩展速度不均，但对该方向的砂盘扩展及砂盘总体扩展趋势没有明显影响。管节短边处的边界封堵可改善砂盘“外突”问题，有利于增大砂盘充满度。边界封堵对压砂系统水压力及模型板底水压力峰值均没有影响，但明显影响封堵侧水压力的波动特征；在一定程度上降低砂盘上层密实度，且使得各层砂盘的密实度在平面分布上的离散性增大；对封堵侧的砂盘密实度没有特别的影响。工程中适当的边界封堵可“迫使”砂盘形成近似矩形砂堆，提高砂盘充满度，节省施工时间；过多的边界则对砂盘不利。
（4）不同管节底面粗糙度条件下的砂盘尺寸及充满度均较大。粗糙度小的管节底面使得砂盘扩展速度较快，均衡性更佳。工程中应采取充分措施保证管节底面的平整度和光滑度；砂盘尺寸可达850cm以上，设计中可适当增大砂盘半径。
（5）砂流法过程先后经历了砂盘的“形成”和“扩展”阶段两个主要阶段。“形成”阶段导致砂颗粒的明显分选，“扩展”阶段形成砂盘斜层状纹理结构但分选减弱。砂流法在基槽间隙中形成砂盘、冲积坑、流缝、流槽、斜层状纹理等结构。砂颗粒主要通过“冲积坑—流缝—流槽”进行长距离输送并在砂盘外围形成斜层状纹理，这是砂盘扩展的根本原因。
（6）流缝、流槽的时空分布决定砂盘各向的输砂量，是影响砂盘扩展均衡性的因素之一。砂盘各向扩展速度随砂盘半径的增大而逐渐出现差异（不均衡扩展），砂盘半径平均扩展趋势随时间呈二次曲线关系。
（7）砂泵出口水压力不受施工条件及时间影响，仅与砂泵特性有关；管节底各处水压力随砂盘的扩展而上升、波动。管节底中心区域的水压力趋势为在波动中线性增大，峰值出现在试验结束前，也是管节底最大水压力值。
Along with the rapid development of social and economic, rivers, Strait on both sides of theBay urban development and transportation have become increasingly outstanding, theconstruction of underwater tunnel has become a trend at home and abroad across the river (sea)transport carrier. Immersed tube tunnel its superiority and the main types of underwater tunnelconstruction. Sand flow method is advanced immersed tube tunnel foundation treatmentmethod, widely used.Series of sand flow experimental investigation of the previousengineering practice and get some results, but there are even more vague gaps: the lack ofpipe section elevation, different construction boundary, the bottom surface roughness of thepipe section on the sand flow method research.
In addition, so far no foundation trench flow field distribution and the expansion process ofthe sand tray, sand tray cannot be extended size, full density, water pressure and otherparameters give a reasonable explanation, thereby constraining the sand flow method design,construction take value.
Problems sand flow method for the foundations of the immersed tube tunnel reinforcementtechnology, this article on the basis of previous studies by large sand flow method scale test ofdetailed experimental data; explore the elevation of the pipe section, the constructionsequence of the sand tray resistance of silt measures, the bottom surface roughness of the pipesection and other factors affect the extension of the sand tray; analysis of the characteristicparameters and construction parameters of the sand tray association; the sand traymorphology obtained by the combination of model test, the use of numerical calculation andtheoretical analysis and interpretation the sand tray formation mechanism of expansionFinally, the corresponding recommendations were given for engineering practice. In thispaper, the findings and conclusions as follow:
（1）Foundation reinforcement of the immersed tube tunnel by the sand flow method scale testof principle. The construction of large-scale the sand flow method full-scale test model systemto simulate the construction of a sand tray within the pipe section; test model, test equipment,test materials, test conditions can be enough feet to simulate the actual project and guide theselection of engineering practice. Developed a sand tray detectors and for the real-time detection of the test sand tray; improved situ sand replacement method and used for sand traydensity test
（2）The pipe section uplift the overall process in line with the exponential rising displacementmode, can be divided into three phases, with a fast-slow-fast. The sand flow method toenable the pipe section elevation instantaneous beat modest and basic to maintain the level ofuplift. The elevation of the pipe section has no effect on the balance of sand tray extension,but significantly reduced the growth rate of the sand disk radius, affecting fullness.Engineering practice weights and effective measures to be taken to ensure that the pipesection elevation occurred in the sand tray is extended to the design radius; design elevationto allow the case to the appropriate use of uplift I stage can reduce the flow seam, thethickness of the chute, and increase the density of the sand tray.
（3）At the boundary of the sand tray still full of foundation trench. Plugging the boundary thesand disk of the uneven pace of expansion, but no significant effect on the direction of thesand tray extension and sand tray overall expansion trend. Short pipe section at the edge ofthe boundary blocking can improve the sand tray "projecting", is conducive to increasing thesand tray full of degrees. The border closure the pressure sand system water pressure and themodel plate bottom water peak pressure has no effect, but significant effect on the blockingside water pressure fluctuation characteristics; reduce to some extent the upper density of thesand tray, and making layers of sand tray the increased density in the plane distribution ofdiscrete; sand rent density is not particularly affected on the closure side. Engineeringappropriate boundary closure can "force" the sand disk formed approximate rectangular Sand,improve the sand tray fullness, save construction time, too many boundaries adverse sandtray.
（4）Different pipe section bottom surface roughness of sand tray size and fullness. Theroughness of the underside of the pipe section so that the sand tray extension faster, betterbalanced. The project should take adequate measures to ensure the flatness and smoothness ofthe underside of the pipe section; the sand tray size up to850cm, the design may beappropriate to increase the radius of the sand tray.
（5）The sand flow method process has gone through two main phases of the sand tray "form"and "expansion" phase. The formed phase leads to a clear separation of the sand particles, "extended" phase formation sand tray oblique layered texture, but sorting weakened. Sandflow method in the base slot gap formed sand tray, alluvial pit flow seam, launder, obliquelayered texture structure.
（6）Flow seam, the spatial and temporal distribution of the chute decided to lose the amountof sand of the sand tray, extended balance one of the factors affecting the sand tray. Sand eachdisk with the sand disk radius increases to the rate of expansion and the gradual emergence ofdifferences (uneven expansion), sand disc radius expansion trends over time showed aquadratic relationship.
（7）Sand pump outlet water pressure from the construction conditions and the influence oftime, only sand pump characteristics; the pipe section throughout the bottom water pressureincrease with the expansion of the sand tray fluctuations. The pipe section at the end of thecentral area of water pressure trend of increase in the fluctuations in the linear peak before theend of the test, the pipe section at the end of the maximum water pressure.
引文
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